包埋玻璃化法超低温保存植物种质的研究进展

包埋玻璃化法是在玻璃化法和包埋脱水法基础上发展起来的超低温保存植物种质的新技术。它具有能同时处理大量材料,处理后恢复生长快,对材料的毒害作用较小及成芽率高等优点,已成功地用于辣根、山嵛菜等20余种植物,在植物种质资源的保存上显示出了巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了包埋玻璃化法产生的背景及其优点, 阐述了包埋玻璃化法的基本方法和预培养、包埋、脱水、化冻及恢复培养等过程,比较了该法冻存后的效果和冻存后所形成植株的遗传稳定性,同时指出了进一步研究的重点。     

包埋玻璃化法超低温保存植物种质的研究进展

包埋玻璃化法是在玻璃化法和包埋脱水法基础上发展起来的超低温保存植物种质的新技术.它具有能同时处理大量材料,处理后恢复生长快,对材料的毒害作用较小及成芽率高等优点,已成功地用于辣根、山嵛菜等20余种植物,在植物种质资源的保存上显示出了巨大的应用潜力.本文介绍了包埋玻璃化法产生的背景及其优点,阐述了包埋玻璃化法的基本方法和预培养、包埋、脱水、化冻及恢复培养等过程,比较了该法冻存后的效果和冻存后所形成植株的遗传稳定性,同时指出了进一步研究的重点.     

植物水孔蛋白研究进展

水孔蛋白是植物重要的膜功能蛋白,不仅介导植物各组织间水分的高效转运,还参与植物体内其他物质的跨膜转运,同时在植物光合作用、生长发育、免疫应答以及信号转导等生理过程中也发挥重要作用。本文主要综述了植物水孔蛋白结构特征和分类,多种生理功能,以及其转录水平和转录后水平活性调节等方面的最新研究进展,并就如何系统全面地开展水孔蛋白参与植物生长发育过程的分子调控机制研究提出展望。植物水孔蛋白的深入研究有助于阐明植物体内物质转运的分子机理及其生理作用机制,对指导农业生产中作物的生长发育调控有重要理论意义。     

植物表皮蜡质生物合成及调控

植物表皮蜡质,是覆盖在陆地植物地上部分表面的一层疏水性脂类物质,是植物应对外界环境变化的第一道屏障,在抑制植物水分非气孔散失及保护植物免受病虫害入侵、紫外线辐射等方面起着重要作用。综述了近年来表皮蜡质在生物合成及调控等方面的研究进展,并对研究中存在的问题及研究前景进行了展望。     

植物水孔蛋白最新研究进展

水孔蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)是高效转运水分子的膜内在蛋白,具有丰富的多样性,在调控植物的水分关系中有重要作用．介绍了AQP的分类、结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的多种生理功能和AQP活性的各种调控方式．综述了水分胁迫和盐胁迫等逆境条件及脱落酸、赤霉素和乙烯等植物激素对AQP基因表达调控等方面的研究进展．     

植物寒害和抗寒机制中膜与蛋白质研究的进展

低温对细胞膜体系的损伤是植物寒害的重要机制。膜体系的稳定性与植物的抗寒性成正相关,但不同的细胞膜体系对细胞外结冰的敏感程度是不同的。抗寒锻炼中膜磷脂的生物合成与抗寒力的发展有密切关系,但不是抗寒力发展的前提条件,可能是对发展高水平的抗寒力起作用;而膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度的增加是植物对低温生长的反应,与抗寒性无直接关系。近年来膜脂-膜蛋白相互关系的研究引起研究者们的重视,已在多种植物低温锻炼中观察到抗寒特异蛋白质合成与基因表达均有所改变,并发现抗寒力的诱导主要是在转录水平上的调控。     

玻璃化法对离子注入拟南芥幼苗过程中的冻害防护效应

离子注入过程中活体材料往往由于真空造成的冻害而不能存活.文章以拟南芥幼苗为对象,尝试了玻璃化法对注入过程中冻害的防护效应.结果显示,玻璃化处理的2 d龄幼苗经液氮冻融处理后存活率最高,达80%以上.2 d龄幼苗经玻璃化处理后进行离子注入,在一定剂量范围内成活率在90%以上;而未经玻璃化处理的幼苗离子注入后均不能成活.玻璃化后注入的幼苗成活率随注入剂量的增加而呈下降趋势,但受注入的离子能量的影响不大.显示玻璃化法对离子注入过程中活体材料遭受的冻害有较好的防护效果,在应用上有一定的意义.     

非生物逆境对植物水孔蛋白表达调控的研究进展

水孔蛋白是介导水分跨膜运输的重要蛋白,在植物水分吸收与运输、体内水分平衡中起重要作用。植物水孔蛋白的表达受生长发育及外界环境因素的影响。本文综述了水孔蛋白表达的时空和日变化特性等方面的研究进展,结合非生物逆境综述了外因对水孔蛋白表达的影响,并从作物栽培管理角度对水孔蛋白的研究进行了展望。     

猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的研究进展

配子冷冻保存技术在动物繁殖育种中具有重要的意义,但猪卵母细胞的冷冻保存目前还很困难,主要表现为冻后继续发育能力低。这与影响卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻效果因素众多有关,如脂滴的存在使猪卵母细胞对冷冻非常敏感。冷冻保护剂的使用同时也产生了毒性作用。针对猪卵母细胞冷冻保存的特点,研究人员已研究出了一些新的方法来提高冷冻效果,如细胞骨架稳定剂的使用减少了冷冻对猪卵母细胞造成的损伤,通过改进冷冻载体提高了冷冻速率,从而提高了冷冻效果。     

Ecophysiology of cuticular transpiration: comparative investigation of cuticular water permeability of plant species from different habitats

Water permeabilities of astomatous, isolated cuticular membranes (CM) of 24 different plants species were measured. Permeances varied from 1.7×10^–11 m·s^–1 (Vanilla planifolia leaf) up to 2.1×10^–9 m·s^–1 (Malus cf. domestica fruit) among different plant species, thus covering a range of over 2 orders of magnitude. Ranking of species according to permeances resulted in four distinct groups. The first group, of species with the lowest cuticular transpiration rates, included evergreen species growing in warm dry tropical climates (e.g. Vanilla planifolia and Monstera deliciosa leaves). The second class, with slightly higher water permeabilities, included evergreen species with typical scleromorphic leaf properties, adapted to a typical mediterranean type of climate with a dry period during the year (e.g. Citrus limon and Olea europaea leaves). The third group of species, where the highest leaf cuticular transpiration rates were observed, included deciduous species normally growing in a tempeate climate (e.g. Juglans regia and Forsythia suspensa leaves). Fruit cuticular membranes (CM) made up the fourth group (e.g. Capsicum annuum and Malus cf. domestica fruits), with even higher permeances than leaves of species from group 3. Thus, it appears that the plant species investigated show ecophysiological adaptations to the climatic demands of their natural habitats in cuticular water permeability.     

小麦品系CP98（11）不同器官表皮蜡质组分和蜡质晶体结构的差异分析

为明确小麦不同器官表皮蜡质晶体结构和蜡质组分的差异,该研究以小麦品系CP98(11)为材料,在小麦扬花期分别取小麦的旗叶、叶鞘、穗下茎、花药和颖壳,利用气相色谱技术对各器官表皮蜡质组分进行鉴定,并通过扫描电镜观察其蜡质晶体结构。结果表明:(1)小麦不同器官的蜡质成分共鉴定出30种,主要为初级醇、二酮、烷烃、脂肪醛、脂肪酸、酯。(2)叶鞘、穗下茎、颖壳的蜡质中二酮含量最高,分别占蜡质总量的78.96%、67.03%和68.6%;花药的蜡质中烷烃含量最高(75.82%);旗叶的蜡质中初级醇含量最高(45.91%),其次为烷烃33.19%。(3)扫描电镜观察显示,旗叶正面的蜡质晶体呈片状结构,旗叶反面和颖壳的蜡质晶体结构呈片状与柱状混合的结构,花药的蜡质呈明显的波浪状结构,穗下茎和叶鞘的蜡质晶体呈柱状结构。     

Stomatal behaviour and cuticular properties of maize leaves of different chilling-resistance during cold treatment

Stomatal behaviour and the amount and synthesis of epicuticular waxes were studied in maize leaves of various degrees of chilling resistance in order to investigate the rapid desiccation characteristic of chilling injury. In contrast to the resistant variety (KSC 360), the sensitive line (Lye) failed to close the stomata during chilling treatment. Both, the amount of epicuticular waxes and their degree of labeling by 1-14C-acetate were much higher in the resistant than in the sensitive leaves. Chilling-sensitivity was also related to a suppressed conversion of free fatty acids into free primary alcohols.     

植物角质蒸腾的几个方面

角质蒸腾速率和植物生态型有密切关系,与普通品种相比抗旱的高粱和玉米品种角质蒸腾较弱,或差异不明显,但节水途径不同。强光促进角质层腊质的形成,使角质蒸腾减弱。高湿度下生长的植物移到湿度较低处后,其角质蒸腾与总蒸腾速率都明显增大。土壤干旱对角质蒸腾的影响因植物种类和水分胁迫的具体情况而异。角质层腊质含量和角质蒸腾速率一般呈反相关。     

Intraspecific variability of leaf cuticle alkanes in Sedum lanceolatum along an elevational gradient

Characterization of variability patterns in leaf n-alkanes isolated from Sedum lanceolatum field populations indicates little correlation with elevation gradients. Inherent variability is better explained by genetic constitution than phenotypic plasticity, thus suggesting that leaf wax samples isolated from field-collected specimens are suitable for use in elucidation of systematic relationships.     

The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes

Plants are subject to a wide range of abiotic stresses, and their cuticular wax layer provides a protective barrier, which consists predominantly of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, secondary alcohols, ketones, esters and other derived compounds. This article discusses current knowledge relating to the effects of stress on cuticular waxes and the ways in which the wax provides protection against the deleterious effects of light, temperature, osmotic stress, physical damage, altitude and pollution. Topics covered here include biosynthesis, morphology, composition and function of cuticular waxes in relation to the effects of stress, and some recent findings concerning the effects of stress on regulation of wax biosynthesis are described.     

The lipid bilayer and aquaporins: parallel pathways for water movement into plant cells

The plant plasma membrane is the the major barrier to water flow between cells and their surroundings. Water movement across roots involves pathways comprising many cells and their walls. There are three possible pathways which water can follow, (i) a trans-cellular pathway, which involves serial movement into and out from radial files of cells, (ii) a symplasmic pathway through the plasmodesmata, which creates a cytoplasmic continuum and (iii) a tortuous, extracellular pathway through the cell walls, the apoplasmic pathway. In each of these pathways water movement across cell membranes occurs at some stage. The possible role of water-channels in membranes is discussed in relation to this movement. The molecular identity of water-channel proteins in plasma membranes of plants has been confirmed but there remain a number of unresolved questions about their role in cell and tissue water relations, their interaction with the lipid components of membranes and the relationship between water movement through membranes by diffusion in the bilayer.