进境小麦下脚料养殖黑水虻幼虫的饲料配比研究

黑水虻Hermetia illucens是一种备受关注的资源昆虫,主要用于处理粪便和餐厨余垃圾,虫体也可作为蛋白源进入下游的牲畜饲料。本研究以黑水虻幼虫为试验对象,设置5个不同配比的黑水虻饲料配方,探究进境小麦下脚料用于黑水虻饲养的可行性。研究发现,黑水虻幼虫抗逆性极好,不同饲料配方饲养的黑水虻幼虫存活率均超过95%。幼虫干虫的营养成分分析表明,进境小麦下脚料所养殖的幼虫蛋白成分可达45%,油脂含量可达30%,比常规蛋白饲料豆粕的44.2%蛋白含量稍高。综合黑水虻幼虫鲜重、干重、干重率以及饲料降解量的养殖结果,小麦下脚料含量为60%的饲料配方具有最佳的转化产出。     

三种食物喂养的黑水虻幼虫营养测定与比较

黑水虻幼虫在国内外被普遍用于处理有机废弃物,得到的黑水虻幼虫由于富含蛋白质又可用于畜禽养殖,或用于提取油脂、蛋白及甲壳素等物质.本文利用云南省昆明市宜良县汤池镇当地较多的有机废弃物(豆腐渣、鸡粪及发酵鸡粪)饲养黑水虻幼虫,15d后,对三种幼虫进行营养测定,并比较不同食物饲养幼虫营养成分的差异,可根据测定结果对不同用途幼虫选择较合适的饲养物质.结果表明豆腐渣饲养幼虫的蛋白(52.3％)、油脂(22.6％)及氨基酸(36.80％)含量均高于两种鸡粪饲养的幼虫(蛋白含量为46.9％及45.9％、油脂为5.13％及4.30％、氨基酸为23.51％及28.48％),灰分(9.89％)含量低于这两种鸡粪饲养的幼虫(23.2％及19.6％);两种鸡粪饲养的黑水虻幼虫中锌、铜及铅等部分金属元素含量较高.三种食物饲养的黑水虻幼虫营养成分存在一定差异,其中豆腐渣饲养的黑水虻幼虫营养较为丰富,且重金属含量较低,更适合用于畜禽养殖.     

黑水虻幼虫粉替代不同比例鱼粉对加州鲈生长、机体健康和肌肉品质的影响

配制4组等氮等脂(45%蛋白, 15%脂肪)的配合饲料,对照组含有30%的鱼粉(FM30),其他3组分别用黑水虻(Hermitia illucens)幼虫粉替代16.67%(FM25)、33.33%(FM20)、50%(FM15)鱼粉,在室内循环水养殖系统中投喂加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼8周,探究用黑水虻幼虫粉替代不同比例鱼粉对加州鲈生长性能、机体健康和肌肉品质的影响。结果显示,各组加州鲈在终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、成活率上无显著差异(P>0.05), FM20组鱼拥有较高的增重率和特定生长率,其饲料系数最低,显著低于FM15和FM25组(P<0.05)。用黑水虻幼虫粉部分替代鱼粉,降低了全鱼和肝脏的脂肪含量、血清甘油三酯含量、肝脏的C14﹕0、C16﹕0、C18﹕1n-9和C18﹕3n-3的含量和肌肉的DHA含量,但是,增加了肝脏C18﹕0、DHA、EPA和C22﹕5n-3的含量,对肌肉和肝脏的氨基酸组成影响较小。与对照组相比, FM20组鱼前肠和肝脏的丙二醛含量显著增加(P<0.05),前肠和血清的碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P&l...     

黑水虻对小龙虾废弃物转化效果研究

我国水产养殖业近年来发展迅速,同时也增加了大量水产废弃物,小龙虾Procambarus clarkii废弃物就是其中之一。黑水虻Hermetia illucens能将有机废弃物转化成高附加值的昆虫蛋白,因此,本研究将小龙虾废弃物与蛋白含量较高的豆腐渣混合,设计6个不同混合比例的饲料,筛选出高转化率和高性价比的饲料配方,分析饲料中营养物质降解情况和预蛹的营养成分。结果表明：小龙虾废弃物与豆腐渣按照4∶1混合,黑水虻存活率较高（93.42%±2.65%）,幼虫产量最高（44.27±1.30 g）,料重比最低（2.26±0.07）,预蛹粗蛋白含量可达43.93%±0.49%;饲料残渣中的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量比原饲料均有降低,其中粗脂肪降幅最大,说明黑水虻对脂肪利用率很高。综合评价认为小龙虾废弃物与豆腐渣4∶1混合为本实验范围内最佳饲料配方,本研究为进一步利用黑水虻处理小龙虾废弃物奠定了基础。     

Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响及在虫体和虫粪的积累

为研究不同金属离子对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响及在虫体和虫粪中的积累分布规律,通过在黑水虻幼虫饲料中加入不同浓度的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+),分析观测了幼虫增重、虫体和虫粪中金属含量等情况。结果表明,适量的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)可以促进黑水虻幼虫的生长,Zn~(2+)浓度在400 mg/kg时黑水虻幼虫的体重最高。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)在黑水虻幼虫体内和虫粪中的残留随着饲料中Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)浓度的升高而增加。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)在虫体中的残留比例都小于50%,大部分残留在虫粪中,Cd~(2+)在10、20、40 mg/kg处理中虫体的残留比例大于50%,最高达到了91.3%,而在80、160 mg/kg处理中虫体残留量比例小于50%。各重金属在虫粪中的残留主要以残渣态存在,且各形态的含量顺序在高浓度处理中都为残渣态酸溶态水溶态碱溶态。说明饲料中适量金属离子的添加有利于黑水虻幼虫生长,但过量的添加会抑制黑水虻幼虫生长,并造成金属离子的积累。     

黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中体内养分组成与消化酶活性变化规律的研究

黑水虻Hermetia illucens作为一种新型资源环境昆虫,其幼虫可以处理餐厨垃圾、畜禽粪便、蔬菜残体等各种有机废弃物。幼虫富含蛋白质和油脂,可以作为水产饲料的蛋白来源。本研究探索黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中其养分组成与消化酶活性变化之间的关系。通过黑水虻幼虫自由取食餐厨垃圾,每日采集样品用于物质养分和消化酶活性的测定。结果显示：黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量呈现先下降后上升的变化规律,而幼虫总糖含量呈现先上升后下降的变化规律,粗脂肪含量维持上升的趋势。幼虫处理餐厨垃圾过程中,体内蛋白酶在初期迅速上升,第6天后逐渐下降,而淀粉酶呈现出先缓慢上升再迅速上升最后下降的变化规律。脂肪酶在黑水虻幼虫处理餐厨垃圾前期保持较高的活性然后缓慢下降。同时,通过相关性分析,黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白含量变化与蛋白酶活性没有相关性,而总糖与粗脂肪含量变化分别与淀粉酶、脂肪酶有相关性。因此,部分消化酶活性变化与黑水虻幼虫养分组成具有一定的联系,本研究结果为工厂化养殖黑水虻提供一定的理论基础。     

低含水量饲料对黑水虻生长发育的影响

【目的】了解低含水量饲料对黑水虻Hermetia illucens生长发育的影响。【方法】在27℃、RH 80%、光周期14L∶10D的饲养条件下,以含水量70%人工饲料饲养黑水虻为对照,比较饲料含水量降为30%和50%时黑水虻幼虫的存活率、幼虫体重、雌雄成虫体长、羽化率以及不同发育阶段持续时间等生物学参数与对照组的差异。【结果】30%和50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫平均体重与对照幼虫相比显著降低（P<0.05）,30%和50%含水量两个处理间体重亦有显著差异（P<0.05）。黑水虻幼虫不能在含水量30％的人工饲料中发育至预蛹,大部分幼虫至13 d时死亡。50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫比对照延迟5 d出现预蛹,滞后14 d结束预蛹,预蛹过程耗时18 d,比对照延长8 d;50%含水量饲料饲养雌雄虫比对照成虫体长显著缩短（P<0.05）,雌雄成虫羽化时间亦比对照延后5 d,雌雄成虫羽化历期均为18 d,比对照增加5 d;50%含水量饲料饲养黑水虻自卵孵化至蛹全部羽化为成虫所需时间比对照延长10.67 d,所需时间为55.67 d,而对照仅需45.00 d;但是50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫存活率和成虫羽化率与对照相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】含水量低于70%的人工饲料不利于黑水虻的生长发育。     

四种植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了筛选适宜于养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的饲料植物蛋白源,探究不同植物蛋白源饲料对幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化性能等方面的影响,以50%的鱼粉配制基础饲料（记为FM）,分别采用30.5%发酵豆粕、32.5%豆粕、28%棉粕和39%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉总量的50%,配制成4种等氮等能的饲料（分别记为FSBM、SBM、CSM和RSM）,投喂初始体重为（0.249±0.003）g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果表明:（1）与FM组相比,FSBM、SBM和CSM组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均没有显著性差异;RSM组的增重率与FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于SBM组（P < 0.05）,而其饲料系数则显著高于FM、FSBM及SBM组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质效率显著低于其他各组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质沉积率显著低于SBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（2）不同植物蛋白组的总必需氨基酸沉积率和FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,而RSM组总必需氨基酸沉积率显著低于FSBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（3）与FM组相比,不同植物蛋白组蟹的血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和肝胰腺丙二醛（MDA）含量并没有显著的影响,而RSM组血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著的高于其他各组（P < 0.05）。结果表明,在幼蟹饲料中,豆粕、发酵豆粕和棉粕替代基础配方中鱼粉的50%后并未对幼蟹的生长性能、氨基酸沉积率及抗氧化能力造成负面的影响,发酵豆粕、豆粕和棉粕可以作为替代鱼粉的适宜蛋白源,且添加水平约在30%左右。菜粕替代后降低了饲料的利用和氨基酸沉积效率,这可能是由于菜粕的蛋白质消化率低、含有相应的抗营养因子和添加水平过高所致,建议使用前应适当进行脱毒处理,并与或和其他植物蛋白配伍使用。     

黑水虻幼虫粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫和脂质代谢的影响

试验旨在研究黑水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei生长性能、非特异性免疫和脂质代谢的影响。以黑水虻幼虫粉分别替代对照组饲料(FM)中10%(BSF10)、20%(BSF20)和30%(BSF30)的鱼粉蛋白质,共配制为四组等氮等脂的实验饲料,饲喂初始体质量为(0.88±0.01) g的凡纳滨对虾7周。结果显示, BSF10组和BSF20组对虾的生长性能与对照组相比无显著变化(P>0.05),但BSF30组对虾的生长性能显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比, BSF20组和BSF30组对虾的全虾粗脂肪含量显著降低,BSF30组对虾血淋巴甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平显著降低(P<0.05),但肝胰腺粗脂肪水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。BSF10、BSF20和BSF30组对虾血淋巴谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。BSF10组对虾超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组, BSF20组对虾总抗氧化能力显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。BSF30组对虾肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸...     

黑水虻幼虫的发育速率及食物转化率研究

本文研究了黑水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫取食花生麸的发育速率及其食物转化率。仔细考察了黑水虻卵孵化后,其幼虫平均体重的增长情况,结果显示,黑水虻在实验条件下（T=30℃,RH=60%）,幼虫发育的参考周期为20 d,其中最初5 d体重增长9433倍,从第6 d至第10 d体重增长7倍,最后10 d体重增长095倍,从初孵幼虫到老熟幼虫体重增长148667倍,发育期内的体重增长趋势类似于逻辑斯谛曲线,而第5 天（W=143 g/百头虫）与第10 天（W=1145g/百头虫）则为逻辑斯谛曲线的两个拐点。食物转化率测定结果表明,黑水虻幼虫取食花生麸的转化率为2888%。     

Improvement in bioconversion efficiency and reduction of ammonia emission by introduction of fruit fermentation broth in a black soldier fly larvae and kitchen waste conversion system

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is an insect commonly used for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. Not only can the BSF convert organic waste into macromolecular organic substances, such as insect proteins, but it can also lessen the pollution associated with these waste products by reducing ammonia emissions, for example. In this study, we measured the effects of adding fruit fermentation broth (Fer) and commercial lactic acid bacteria fermentation broth (Em) to kitchen waste (KW), as deodorizing auxiliary substances, on the growth performance of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), the intestinal flora structure of BSFL, the ammonia emission from the KW substrate, and the microbial community structure of the KW substrate. We found that the addition of Fer or Em increased the body weight of BSFL after 6 d of culture, increasing the growth rate by 9.96% and 7.96%, respectively. The addition of Fer not only reduced the pH of the KW substrate but also increased the relative abundance of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Vagococcus, which inhibited the growth of ammonifiers such as Bacillus, Oligella, Paenalcaligenes, Paenibacillus, Pseudogracilibacillus, and Pseudomonas, resulting in the reduction of ammonia emission in the KW substrate. Moreover, the addition of Fer or Em significantly increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Campylobacter, Dysgonomonas, Enterococcus, and Ignatzschineria in the gut of BSFL and increased the species diversity and richness in the KW substrate. Our findings provide a novel way to improve the conversion rate of organic waste and reduce the environmental pollution caused by BSF.     

Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae feeding on agro-industrial by-products

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), bio-convert organic side streams into high-quality biomass, the composition of which largely depends on the side stream used. In the present study, BSF larvae were reared on feed substrates composed of dried brewers’ spent grains, each supplemented with either water, waste brewer’s yeast, or a mixture of waste brewer’s yeast and cane molasses to obtain 12 different substrates: barley/water, barley/yeast, barley/yeast/molasses, malted barley/water, malted barley/yeast, malted barley/yeast/molasses, malted corn/water, malted corn/yeast, malted corn/yeast/molasses, sorghum-barley/water, sorghum-barley/yeast, and sorghum-barley/yeast/molasses. The crude protein, fat, ash, and mineral contents of the BSF larvae fed each feed substrate were quantified by chemical analyses. The effect of substrate, supplementation, and their interaction on crude protein, fat, and ash contents of BSF larval body composition was significant. Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium were the most abundant macrominerals in the larvae and their concentrations differed significantly among substrates. These findings provide important information to support the use of BSF larval meal as potential new source of nutrient-rich and sustainable animal feed ingredients to substitute expensive and scarce protein sources such as fishmeal and soya bean meal.     

Bioconversion of poultry manure and vegetable waste mixes by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Development time, survival and final nutrient content of Hermetia illucens L. larvae depends on the substrates in which they develop. Mixing different waste types together can increase the performance and survival of the larvae, as well as their waste reduction. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different ratios of mixed fruit and vegetable waste with poultry manure on larval development time, size, biomass production, survival, bioconversion and waste reduction. Freshly hatched neonates (90 mg; approx. 6000 individuals) were placed on 12 kg of a mixture of fruit and vegetable waste and fresh, unprocessed poultry manure and held at 28 ± 0.5°C. Inclusion of fruit and vegetable waste varied from 0% to 100% in 10% increments. Initial temperature of the substrate was also measured. The individual mass of larvae increased significantly as more fruit and vegetable waste was included, from less than 81.3 ± 6.6 mg on poultry manure only to an average size of 211.6 ± 6.0 mg at 100% fruit and vegetable waste. After approximately 60% inclusion of fruit and vegetable waste the performance and survival of the larvae increased significantly while development time was reduced. A combination of high fruit and vegetable waste and low initial temperatures resulted in lower development time overall. The mixing of wastes can be applied in industry to further the goals of waste reduction and biomass production while incorporating low-quality wastes like poultry manure.     

家蚕体内因缺乏维生素B6而引起的若干代谢变动

采用不含桑叶粉末、以去维生素牛乳酪蛋白为蛋白源的准合成饲料饲育家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫,探讨了缺乏维生素B₆（VB₆）对蚕体氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢以及转氨酶活力的影响。缺乏VB₆引起支链氨基酸分解代谢受阻,幼虫体液中大量积累亮氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸。同时因绢丝腺发育停滞,丝氨酸也在体液中积累。另一方面,缺乏VB₆幼虫体液中赖氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷氨酸含量减少,其中赖氨酸尤为突出。推测缺乏VB₆引起赖氨酸分解代谢亢进。结果还表明,缺乏VB₆幼虫体内脂肪酸代谢异常,谷丙转氨酶活力显著低下。     

Hermetia illucens L. larvae–associated intestinal microbes reduce the transmission risk of zoonotic pathogens in pig manure

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are considered a promising biological reactor to convert organic waste and reduce the impact of zoonotic pathogens on the environment. We analysed the effects of BSF larvae on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. populations in pig manure (PM), which showed that BSF larvae can significantly reduce the counts of the associated S. aureus and Salmonella spp. Then, using a sterile BSF larval system, we validated the function of BSF larval intestinal microbiota in vivo to suppress pathogens, and lastly, we isolated eight bacterial strains from the BSF larval gut that inhibit S. aureus. Results indicated that functional microbes are essential for BSF larvae to antagonise S. aureus. Moreover, the analysis results of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and S. aureus and Salmonella spp. showed that Myroides, Tissierella, Oblitimonas, Paenalcalignes, Terrisporobacter, Clostridium, Fastidiosipila, Pseudomonas, Ignatzschineria, Savagea, Moheibacter and Sphingobacterium were negatively correlated with S. aureus and Salmonella. Overall, these results suggested that the potential ability of BSF larvae to inhibit S. aureus and Salmonella spp. present in PM is accomplished primarily by gut‐associated microorganisms.

Black soldier fly larvae can inhibit zoonotic pathogens in pig manure. Intestinal microbes are essential for black soldier fly larvae to antagonise zoonotic pathogens. Black soldier fly larvae and their intestinal microbes can reduce zoonotic pathogens transmission risk in pig manure.     

Effects of food substrates and moxidectin on development of black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens

Black soldier fly is a common and widely distributed saprophagous species that has an excellent potential for being used for biological conversion of organic wastes on an industrial scale. The main goal of the reported study was expanding the list of wastes suitable for utilization by this species. We compared larval growth on cull potatoes, horse manure and cafeteria food waste in 100‐L bins in a greenhouse. We also conducted laboratory experiments to investigate whether black soldier fly larvae are affected by the presence of moxidectin, a common endectocide used to treat an array of domestic animals and readily excreted in faeces, in their food substrates. Feeding on potatoes resulted in slower growth, and the final size of potato‐fed larvae was smaller compared to the larvae fed on cafeteria waste. Nevertheless, potatoes supported substantial biomass accumulation, and could be a valuable option for rearing fly larvae for commercial feed production. Larvae feeding on horse manure gained very little weight and eventually failed to pupate. Moxidectin had a strong negative effect on larval survivorship; however, ca. 30% of larvae reared in the substrate containing a realistic field concentration of moxidectin still survived to adulthood. Our findings confirm that using black soldier fly larvae is a promising technology for recycling organic wastes, including those of plant origin.     

THE EFFECTS OF VALINE LEVEL ON PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES,LIPID CONTENT AND GENE EXPRESSION INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM IN COBIA (RACHYCENTRONCANADUM)

实验旨在研究饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)[初始体质量为(40.90.8) g]鱼体脂肪含量、血浆生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢基因表达的影响。在基础饲料中梯度添加晶体缬氨酸, 配制出缬氨酸含量分别为1.26% (缺乏组)、2.21% (适量组)和2.62% (过量组)3种等氮等脂饲料, 饲喂养殖在海水浮式网箱的军曹鱼10周, 每天饱食投喂2次。结果表明, 缬氨酸缺乏组的军曹鱼鱼体和肌肉脂肪含量显著低于缬氨酸适量组和过量组(P0.05)。肝脏脂肪含量随着饲料中缬氨酸含量从1.26%升高到2.21%而显著升高(P0.05), 然后随之而逐渐下降(P0.05)。军曹鱼血浆总蛋白和总胆固醇含量在缬氨酸缺乏饲料组显著低于其他各处理组(P0.05)。饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼血浆谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶均无显著影响(P0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, SREBP-1)基因表达水平和肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量, 均随着饲料缬氨酸水平增加而显著升高(P0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, PPAR)表达量在缬氨酸适量组, 显著低于过量组(P0.05), 而与缺乏组差异不显著(P0.05)。而随着缬氨酸含量升高, 肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1)表达量逐渐下降(P0.05)。总之, 饲料缺乏缬氨酸可减少军曹鱼鱼体脂肪积累。饲料中缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼鱼体脂肪沉积的影响, 可能是通过调控脂肪合成和-氧化相关基因表达而实现的。     

Ecobiotechnological Strategy to Enhance Efficiency of Bioconversion of Wastes into Hydrogen and Methane

Vegetable wastes (VW) and food wastes (FW) are generated in large quantities by municipal markets, restaurants and hotels. Waste slurries (250 ml) in 300 ml BOD bottles, containing 3, 5 and 7 % total solids (TS) were hydrolyzed with bacterial mixtures composed of: Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Sphingobacterium species. Each of these bacteria had high activities for the hydrolytic enzymes: amylase, protease and lipase. Hydrolysate of biowaste slurries were subjected to defined mixture of H₂ producers and culture enriched for methanogens. The impact of hydrolysis of VW and FW was observed as 2.6- and 2.8-fold enhancement in H₂ yield, respectively. Direct biomethanation of hydrolysates of VW and FW resulted in 3.0- and 1.15-fold improvement in CH₄ yield, respectively. A positive effect of hydrolysis was also observed with biomethanation of effluent of H₂ production stage, to the extent of 1.2- and 3.5-fold with FW and VW, respectively. The effective H₂ yields were 17 and 85 l/kg TS fed, whereas effective CH₄ yields were 61.7 and 63.3 l/kg TS fed, from VW and FW, respectively. This ecobiotechnological strategy can help to improve the conversion efficiency of biowastes to biofuels.     

Effect of temperature on fatty acid composition and development of unfed Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii) larvae

The fatty acid metabolism in fish is influenced by various factors, including fish species, water temperature, water environment and diet supply. The aim of present work is to investigate the fatty acid composition of yolk‐stage Siberian sturgeon larvae reared at three different temperatures. Fertilized Siberian sturgeon eggs were transferred to the Lodi Aquaculture Research Center of the University of Milan, divided in three aquaria, each containing three incubators and incubated at 16°C. After hatching the temperature was switched to 16, 19 and 22°C. Larvae sampling was performed at the end of yolk sac reabsorption. No feed was dispensed during the trial. Eggs and larvae were weighed and fatty acid profile was determined by GC‐FID analysis after lipid extraction by chloroform/methanol mixture and fatty acid transesterification by methanolic hydrogen chloride. The fertilized eggs had a weight of 23.27 mg and a lipid content of 2.67 mg/egg. At hatching, the weight was 12.2 (0.17 SD) mg and lipid content 1.9 (0.6 SD) mg/larva. At the end of the trial, larvae mean weight was 33.6 (3.6 SD), 34.7 (1.8 SD) and 36.9 (1.1 SD) mg, while lipid content was 2.0 (0.3 SD), 2.1 (0.3 SD) and 2.0 (0.2 SD) mg for larvae reared at 16, 19 and 22°C respectively, without statistically significant difference. Larvae subjected to the highest water temperature showed a faster yolk‐sac absorption. No differences were found across temperatures regarding survival rates and regarding ontogenic development. The fatty acid composition of larvae was affected by the temperature. Larvae reared at 16°C had the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids, mainly due to a lower palmitic acid content, that was offset by a higher level of linolenic and linoleic acid, if compared with larvae reared at 19°C and 22°C. The study suggests that at a lower temperature sturgeon spare unsaturated fatty acid consuming preferably saturated fatty acids, increasing our knowledge of the fatty acid metabolism in this species.