Upregulation of miR-135b Is Involved in the Impaired Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Multiple Myeloma Patients

Previous studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients (MM-hMSCs) display a distinctive gene expression profile, an enhanced production of cytokines and an impaired osteogenic differentiation ability compared to normal donors (ND-hMSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we observed that MM-hMSCs exhibited an abnormal upregulation of miR-135b, showing meanwhile an impaired osteogenic differentiation and a decrease of SMAD5 expression, which is the target of miR-135b involved in osteogenesis. By gain and loss of function studies we confirmed that miR-135b negatively regulated hMSCs osteogenesis. We also found that MM cell-produced factors stimulated ND-hMSCs to upregulate the expression of miR-135b. Importantly, treatment with a miR-135b inhibitor promoted osteogenic differentiation in MM-hMSCs. Finally, we observed that MM cell-derived soluble factors could induce an upregulation of miR-135b expression in ND-hMSCs in an indirect coculture system and the miR-135b expression turned to normal level after the removal of MM cells. Collectively, we provide evidence that miR-135b is involved in the impaired osteogenic differentiation of MSCs derived from MM patients and might therefore be a promising target for controlling bone disease.     

Shh信号参与调控BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化

目的：观察sonic hedgehog（Shh）信号通路在骨形态发生蛋白9（BMP9）诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）C3H10T1/2和C2C12成骨分化中的作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法：Shh信号通路抑制剂Cyclopamine和激活剂Purmorphamine以及过表达Shh腺病毒分别作用于BMP9处理的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）检测早期成骨指标ALP,茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨指标钙盐沉积,RT-PCR检测Shh信号相关基因以及成骨关键转录因子的表达,Western blot检测Shh的表达,荧光素酶报告基因检测Smad1/5/8的转录调控活性。结果：BMP9促进Shh信号相关基因的表达,激活Shh信号可增强BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞早晚期成骨分化并促进了BMP9诱导的Smad荧光素酶活性,抑制Shh信号后作用相反。结论：激活Shh信号通路可促进BMP9诱导的小鼠MSCs成骨分化,抑制其活性后作用相反。     

间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的信号通路

间充质干细胞具有向成骨细胞分化的潜能,可体外分离、培养和扩增,是骨组织工程中理想的种子细胞。近年的研究表明间充质干细胞的成骨分化受到多种信号通路的调控,现就其中研究较为深入的MAPK和Notch通路的情况作一简要综述。     

机械力对间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的力学响应机制研究

间充质干细胞的分化受多种因素的影响,其中力学是重要因素之一.为了探讨力学信号在间充质干细胞分化中的传导机制,利用力学加载装置在成骨细胞诱导体系条件下,对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系(D1细胞)加载不同拉伸应变,运用RT-PCR方法、Flou-3-AMCa2 染色技术、激光共聚焦显微镜技术及5种信号阻断剂,SB203580(p38MAPK特异抑制剂)、PD98059(MEK-1/2MAPK特异抑制剂)、LY294002(PI3Ks特异抑制剂)、细胞松弛素B(微丝结构阻断剂)、EGTA(Ca2 螯合剂),探讨力学信号的基本传导途径.结果显示:3%的拉伸应变能明显提高细胞内Ca2 水平;细胞微丝结构破坏后,延迟了3%拉伸应变对细胞内Ca2 水平增加的影响;细胞外Ca2 螯合后,拉伸应变不能促进细胞内Ca2 水平的升高,该结果提示,拉伸应变对细胞内Ca2 水平的影响主要通过细胞外Ca2 的内流实现.5种信号阻断剂能完全阻断干细胞向成骨细胞分化过程中关键基因骨钙蛋白(osteocalcin,OCN)和OSX mRNA的表达.p38MAPK途径、MEK-1/2MAPK途径被阻断后,拉伸应变激活了OCN和Osterix(OSX,与成骨细胞分化相关的关键基因)mRNA的表达;PI3Ks途径阻断后,拉伸应变部分激活了OCN和OSX mRNA的表达;细胞微丝破坏及胞外Ca2 螯合后,拉伸应变不能促进OCN和OSXmRNA的表达.上述结果表明:力学信号通过Ca2 信号、细胞微丝结构以及PI3Ks信号途径引起细胞的应答反应和生物学效应.     

间充质干细胞诱导分化为胰岛β细胞的研究进展

间充质干细胞是一类具有多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,在体内外不仅可以被诱导分化为中胚层细胞,而且可以分化为内胚层和神经外胚层细胞。间充质干细胞易分离,体外可大量扩增,异体移植不引起免疫排斥反应,在细胞治疗和组织工程中具有广阔的应用前景。经过适当诱导,间充质干细胞可能成为胰岛β细胞的来源之一。就间充质干细胞的生物学性状和优势,以及诱导分化为胰岛β细胞的技术方法和发展趋势进行了综述。     

缺氧对于间充质干细胞分化的影响

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC),是来源于中胚层的具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能干细胞,在体内外可以分化成骨、软骨、脂肪、肌腱和肌细胞等.由于其强大的分化潜能,MSC在组织工程与再生医学方面具有广泛的应用前景.MSC存在于高度受调控的被称为"壁龛"的微环境中.干细胞壁龛处于一个缺氧的环境中,氧分压可以低至7.2 mmHg.同时MSC是肿瘤微环境的重要的细胞组成成分,肿瘤微环境也是存在于一个缺氧的环境中.了解MSC在缺氧状态下的分化能力,对于组织工程、再生医学和肿瘤的发生发展研究具有重要的意义.缺氧相关的信号转导参与MSC定向分化能力的过程.目前MSC在缺氧状态下的成脂和成骨分化的研究存在着差异,这些研究结果的差异可能是由于MSC的异质性以及实验操作不同所引起.     

细胞外基质硬度调控间充质干细胞分化

新近研究表叽细胞外基质（extracellularmatrix,ECM）的物理性质,特别是硬度或弹性,能对细胞的黏附、铺展、迁移、增殖、分化和凋亡等多种功能和行为产生重要影响。间充质干细胞（mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs）是组织工程和细胞治疗的理想种子细胞。ECM硬度可诱导MSCs向脂肪、软骨、神经、肌肉和骨等方向分化。该文综合论述了ECM硬度对干细胞分化的影响,涵盖了构建ECM硬度的测量、调控与表征等,不同培养条件下干细胞对硬度的响应和分化以及硬度和其他因素的联合作用;在此基础上,进一步论述了干细胞分化过程中细胞感应ECM硬度并转化为生物学信号的机制和信号通路。该文还总结了在ECM硬度调控干细胞分化行为领域最新的研究进展情况,较为系统地分析了材料学、细胞生物学、分子生物学水平的主要影响因素,并对本领域未来需要重点研究的问题进行了展望。     

大戟苷抑制大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化

目的:观察泽漆主要活性成分大戟苷(euphornin)对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rMSC)成骨分化的影响。方法:从大鼠股骨中分离培养rMSC,并诱导其成骨分化。用MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,通过茜素红染色,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性检测和钙含量测定分别定性、定量地判断其在成骨分化中的效果。实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)检测主要成骨标志因子骨桥蛋白(OPN)和一型胶原蛋白(COL-Ⅰ)及主要转录因子骨形成蛋白2(BMP2)、Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)和Osterix(Osx)mRNA的表达。结果:大戟苷能剂量依赖性地抑制rMSC成骨分化,并一定程度地抑制其细胞增殖。COL-Ⅰ和OPN的表达在第4、8天分别有显著下降。BMP2、Runx2和Osx等关键转录因子的表达也被明显抑制。结论:大戟苷能抑制rMSC成骨分化,其作用主要是通过抑制BMP通路相关因子的表达而实现的。     

Neuronal Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Exosomes Derived from Differentiating Neuronal Cells

Exosomes deliver functional proteins and genetic materials to neighboring cells, and have potential applications for tissue regeneration. One possible mechanism of exosome-promoted tissue regeneration is through the delivery of microRNA (miRNA). In this study, we hypothesized that exosomes derived from neuronal progenitor cells contain miRNAs that promote neuronal differentiation. We treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) daily with exosomes derived from PC12 cells, a neuronal cell line, for 1 week. After the treatment with PC12-derived exosomes, MSCs developed neuron-like morphology, and gene and protein expressions of neuronal markers were upregulated. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of miR-125b, which is known to play a role in neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was much higher in PC12-derived exosomes than in exosomes from B16-F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that the delivery of miRNAs contained in PC12-derived exosomes is a possible mechanism explaining the neuronal differentiation of MSC.     

间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的诱导方法研究进展

间充质干细胞作为一种取材方便、易于分离培养、体外扩增快、免疫原性低的成体干细胞,具有自我更新和多向分化潜能,可在体内外不同的诱导条件下分化为心肌细胞,是理想的心肌再生治疗的种子细胞。本文综述了间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的诱导方法,包括化学试剂、中药制剂、机械力和电磁刺激、心肌环境因子、损伤组织条件培养、组织工程方法等,为其在心肌损伤性疾病尤其是心肌梗死治疗中的应用提供基础。     

Reversible Modulation of Myofibroblast Differentiation in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Unregulated activity of myofibroblasts, highly contractile cells that deposit abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), leads to fibrosis. To study the modulation of myofibroblast activity, we used human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), which have much potential in regenerative medicine. We found that ADSCs treated with TGF-β developed a myofibroblastic phenotype with increases in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a myofibroblast marker, and ECM proteins type I collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, treatment with bFGF had the opposite effect. bFGF-differentiated ADSCs showed marked down-regulation of α-SMA expression, collagen I, and fibronectin, and loss of focal adhesions and stress fibers. Functionally, bFGF-differentiated ADSCs were significantly more migratory, which correlated with up-regulation of tenascin-C, an anti-adhesive ECM protein, and vimentin, a pro-migratory cytoskeletal protein. On the other hand, TGF-β-differentiated ADSCs were significantly more contractile than bFGF-differentiated cells. Interestingly, cells completely reversed their morphologies, marker expression, signaling pathways, and contractility versus migratory profiles when switched from culture with one growth factor to the other, demonstrating that the myofibroblast differentiation process is not terminal. Cell differentiation was associated with activation of Smad2 downstream of TGF-β and of ERK/MAP kinase downstream of bFGF. Reversibility of the TGF-β-induced myofibroblastic phenotype depends, in part, on bFGF-induced ERK/MAP kinase signaling. These findings show that ADSC differentiation into myofibroblasts and re-differentiation into fibroblast-like cells can be manipulated with growth factors, which may have implications in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of fibrosis.     

ISL1与PHF8相互作用促进小鼠胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞的分化

近年的研究发现,在心肌细胞分化过程中,转录因子可以与表观修饰蛋白质结合进行更为精细的转录调控.作为转录因子的胰岛素基因增强子结合蛋白1（islet1, ISL1）,在心血管发育过程中发挥至关重要的作用.然而, ISL1是否能够与表观修饰蛋白质相互作用,从而发挥更为精细的调控作用,目前尚未明确.本室研究发现,ISL1在小鼠胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中,能够与组蛋白去甲基化酶PHD指蛋白8(PHF8)相互作用从而促进分化. 实时RT-PCR和Western 印迹的方法检测显示,ES细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中ISL1和PHF8具有相似的表达谱.通过免疫共沉淀的方法检测分化过程中ISL1与PHF8的结合,通过染色质免疫沉淀的方法对二者在ISL1下游靶基因增强子区的结合水平进行检测,利用实时RT-PCR检测二者的相互结合对心肌细胞分化的影响.结果显示,ISL1能够与PHF8相互作用,共同结合在ISL1下游靶基因Mef2c和Myocd的增强子区,协同促进ES细胞向心肌细胞的分化.本研究证实,在心肌细胞分化过程中,ISL1存在与表观修饰蛋白质PHF8的相互作用,从而进一步促进心肌细胞的分化.     

A Systems-level Characterization of the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stem Cells,

1. Download : Download high-res image (149KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights

• •Integrative multi-omics study characterizing the differentiation from hESCs into hMSCs.
• •Set of high confidence genes important in hESC to hMSC differentiation defined.
• •Two distinct expression waves of HOX genes and a AGO2-to-AGO3 switch in gene silencing identified.
• •AHNAK hypothesized as a defining factor in MSC biology.

     

Cardiomyocyte Protection by GATA-4 Gene Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Partially Mediated by Translocation of miR-221 in Microvesicles

Introduction

microRNAs (miRs), a novel class of small non-coding RNAs, are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and death. In this study, we found that miR-221 translocation by microvesicles (MVs) plays an important role in cardioprotection mediated by GATA-4 overexpressed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).

Methods and Results

Adult rat bone marrow MSC and neonatal rat ventricle cardiomyocytes (CM) were harvested as primary cultures. MSC were transduced with GATA-4 (MSC^GATA-4) using the murine stem cell virus (pMSCV) retroviral expression system. Empty vector transfection was used as a control (MSC^Null). The expression of miRs was assessed by real-time PCR and localized using in situ hybridization (ISH). MVs collected from MSC cultures were characterized by expression of CD9, CD63, and HSP70, and photographed with electron microscopy. Cardioprotection during hypoxia afforded by conditioned medium (CdM) from MSC cultures was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, MTS uptake by CM, and caspase 3/7 activity. Expression of miR-221/222 was significantly higher in MSC than in CM and miR-221 was upregulated in MSC^GATA-4. MSC overexpression of miR-221 significantly enhanced cardioprotection by reducing the expression of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). Moreover, expression of PUMA was significantly decreased in CM co-cultured with MSC. MVs derived from MSC expressed high levels of miR-221, and were internalized quickly by CM as documented in images obtained from a Time-Lapse Imaging System.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that cardioprotection by MSC^GATA-4 may be regulated in part by a transfer of anti-apoptotic miRs contained within MVs.     

沉默Dnmt1基因表达诱导大白鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)具有向心肌样细胞分化的潜能.本室前期研究发现,MSCs在体外经DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt)抑制剂5-氮胞苷诱导可分化为心肌样细胞.本研究证明,沉默DNA甲基化转移酶1（Dnmt1）基因表达,可诱导大鼠MSCs向心肌样细胞分化.本文采用表达Dnmt1 siRNA 慢病毒感染MSCs,沉默Dnmt1表达.DNA甲基化分析显示,随着沉默Dnmt1时间延长（7-28 d）,Gata-4基因上游DNA调控序列的CpG甲基化水平明显降低,而Gata-4 mRNA的转录水平明显上调,说明敲减Dnmt1表达导致Gata-4基因激活.蛋白质印迹和/或免疫细胞化学揭示,与对照组比较,心肌相关基因MHC 和cTnT表达上调, 而骨髓干细胞标志物CD90和CD29随转染时间延长表达下调.同时,实时定量PCR显示,心肌早期发育调控基因Nkx2.5 mRNA水平与Gata-4 mRNA相同,随表达Dnmt1 siRNA的慢病毒感染而上调.上述结果提示,敲减Dnmt1可降低心肌发育调控基因Gata-4启动子CpG岛的甲基化水平,上调Gata-4基因的表达,诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样分化.