冬虫夏草寄主蝠蛾天然饲料珠芽蓼对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum L.是冬虫夏草寄主蝠蛾的天然饲料,具有较高的药用、营养与饲用价值。本文分别于小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius的人工饲料中添加5%、15%、25%的新鲜珠芽蓼根粉饲喂小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾,测定了新鲜珠芽蓼根对小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾生长发育与存活的影响。结果显示,珠芽蓼根对小菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾的1-4龄幼虫具有很强的生长抑制活性及毒杀活性,对斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫具有明显的毒杀活性。     

苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对斜纹夜蛾消化酶活性的影响

为了研究苦瓜Momordica charantia叶乙酸乙酯萃取物及其活性化合物Momordicin Ⅱ对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的作用机理,将苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物及其活性化合物Momordicin Ⅱ添加到人工饲料中饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫,分别测定其对斜纹夜蛾幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食了含苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物的饲料后,其中肠的淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性均比对照明显降低,处理后72h,高浓度(0.08%)对淀粉酶和蛋白酶的抑制率分别为23.0%和40.6%。斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食了含Momordicin Ⅱ的饲料后,对淀粉酶活性无明显的影响,但其中肠的蛋白酶活性比对照明显降低,处理后72h的抑制作用最强,浓度为0.6%时对蛋白酶的抑制率高达75.6%。这些结果说明乙酸乙酯萃取物及其活性化合物Momordicin Ⅱ能够抑制和干扰斜纹夜蛾幼虫中肠的蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性,这是中毒斜纹夜蛾幼虫不能正常生长发育的原因之一。     

不同寄主植物继代饲养后草地贪夜蛾幼虫生理酶活性差异

为了明确继代饲喂不同寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内生理酶活性的影响,在室内分别用3种寄主植物叶片饲养草地贪夜蛾多代,测定其F3代5龄幼虫体内保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）、消化酶（脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶）和解毒酶（GSTs,CarEs,CYP450s）活性差异,并分析不同寄主植物次生代谢物含量与幼虫体内酶活及其生长发育的相关性。结果表明,取食马铃薯叶片的F3代幼虫总发育历期最长,取食小麦的最短,两者间差异显著;小麦叶片中的单宁、总酚、类黄酮和生物碱含量均显著低于玉米和马铃薯;草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内保护酶活性均为取食小麦叶片的最低,取食马铃薯叶片的最高,其中取食马铃薯叶片的草地贪夜蛾体内POD和SOD酶活性达取食小麦的1.34和1.26倍;以3种寄主为食的F3代幼虫脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶活性变化不大,但持续饲喂马铃薯叶片3个世代可导致草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内胃蛋白酶活性显著升高,达10.502 U/mg. prot,为持续饲喂玉米叶片幼虫（1.508 U/mg. prot）的6.96倍以上。连续饲喂3种寄主叶片后的幼虫GSTs和CarEs活性无显著性差异,但取食玉米叶片的幼虫体内细胞色素P450s（CYP450s）活性显著高于取食小麦和马铃薯的幼虫。可见,连续多代取食次生物质含量不同的寄主植物会使草地贪夜蛾体内部分酶活性发生变化,并对幼虫的生长发育产生影响。     

染料标记对斜纹夜蛾生长发育及成虫飞行能力的影响

以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura为研究对象,将染料添加到半人工饲料中饲喂幼虫,评价其对该虫生长发育和成虫飞行能力的影响,以期为开展该虫的田间诱集和扩散行为研究提供标记方法。结果表明,添加不同浓度苏丹红7B、苏丹蓝Ⅱ和龙胆紫的半人工饲料饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,含0.006%苏丹红7B的半人工饲料幼虫存活率高,成虫标记效果好。进一步研究显示,取食含0.006%苏丹红7B半人工饲料的斜纹夜蛾幼虫发育历期、蛹重以及成虫寿命、体长、翅展及飞行能力等与对照相比均无显著差异。含0.006%苏丹红7B半人工饲料饲料对斜纹夜蛾的生物学无显著影响,标记效果显著,操作简单,适合于大规模标记斜纹夜蛾成虫。     

寄主植物对斜纹夜蛾酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

利用生物测定与生物化学的方法,就取食不同寄主植物的2个斜纹夜蛾[Spodoptera litura(Fab.)]品系对丙溴磷和灭多威的敏感性及其体内的酯酶与乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性变化进行了研究。结果表明,取食不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾对丙溴磷和灭多威的敏感性不同。在敏感品系中,取食不同食料的斜纹夜蛾后代对灭多威的敏感性顺序为:烟草<棉花<大豆<人工饲料;对丙溴磷而言,敏感性顺序则为:棉花<烟草<大豆<人工饲料。而在田间抗性品系中,对丙溴磷的敏感性顺序为:棉花<烟草<人工饲料<大豆;对灭多威的敏感性顺序为:棉花<烟草<大豆<人工饲料。此外,在田间抗性和敏感品系中,取食不同食料的斜纹夜蛾体内的酯酶活性之间均存在显著差异,对其乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性也有程度不同的诱导效应,但并不会引起乙酰胆碱酯酶的质变。     

根结线虫对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长及营养利用随龄期变化的研究

【目的】为明确南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita侵染对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫的影响是否因幼虫的龄期而异。【方法】采用被南方根结线虫侵染和未被侵染的乌桕叶片饲喂斜纹夜蛾幼虫,并测定不同龄期幼虫的生长（幼虫体重、发育历期、相对生长率）和营养利用（取食量、近似消化率、食物转化率）情况。【结果】随着幼虫龄期的增加,斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食量及发育历期呈上升趋势,幼虫体重、相对生长率和食物转化率先上升后下降,而近似消化率则先下降后上升。与饲喂未侵染南方根结线虫的乌桕叶片相比,取食线虫侵染的乌桕叶片的斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫近似消化率（0.78±0.07）%显著增加了约30%,但斜纹夜蛾的4龄幼虫体重（0.12±0.04）g、相对生长率（0.20±0.06）g·g^(-1)·d(-1)·d^(-1)和食物转化率（0.54±0.18）%分别降低了61%、36%和73%。线虫侵染处理与龄期互作对斜纹夜蛾的发育历期和取食量无显著影响。【结论】根结线虫侵染对斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长及其营养利用的影响因龄期而异,线虫侵染处理虽显著增加了斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的近似消化率,但却抑制了其4龄幼虫的生长及其营养利用。     

铅胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育与生殖的影响

在植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾幼虫标准人工饲料中添加不同浓度的重金属铅（Pb）,研究Pb胁迫对其生长发育与生殖的影响.结果表明： 斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段（幼虫、蛹和成虫）的存活率和体质量随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而下降,引起存活率显著下降的最低Pb胁迫浓度是100 mg·kg^-1,引起体质量显著减少的最低Pb胁迫浓度是50 mg·kg^-1.在取食Pb浓度为25～200 mg·kg^-1的人工饲料后,斜纹夜蛾成虫的产卵天数显著减少;产卵力和生育力随着饲料中Pb浓度的增加而显著下降;1000粒卵的平均质量显著低于对照;卵孵化率显著下降.重金属Pb胁迫对斜纹夜蛾生长发育和生殖具有显著的抑制作用.     

苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯提取物对斜纹夜蛾实验种群的抑制作用

应用生命表方法评价了苦瓜Momordica charantia叶乙酸乙酯提取物与人工饲料混合饲喂斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 3龄幼虫后对其实验种群增长的影响,旨在为探明苦瓜叶提取物的作用方式和作用机理以及田间应用提供科学依据。结果表明,苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的生长发育有显著的抑制作用。随着处理浓度的增加,幼虫体重的增长也随着减慢,发育历期明显延长,死亡率也随着提高。用提取物浓度为0.032%、0.04%、0.08%和0.16%的人工饲料饲喂3龄幼虫,2d后的体重增长抑制率分别为76.3%、79.9%、97.6%和111.2%。0.16%浓度处理的幼虫化蛹率明显降低,成虫的羽化率和产卵量也明显下降。苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯提取物能显著降低斜纹夜蛾的种群趋势指数值(I),与对照相比,0.032%、0.04%、0.08%和0.16%浓度处理的种群控制指数(IIPC)分别是0.59、0.56、0.29和0.20。说明苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯提取物不仅对斜纹夜蛾的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,而且对斜纹夜蛾的繁殖及其种群增长也有明显的控制作用。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂和防御信号物质对斜纹夜蛾幼虫保护酶的影响

以广食性害虫斜纹夜蛾为研究对象,连续6代自二龄或三龄开始用含有大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(soybean trypsin inhibitor,SBTI)的人工饲料喂养幼虫,饲养至五龄时测定SBTI对幼虫保护酶的影响。结果表明,SBTI抑制斜纹夜蛾幼虫SOD、CAT活性,随着饲养代数的增加,SBTI的抑制效果降低;SBTI可显著升高斜纹夜蛾幼虫POD活性。预先接触外源植物防御信号物质茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸甲酯48h均可显著影响斜纹夜蛾幼虫体内保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性,且可显著减缓SBTI对斜纹夜蛾幼虫SOD、POD、CAT活性的作用效果。表明,斜纹夜蛾取食SBTI后能够调节自身的保护酶系统,逐步适应蛋白酶抑制剂的毒害,而预先接触植物防御信号物质可增强其对植物防御蛋白的适应能力。     

植物次生代谢物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及解毒酶的影响

【目的】明确植物次生代谢物对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua生长发育及解毒酶的影响,探索利用植物次生物质防控甜菜夜蛾的潜在途径。【方法】本研究选用3种含量（0.01%、0.1%和1.0%）的槲皮素、山奈酚和香豆素,分别与人工饲料混合均匀后饲养甜菜夜蛾3龄初幼虫,观察植物次生代谢物对幼虫生长发育的影响;并测定幼虫取食添加0.1%的槲皮素、山奈酚和香豆素的人工饲料24、48和72 h后,幼虫羧酸酯酶（Caboxylesterase,CarE）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（Glutathione-S-transferase,GSTs）和P450解毒酶活性。【结果】添加不同次生物质的人工饲料显著影响甜菜夜蛾幼虫生长和解毒酶活性。与对照组相比,3种次生代谢物均显著提高了幼虫死亡率。幼虫取食添加1%槲皮素的人工饲料后,蛹重显著降低,发育历期明显延长。而取食添加0.1%山奈酚的人工饲料后,可诱导幼虫CarE活性显著增强,0.1%槲皮素和0.1%香豆素对幼虫CarE活性均有显著抑制作用。添加槲皮素对幼虫GSTs活性无显著性影响,添加0.1%山奈酚和0.1%香豆素可诱导幼虫GSTs活性显著升高。0.1%槲皮素和0.1%香豆素可促进幼虫P450活性增强但未达到显著水平,但0.1%山奈酚处理48h后,幼虫P450活性显著降低。【结论】植物次生代谢物种类与含量对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及解毒酶活性存在不同程度的影响。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.