四川省北川县两栖爬行动物的物种多样性

1995～2007年对四川省北川县境内多个区域进行野外考察,共采集标本218号,经鉴定共55种,分隶13科34属,其中两栖纲7科13属27种,爬行纲6科21属28种。     

陕西宁陕县两栖爬行动物的物种多样性

2006年3-9月,对陕西省宁陕县境内的两栖爬行动物进行了专项调查,结果表明,宁陕县共有两栖爬行动物44种（亚种）,隶属5目14科31属,其中两栖纲2目7科8属13种,爬行动物3目7科23属31种。其动物区系组成以东洋界成分占优势,分布有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物1种,陕西省重点保护野生动物6种,宁陕县特有种2种。对两栖爬行动物资源现状进行了评价,并提出了保护建议。     

山东泰山两栖爬行动物物种多样性

泰山地区有两栖爬行动物18种,其中两栖动物1目3科3属6种,爬行动物2月4科7属12种。     

香港特别行政区两栖爬行动物多样性分析

1　引言自19世纪中已有自然学家,如ＷｉｌｌｉａｍＳｔｉｍｐｓｏｎ及ＦｒａｎｋＷａｌｌ,在路经香港时搜集并记录此地的两栖爬行类(Ｚｈａｏ＆Ａｄｌｅｒ,1993);在二十世纪时也有一些香港居民,特别是卢文先生(ＭｒＪｏｈｎＲｏｍｅｒ)、鲍嘉天神父(Ｆｒ.ＡｎｔｈｏｎｙＢｏｇａｄｅｋ)及卡逊先生(ＭｒＳｔｅｐｈｅｎＫａｒｓｅｎ)做了很多工作(如Ｒｏｍｅｒ,1975,1978,1979ａ,1979ｂ;Ｋａｒｅｎｅｔａｌ.,1986,1998;Ｂｏｇａｄｅｋ＆Ｌａｕ,1997)。最近完成的香港大学生态及分类学系的全港性两栖类研究(Ｌａｕ,1998)及香港生物多样性调查,…     

广东梧桐山国家级风景名胜区两栖爬行动物多样性研究

2012年对广东梧桐山国家级风景名胜区内的两栖爬行动物进行本底普查,共记录两栖动物2目7科18种,包括中国特有种5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物1种,CITES公约附录Ⅱ1种,IUCN濒危物种红色名录列为易危(VU)1种、近危(NT)1种。爬行动物共记录3目(含亚目)11科35种,其中,中国特有种5种,受保护和受胁物种6种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种——蟒蛇Python molurus。区系分析结果显示,梧桐山国家级风景名胜区内的两栖爬行动物具有明显的南亚热带区系的过渡特征。另外,调查发现掌突蟾属1种、湍蛙属1种分别与已知同属物种存在分化,颈槽蛇属有1新种。     

广西热带雨林两栖爬行动物物种多样性及其保护

广西热带雨林主要是高温湿润地区,北界８０００℃,≥１０℃期间,太阳辐射年平均值超过１００千卡／ｃｍ２,年平均气温在２２℃以上,动物种类繁多,两栖动物物种３６种,隶属３目９科２０属;爬行动物物种７９种,隶属３目１３科４８属。区系成分以华南区的成分占优势,古北、东洋界成分,华中成分和华中－华南区成分也渗透到本带中。广西自然保护区已达６２个,总面积约１８万ｋｍ２,占自治区总面积的７７％,居于全国前列,广西热带雨林自然保护区有１１个,其面积３３８３ｋｍ２。     

广西底定自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种多样性调查

广西底定自然保护区地处南亚热带湿润气候区,两栖爬行动物物种多样性相当丰富。经实地调查及文献资料查阅,现已知两栖动物22种、爬行动物23种。两栖动物反映华中华南区系特征,优势科为角蟾科和蛙科,均有6种;爬行动物反映华南区系特征,优势科为游蛇科,有11种。就该保护区内两栖爬行动物多样性的保护与管理进行了简要探讨。     

河北衡水湖两栖爬行动物的多样性及保护

衡水湖保护区有两栖爬行动物22种,其中,两栖动物2目4科4属7种,爬行动物2目5科10属15种。对两栖爬行动物资源的保护进行了探讨。     

陇南两栖爬行动物区系β多样性及其起源

甘肃省陇南地区位于陕、甘、川交界地区 ,约 10 4°～10 6°Ｅ ,32°30′～ 34°Ｎ ,为青藏高原向西北内陆的黄土高原的过渡地带。该区域西南以岷山及其延伸部分摩天岭与四川省相邻 ,东南部以秦岭南坡与陕西省相接壤 ,北部以西秦岭与甘肃省北部广大地区相隔离 ,形成一个相对独立的生态地理区域。平均海拔从西端的岷山 40 0 0ｍ ,经中部陇南山地的 2 5 0 0～ 15 0 0ｍ ,在嘉陵江主要支流白龙江和西汉水河谷降至 10 0 0～ 6 0 0ｍ左右 ,继续向东至秦岭山脉中段海拔再次升高到 30 0 0ｍ以上 ,因此 ,嘉陵江河谷地区实为秦岭山脉中段和西段的凹陷…     

广东肇东七星岩地区两栖爬行动物多样性及其保护

肇庆七星岩地区有两栖动物12种,隶属1目5科7属,爬行动物25种,隶属2目18属,华中－华南种类占优势有20种,占54．1％,华南区12种,占32．4％,华中区1种,占2．7％,古北－东洋广布种4种,占10．8％,建议在开发旅游资源的同时,加强对该地区两栖爬行动物种多样性及其生境的保护。     

Quaternary climate changes explain diversity among reptiles and amphibians

It is widely believed that contemporary climate determines large-scale patterns of species richness. An alternative view proposes that species richness reflects biotic responses to historic climate changes. These competing "contemporary climate" vs "historic climate" hypotheses have been vigorously debated without reaching consensus. Here, we test the proposition that European species richness of reptiles and amphibians is driven by climate changes in the Quaternary. We find that climate stability between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present day is a better predictor of species richness than contemporary climate; and that the 0°C isotherm of the LGM delimits the distributions of narrow-ranging species, whereas the current 0°C isotherm limits the distributions of wide-ranging species. Our analyses contradict previous studies of large-scale species richness patterns and support the view that "historic climate" can contribute to current species richness independently of and at least as much as contemporary climate.     

Salmonella diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain

During the spring and summer of 2001, faeces from 166 wild reptiles (94 individuals) and amphibians (72 individuals) from 21 different species found in central Spain were examined for the presence of Salmonella. Thirty-nine reptiles (41.5%) yielded 48 Salmonella isolates, whereas all the amphibians examined were negative. Subspecies Salmonella enterica enterica (I) accounted for up to 50% of isolates. Fourteen isolates (29.2%) belonged to subspecies diarizonae (IIIb), six isolates (12.5%) to subspecies salamae (II), and four isolates (8.3%) to subspecies arizonae (IIIa). Twenty-seven different serotypes were identified. Serotypes Anatum (12.5%), Herzliya (8.3%), Abony, 18:l,v:z, 9,12:z29:1,5 and 38:z10:z53 (6.2%/each) were the most frequently isolated. A high percentage (39.6%) of isolates belonged to serotypes previously associated with environmental sources. Also, 37.5% of isolates belonged to serotypes which had been related to human cases of salmonellosis. From these data, it is concluded that wild reptiles, but apparently not amphibians, may represent an important reservoir of Salmonella in nature and have potential implications for public health.     

Temperature sex-reversal in amphibians and reptiles

The sexual differentiation of gonads has been shown to be temperature-sensitive in many species of amphibians and reptiles. In two close species of salamanders, Pleurodeles poireti and P. waltl, both displaying a ZZ/ZW mechanism of genotypic sex determination (GSD), the rearing of larvae at high temperatures (30 degrees-32 degrees C) produces opposite effects: ZZ genotypic males of Pleurodeles poireti become phenotypic females whereas ZW genotypic females of P. waltl become phenotypic males. Sex-reversal of these individuals has been irrefutably demonstrated through genetic, cytogenetic, enzymatic and immunological studies. In many turtles, both sexes differentiate only within a critical range of temperature: above this range, all the individuals become phenotypic females, whereas below it, 100% become phenotypic males. The inverse occurs in some crocodiles and lizards. In many species of these three orders of reptiles, females are obtained at low and high temperatures, and males at intermediate ones. Preliminary studies in turtles (Emys orbicularis) indicate that within the critical range of temperature, sexual phenotype conforms with GSD, but that above and below this range, GSD is overriden. Temperature shifts during larval development in salamanders and during embryonic development in reptiles allowed the determination of thermosensitive stages for gonadal differentiation. Estrogens synthesized in the gonads at these stages appear to be involved in their sexual differentiation, higher levels being produced at feminizing temperatures than at masculinizing ones. The phenomenon of temperature sensitivity of gonadal differentiation occurs in species showing a very early stage in the evolution of sex chromosomes. Its adaptive value, chiefly in reptiles, remains an open question.     

历山保护区爬行动物多样性及保护历山保护区爬行类多样性及保护

历山保护区位于山西省南部,地处运城、晋城、临汾三个地市的垣曲、阳城、沁水、翼城四县交界处,地理坐标为东经111°51′10″～112°5′35″,北纬35°16′30″～35°27′20″,总面积24 200hm2。本区系中低山石质山地,系燕山褶皱而成,喜马拉雅山运动中有强烈的上升和断裂发生,本区属暖温带季风型大陆性气候,复杂的地理环境,丰富的光热资源,造就了种类繁多的爬行动物。搞清本区的爬行动物资源,可为资源的合理开发利用、珍稀物种的保护和地方志的编撰提供基础资料。关于该区的爬行类,山西大学殷源洪、蒋位金、杨懋深等1955～1963年进行过调查,樊龙锁等(1997、1998)有过报道。我们结合20世纪50年代以来不定期的调查结果和文献资料,对历山保护区的爬行类作一报道。     

Stress,reproduction, and adrenocortical modulation in amphibians and reptiles

While the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) response to stress appears to be conserved in vertebrates, the manner in which it is activated and its actions vary. We examine two trends in the stress biology literature that have been addressed in amphibian and reptilian species: (1). variable interactions among stress, corticosterone, and reproduction and (2). adrenocortical modulation. In the first topic we examine context-dependent interactions among stress, corticosterone, and reproduction. An increasing number of studies report positive associations between reproduction and corticosterone that contradict the generalization that stress inhibits reproduction. Moderately elevated levels of stress hormones appear to facilitate reproduction by mobilizing energy stores. In contrast, pronounced activation of the HPA axis and extremely elevated levels of stress hormones appear to inhibit reproduction. Much of these contrasting effects of stress and reproduction can be explained by expanding the Energetics-Hormone Vocalization Model, proposed for anuran calling behavior, to other taxa. In the second topic, a number of amphibians and reptiles modulate their HPA stress response. Adrenocortical modulation can occur at multiple levels and due to a variety of factors. However, we have little information as to the physiological basis for the variability. We suggest that several ecologically based ideas, such as variability in the length of the breeding season and lifetime reproductive opportunities, can be used to explain the utility of adrenocortical modulation in these taxa.     

Global comparisons of beta diversity among mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians across spatial scales and taxonomic ranks

Beta diversity is the change in species composition among areas in a geographic region. The proportion of species shared between two areas often decreases when the distance separating them increases, leading to an increase in beta diversity. This study compares beta diversity among four classes of terrestrial vertebrates （mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians） at both regional （biogeographic realm） and global extents, using the same sets of faunal sample units for all four groups in each comparison. Beta diversity is lower for the two endothermic taxa （birds and mammals） than for the two ectothermic taxa （reptiles and amphibians） in all six biogeographic realms examined. When the four taxa in the six biogeographic realms are combined, beta diversity at the species rank is higher than that of the genus rank by a factor of 1.24, and is higher than that of the family rank by a factor of 1.85. The ratio of beta diversity at the genus rank to that at the family rank is 1.50. Beta diversity is slightly higher for ecoregions of 5000-99,999 km^2 than for ecoregions of 100,000-5,000,000 km^2.     

Spread of hemoparasites in reptiles and amphibians in Italy

Hemoparasites were harvested from 993 individuals belonging to 15 reptilian and 1 amphibian species, from various Italian localities. Hemogregarins were found in 10 reptilian species while a flagellate and microfilariae were found only in Tarentola mauritanica from Lampedusa. For each host species and place of origin the frequencies of hemogregarins are reported and discussed. Longitudinal studies with periodical thin smears were carried out on 5 Tarentola mauritanica, 4 Lacerta viridis, 26 Podarcis filfolensis, 10 Podarcis muralis, 38 Podarcis sicula, 8 Chalcides ocellatus. This material, whose study has not yet been completed, is made available by the author who strongly encourages further investigations on this subject.     

The respiratory consequences of feeding in amphibians and reptiles

Many ectothermic vertebrates ingest very large meals at infrequent intervals. The digestive processes associated with these meals, often coupled with an extensive hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal organs, are energetically expensive and metabolic rate, therefore, increases substantially after feeding (specific dynamic action, SDA). Here, we review the cardio-respiratory consequences of SDA in amphibians and reptiles. For some snakes, the increased oxygen uptake during SDA is of similar magnitude to that of muscular exercise, and the two physiological states, therefore, exert similar and profound demands on oxygen transport by the cardiorespiratory systems. In several species, SDA is attended by increases in heart rate and overall systemic blood flows, but changes in blood flow distribution remain to be investigated. In snakes, the regulation of heart rate appears to involve a non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic mechanism, which may be a regulatory peptide released from the gastrointestinal system during digestion. Digestion is also associated with a net acid secretion to the stomach that causes an increase in plasma HCO3- concentration (the 'alkaline tide'). Experiments on chronically cannulated amphibians and reptiles, show that this metabolic alkalosis is countered by an increased P(CO2), so that the change in arterial pH is reduced. This respiratory compensation of arterial pH is accomplished through a reduction in ventilation relative to metabolism, but the estimated reductions in lung P(O2) are relatively small. The SDA response is also associated with haematological changes, but large interspecific differences exist. The studies on cardiorespiratory responses to digestion may allow for a further understanding of the physiological and structural constraints that limits the ability of reptiles and amphibians to sustain high metabolic rates.