蠋蝽热激蛋白基因AcHsp83a和AcHsp83b的克隆、表达谱及对高低温和UV-B胁迫的响应

【目的】探索天敌昆虫蠋蝽Arma chinensis响应高低温和UV-B胁迫的分子机制。【方法】利用RT-PCR克隆蠋蝽热激蛋白基因Hsp83a和Hsp83b,并利用生物信息学分析其序列特征；利用RT-qPCR检测Hsp83a和Hsp83b在蠋蝽不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫)、成虫不同组织(头、胸、腹、翅、触角、脂肪体、足、马氏管、口器、中肠、卵巢和精巢)及38℃高温、4℃低温0(CK), 6和24 h时和UV-B胁迫0(CK), 6和12 h时雌成虫和雄成虫中的表达量。【结果】克隆获得蠋蝽2个Hsp90基因，分别命名为AcHsp83a(GenBank登录号：OP791883)和AcHsp83b(GenBank登录号：OP791884),开放阅读框(ORF)分别长2 172和2 163 bp,分别编码723和720个氨基酸，编码蛋白相对分子量分别为83.12和82.90 kD,等电点(pI)分别为4.94和4.97,C末端序列都含保守基序EEVD,均为胞质型热激蛋白。AcHsp83a和AcHsp83b高度保守。AcHsp83a在卵中表达量最高，AcHsp83b在成虫中...     

家蚕丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因serpin-6的克隆、序列分析和组织表达

本文利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,获得了家蚕Bombyx mori丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因（serpin）的开放读码框(ORF) 和5′UTR序列。根据该基因与其他昆虫serpin的同源性关系将其命名为家蚕serpin-6 基因,GenBank登录号EU159447。为了研究serpin-6与家蚕免疫反应的相关机理,对serpin-6基因的组织表达和免疫刺激反应进行了研究。结果表明该基因在家蚕的头部和生殖腺中mRNA表达量非常高,在中肠,脂肪体,丝腺和血淋巴表达量较低。用脂多糖(LPS) 刺激5龄第3 d家蚕后,serpin-6基因在脂肪体和血淋巴中都被显著诱导表达,且都在刺激6 h后表达量最高。推测该基因在家蚕细胞免疫反应中起着一定的作用。     

乳草长蝽Ubx基因克隆及多转录本分析

针对非完全变态类昆虫发育关键基因的研究相对匮乏, 尤其缺少Hox基因家族的基因结构和序列信息。为了研究Hox基因家族成员之一的Ubx基因在非完全变态类昆虫中的结构特点, 本实验选取乳草长蝽Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas, 1852)为代表, 应用RACE和RT-PCR技术, 对其Ubx基因的全长开放阅读框进行克隆。结果显示: 乳草长蝽Ubx基因（Of-Ubx）开放阅读框全长888 bp, 推测的完整蛋白含有295个氨基酸。Southern blot证实Ubx基因以单拷贝形式存在且含有内含子。在Of-Ubx的YPWM基序和同源异型结构域之间存在选择性剪接位点, 可产生3种不同转录本。分析以上实验结果, 发现乳草长蝽与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830)的Ubx基因拥有相似的剪接位置、剪接体组合和边界序列, 提示它们很可能具有相似的剪接机理。这是Ubx基因的多转录本现象在昆虫纲中果蝇属以外类群中的首次详尽报道。
     

蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

[目的] 马铃薯甲虫是我国已公布的全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单中的害虫,自新疆传入后对我国马铃薯产业造成了巨大的损失,研究蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力,可为利用天敌防治马铃薯甲虫提供理论依据。[方法] 采用室内饲养观察研究方法,并用Holling Ⅱ型圆盘方程对研究结果进行拟合,计算寻找效应。[结果] 蠋蝽成虫能够捕食马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫,且捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型圆盘方程,蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫的功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.2862N/（1+0.0198N）和N_a=0.8400N/（1+0.0709N）;在一定范围内,蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫捕食量在理论上随密度的增加而增加,当马铃薯甲虫的卵和低龄幼虫的密度分别达到20粒和20头时,蠋蝽成虫的捕食量最高;蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和幼虫的最大日捕食量是14粒和12头,瞬时攻击率是0.2862和0.8400;蠋蝽对马铃薯甲虫卵的控制能力（4.1299）小于对低龄幼虫的控制能力（9.9526）。[结论] 蠋蝽成虫对马铃薯甲虫卵和低龄幼虫有较好的捕食能力,但控制能力不同。     

苜蓿盲蝽气味结合蛋白基因Alin-OBP1的克隆及表达谱分析

有证据表明昆虫气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins, OBPs)与其嗅觉识别密切相关,起着运输外界脂溶性气味分子通过嗅觉感器淋巴液到达嗅觉受体的关键作用.为了更好地了解OBPs在苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)嗅觉识别中的作用,本研究首次克隆了苜蓿盲蝽气味结合蛋白基因Alin-OBP1 (GenBank序列号GQ477022). 测序和序列分析结果表明,该基因开放阅读框长438 bp, 编码145个氨基酸,预测分子量为15.69 kDa,等电点为5.01,N-末端疏水区包含由18个氨基酸组成的信号肽.蛋白特征分析表明,该基因翻译后的蛋白质具有昆虫气味结合蛋白的典型特征,即氨基酸序列中有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基.利用RT-PCR和Real-time PCR技术对Alin OBP1在苜蓿盲蝽成虫不同组织和各个发育阶段的表达水平进行了测定,结果显示Alin-OBP1几乎全部在触角中表达.不同发育阶段Alin-OBP1表达量不同,在5龄若虫和成虫阶段表达水平最高.结果提示Alin-OBP1可能在苜蓿盲蝽感受包括性信息素在内的外界化合物的过程中发挥着重要作用.     

烟夜蛾精氨酸激酶基因的克隆及mRNA表达分析

为了深入了解精氨酸激酶基因的作用和寻求害虫防治新的分子靶标, 本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术, 从烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta脂肪体中克隆了精氨酸激酶cDNA序列, 命名为HassAK（GenBank登录号: HQ336337）, 并采用荧光定量PCR测定了HassAK基因在不同发育阶段（4龄幼虫第1天到化蛹第1天）、 不同组织（头部、 中肠、 脂肪体、 体壁和腹足）和不同温度条件下的表达情况。测序和序列分析结果表明, HassAK基因阅读框架全长1 068 bp, 编码355个氨基酸残基, 预测蛋白质分子量和等电点分别为40.0 kD和5.76。氨基酸序列分析表明, 该序列具有精氨酸激酶典型的酶活性部位、 酶活性中心位点和能形成离子偶结构的保守区。序列比对结果表明, HassAK与其他昆虫AK的氨基酸序列具有70%以上的一致性。荧光定量分析结果显示, HassAK基因在幼虫头部、 中肠、 脂肪体、 体壁和腹足均可表达, 其中以腹足和中肠内的表达水平较高。时序表达分析表明, 预蛹期HassAK基因的表达量达到高峰。此外, 高温和低温均诱导HassAK基因的表达, 说明该基因可能参与昆虫抵御外界不良环境。     

甜荞FaesSTK基因在长花柱长雄蕊突变体lpls中的表达分析

采用RACE技术,从甜荞（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）中克隆获得3种花型的STK同源基因FaesSTK,并对其序列特征进行分析。结果显示,甜荞3种花型植株STK同源基因序列一致,全长为967 bp,包含长689 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一个由225个氨基酸残基组成的D类MADS-box转录因子。蛋白序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,FaesSTK蛋白属于MADS-box转录因子中的STK进化系。包含1个由57个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的MADS结构域;1个由82个氨基酸残基组成的次级保守区域的K结构域,在C端的转录激活区还含有另外2个高度保守的基序（AGⅠ和AGⅡ）。实时荧光定量检测结果显示,FaesSTK基因主要在甜荞lpls突变体的雄蕊、雌蕊和不同发育时期的幼果中表达,在根和花被片中仅能检测到微弱的转录信号,在叶和茎中不表达,其中在雌蕊和果实中的表达量极显著高于其他组织。推测该基因在花发育过程中可能主要参与调控甜荞lpls突变体雌蕊和果实的发育。     

大眼长蝽卵黄原蛋白基因克隆、序列分析及表达研究

旨在为研究大眼长蝽(Geoco ris pallidipennis)卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin,Vg)分子特性及其基因生理功能。利用RT-PCR、RACE及ELISA方法对大眼长蝽Vg基因进行克隆、序列分析和表达研究。该基因c DNA全长5 667 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KP688587),编码1 848个氨基酸残基,N-末端的前19个氨基酸为信号肽。氨基酸序列中有两个保守的多聚丝氨酸区域和RXXR酶切位点,接近C-末端有GLAG基序,其后有5个保守的半胱氨酸残基,DGYR基序位于GLAG上游18个氨基酸残基处。该基因编码氨基酸序列与其它半翅目昆虫Vg氨基酸序列相似度较高,氨基酸序列分析显示它有Vg的典型特征,表明克隆的c DNA序列是大眼长蝽的Vg基因序列。ELISA检测发现随着发育时间的延长,卵黄原蛋白表达量逐渐增加,羽化后22 d达到高峰,随后开始下降,结果表明大眼长蝽雌虫卵黄原蛋白的表达量与大眼长蝽产卵量紧密相关。     

点蜂缘蝽铁蛋白基因功能分析

【目的】铁蛋白（Ferritin）在维持生物铁稳态中起着重要作用。通过分析点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris铁蛋白基因，揭示其对点蜂缘蝽的生物学影响，为进一步探究铁蛋白功能以及点蜂缘蝽防治提供参考。【方法】利用转录组和基因组数据鉴定点蜂缘蝽铁蛋白基因；通过转录组测序分析铁蛋白基因在不同龄期和不同组织的表达水平；对点蜂缘蝽若虫分别注射铁蛋白基因dsRNA进行基因沉默。【结果】本研究鉴定到了3个点蜂缘蝽铁蛋白基因，分别是铁蛋白重链亚基（RpFer1）、铁蛋白轻链亚基（RpFer2）和体铁蛋白（Rpsoma-Fer）。3种铁蛋白基因在各个龄期均有表达，RpFer1和RpFer2的表达随昆虫蜕皮呈周期性变化，而Rpsoma-Fer的表达与昆虫蜕皮无明显相关性。组织特异性分析表明，3种铁蛋白在肠道、肌肉以及表皮组织中表达较高，而在唾液腺、精巢、卵巢的表达较低。RNA干扰结果表明，抑制RpFer1和RpFer2会导致点蜂缘蝽若虫蜕皮受阻，进而表现出高致死率，但抑制Rpsoma-Fer没有出现明显的表型变化。【结论】铁蛋白RpFer1和RpFer2在点蜂缘蝽的发育过程中不可或缺，可能在蜕皮过程中起重要作用，未来可以将其作为RNA干扰技术防治点蜂缘蝽的靶基因。     

锤胁跷蝽YsigOrco基因的克隆、鉴定与表达

昆虫对气味的识别需要专门的嗅觉受体ORs,而嗅觉受体需要与一个保守的非典型嗅觉受体Orco结合成异源杂合体才能起嗅觉作用。有关Orco的同源基因在其它种昆虫中已经被鉴定出来。本研究通过对前期锤胁跷蝽触角转录组数据分析和RT-PCR,也鉴定出了一个Orco基因,并通过q RT-PCR对该基因的组织表达谱进行分析。结果表明,锤胁跷蝽Orco基因ORF全长1 425 bp,编码474个氨基酸残基,包含7个跨膜区,其中C端在膜外,N端在膜内;氨基酸序列对比发现,该基因与其它昆虫Orco同源基因相似度较高,因此,将该基因命名为Ysig Orco(基因登录号:KY883444);实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,Ysig Orco在锤胁跷蝽的雌虫和雄虫触角中表达量较高,但二者之间差异不显著,在胸部、足和喙等不同组织中有少量表达。     

Genome-wide identification and immune response analysis of serine protease inhibitor genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

In most insect species, a variety of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) have been found in multiple tissues, including integument, gonad, salivary gland, and hemolymph, and are required for preventing unwanted proteolysis. These SPIs belong to different families and have distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Herein, we predicted and characterized potential SPI genes based on the genome sequences of silkworm, Bombyx mori. As a result, a total of eighty SPI genes were identified in B. mori. These SPI genes contain 10 kinds of SPI domains, including serpin, Kunitz_BPTI, Kazal, TIL, amfpi, Bowman-Birk, Antistasin, WAP, Pacifastin, and alpha-macroglobulin. Sixty-three SPIs contain single SPI domain while the others have at least two inhibitor units. Some SPIs also contain non-inhibitor domains for protein-protein interactions, including EGF, ADAM_spacer, spondin_N, reeler, TSP_1 and other modules. Microarray analysis showed that fourteen SPI genes from lineage-specific TIL family and Group F of serpin family had enriched expression in the silk gland. The roles of SPIs in resisting pathogens were investigated in silkworms when they were infected by four pathogens. Microarray and qRT-PCR experiments revealed obvious up-regulation of 8, 4, 3 and 3 SPI genes after infection with Escherichia coli, Bacillus bombysepticus, Beauveria bassiana or B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), respectively. On the contrary, 4, 11, 7 and 9 SPI genes were down-regulated after infection with E. coli, B. bombysepticus, B. bassiana or BmNPV, respectively. These results suggested that these SPI genes may be involved in resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. These findings may provide valuable information for further clarifying the roles of SPIs in the development, immune defence, and efficient synthesis of silk gland protein.     

Molecular cloning and expression of a novel Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor gene from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri, and the inhibitory activity of its recombinant domain

Serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) play important roles in host physiological and immunological processes in all multicellular organisms. A novel Kazal-type SPI gene was cloned from the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri (designated as CfKZSPI) by expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of CfKZSPI was of 1788 nucleotides with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a polyA tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 509 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CfKZSPI contained 12 tandem Kazal domains with high similarity to other Kazal-type SPIs. The temporal expression of CfKZSPI in hemocytes after Vibrio anguillarum challenge was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The relative mRNA expression level of CfKZSPI was up-regulated and reached 43.6-fold at 3h post-challenge. After a decrease at 6h, the expression level increased again and reached 207.8-fold at 12h post-challenge. The 12th Kazal domain of CfKZSPI was recombined into pET-32a(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) to investigate its inhibitory activity. The purified recombinant protein (rCfKZSPI-12) showed significant inhibitory activity against trypsin but no activity against thrombin. When the molar ratio of inhibitor to trypsin reached 1:1, almost 90% of the enzyme activity could be inhibited, which suggested that one molecule of rCfKZSPI-12 was able to inhibit one molecule of trypsin. Kinetics analysis with Dixon plot showed that the inhibition constant (Ki) of rCfKZSPI-12 to trypsin was 173 nmol L(-1). These results indicated that CfKZSPI was a novel Kazal-type SPI with significant inhibitory activity against trypsin, and was suspected to be involved in scallop immune response.     

小峰熊蜂蜂毒磷脂酶A2基因的克隆及表达分析

磷脂酶A2 （phospholipase A2, PLA2）是蜂毒主要成分, 也是蜂毒的主要过敏原, 在熊蜂个体和群体防御方面具有重要功能。为了探究熊蜂A2基因的生物学功能, 本研究以小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita为材料进行了蜂毒PLA2基因的克隆、 鉴定与表达特性分析。结果表明： 该基因全长为2 272 bp, GenBank登录号为KF214771, 由4个外显子和3个内含子组成, 编码区（CDS）长为543 bp, 共编码180个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列相似性分析显示, 成熟的小峰熊蜂PLA2（含有136个氨基酸）与其他蜂类PLA2的氨基酸序列相似性较高, 均包含10个保守的半胱氨酸残基、 1个保守的Ca2+结合位点和1个酶活性中心。基于PLA2氨基酸序列的系统进化树分析表明, 熊蜂属Bombus与蜜蜂属Apis在不同分支上, 属单系群, 且蜜蜂属分化较早。荧光定量PCR结果表明, PLA2基因在小峰熊蜂各日龄均有表达, 且随日龄增长, 表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势, 10日龄时出现峰值, 其表达量显著高于其他日龄（P<0.05）。半定量PCR结果表明, PLA2基因在毒腺、 卵巢、 中肠中表达量较高, 在足、 触角、 食道腺中表达量较低, 在脂肪体、 肌肉、 神经、 气管、 复眼、 脑中未表达。本研究探明了小峰熊蜂PLA2的基因结构及其表达特性, 丰富了熊蜂PLA2的生物学基础, 为进一步深入研究熊蜂PLA2生物学功能和作用机制以及开发蜂毒生物制剂等鉴定了基础。     

Effects of female wasp accessory secretions, host fat body, and host hemolymph on protein synthesis and egg viability in Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae)

Effects of female wasp reproductive gland secretions, host fat body and hemolymph, and mechanical constriction of the parasitoid egg on protein synthesis were studied in eggs of Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae) dissected from the wasp ovary. Protein synthesis was measured by 35S-methionine incorporation in eggs held in tissue culture medium for 16 h after treatment. Synthesis was stimulated in oocytes obtained from three regions of the ovary (egg tube, reservoir, and calyx) by fat body and venom gland but not by calyx fluid. A combination of fat body, venom gland, and calyx fluid did not enhance the level of synthesis relative to that of fat body or venom gland alone. Host hemolymph inhibited protein synthesis when incubated directly with the dissected eggs but not when the eggs were collected from an artificial oviposition substrate (AOS) containing hemolymph. The inhibitory effect of the hemolymph is thought to be due to the occurrence of melanization. Mechanical constriction did not alter the rate of synthesis, confirming an earlier report that synthesis in newly deposited eggs in ongoing and is not dependent on mechanical activation during the act of oviposition. Mechanisms responsible for sustaining protein synthesis in eggs for 16 h in vitro after their exposure to host hemolymph in the AOSs or fat body and venom gland are not known. Only a small percentage (less than 2%) of dissected ovarial reservoir oocytes that were mechanically constricted and exposed to the venom gland, calyx fluid, and host fat body hatched in vitro. In contrast, an earlier study demonstrated that 38% of eggs oviposited by female wasps into AOSs developed and hatched.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus

The venom gland of Crotalus viridis oreganus is composed of two discrete secretory regions: a small anterior portion, the accessory gland, and a much larger main gland. These two glands are joined by a short primary duct consisting of simple columnar secretory cells and basal horizontal cells. The main gland has at least four morphologically distinct cell types: secretory cells, the dominant cell of the gland, mitochondria-rich cells, horizontal cells, and “dark” cells. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the mitochondria-rich cells are recessed into pits of varying depth; these cells do not secrete. Horizontal cells may serve as secretory stem cells, and “dark” cells may be myoepithelial cells. The accessory gland contains at least six distinct cell types: mucosecretory cells with large mucous granules, mitochondria-rich cells with apical vesicles, mitochondria-rich cells with electron-dense secretory granules, mitochondria-rich cells with numerous cilia, horizontal cells, and “dark” cells. Mitochondria-rich cells with apical vesicles or cilia cover much of the apical surface of mucosecretory cells and these three cell types are found in the anterior distal tubules of the accessory gland. The posterior regions of the accessory gland lack mucosecretory cells and do not appear to secrete. Ciliated cells have not been noted previously in snake venom glands. Release of secretory products (venom) into the lumen of the main gland is by exocytosis of granules and by release of intact membrane-bound vesicles. Following venom extraction, main gland secretory and mitochondria-rich cells increase in height, and protein synthesis (as suggested by rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation) increases dramatically. No new cell types or alterations in morphology were noted among glands taken from either adult or juvenile snakes, even though the venom of each is quite distinct. In general, the glands of C. v. oreganus share structural similarities with those of crotalids and viperids previously described.     

Histology,histochemistry, and emptying mechanism of the venom glands of some elapid snakes

The venom glands of several species of elapid snakes are described. The main venom gland consists of many tubules which usually contain large amounts of secretion product. The accessory gland surrounds the entire venom duct and is usually composed of uniform mucous epithelium. The epithelium lining the tubules of the accessory gland of Naja naja is composed of two distinct types of cells. Histochemical tests indicate that the main venom gland reacts with mercury bromphenol blue and PAS but not with alcian blue. The accessory gland reacts with PAS and alcian blue, and not with mercury bromphenol blue. Treatment of sections with sialidase demonstrates the presence of a sialomucin in the accessory gland. Stimulation of the muscles associated with the venom gland offers an indication of the venom expulsion mechanism of Bungarus caeruleus. A comparison of the venom apparatus of elapid and viperid snakes emphasizes marked differences in the internal anatomy of the venom glands, muscles associated with the gland, and arrangement of glandular components. The morphological differences and dissimilar venom expulsion mechanisms support the recent view of the polyphyletic origin of venomous snakes.     

Cell type-specific gene expression in the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland.

The accessory gland of the male Drosophila melanogaster plays a vital role in reproduction. This secretory organ synthesizes products that are transferred to the female and are necessary to elicit the proper physiological and behavioral responses in the female. The accessory gland is composed of two morphologically distinct secretory cell types, the main cells and the secondary cells. Previous studies identified some genes expressed in main cells or in all accessory gland cells. In this paper we use P-element mediated enhancer traps to examine gene expression in the accessory gland. We show that, in addition to genes expressed in main cells only or in all accessory gland secretory cells, there are genes expressed specifically in secondary cells. Each cell type is uniform in the expression of its genes. Our results demonstrate that the two cell types are not only morphologically distinct but also biochemically distinct. We also show that the two cell types differ in their regulation of gene expression in response to mating activity.     

A comparative analysis of serpin genes in the silkworm genome

Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are a superfamily of proteins, most of which control protease-mediated processes by inhibiting their cognate enzymes. Sequencing of the silkworm genome provides an opportunity to investigate serpin structure, function, and evolution at the genome level. There are thirty-four serpin genes in Bombyx mori. Six are highly similar to their Manduca sexta orthologs that regulate innate immunity. Three alternative exons in serpin1 gene and four in serpin28 encode a variable region including the reactive site loop. Splicing of serpin2 pre-mRNA yields variations in serpin2A, 2A′ and 2B. Sequence similarity and intron positions reveal the evolutionary pathway of seven serpin genes in group C. RT-PCR indicates an increase in the mRNA levels of serpin1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 25, 27, 32 and 34 in fat body and hemocytes of larvae injected with bacteria. These results suggest that the silkworm serpins play regulatory roles in defense responses.