木腐菌对台湾乳白蚁取食偏好性的影响

本文测定了经红芝、紫芝、茯苓、黄孢原毛平革菌和密褐褶孔菌5种木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑对台湾乳白蚁行为和取食反应的影响.在双重选择性试验中,与未经木腐菌腐蚀的马尾松木屑相比,台湾乳白蚁嗜好聚集和取食木腐菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑.在多重选择性试验中,结果显示台湾乳白蚁偏好取食经茯苓、红芝或密褐褶孔菌腐蚀过的马尾松木屑.     

防白蚁电缆涂料抗台湾乳白蚁蛀蚀试验

用"群体法"对1%联苯菊酯乳油防白蚁电缆涂料抗台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shirak蛀蚀进行测试,结果表明:只涂防蚁涂料的电缆和木块抗白蚁性能的蛀蚀等级为1级,并且其白蚁存活时间最短,分别为10.33±1.53d和8.67±1.15d,两者之间差异不显著;先涂一层防白蚁涂料,再涂一层普通涂料的电缆和木块全达到蛀蚀等级1级,白蚁存活时间分别为24.33±2.52d和21.33±2.08d,两者之间差异不显著;只涂普通涂料的电缆和木块抗白蚁蛀蚀等级分别为1级和2～3级,白蚁存活时间分别为64.00±2.65d和62.67±2.08d,两者之间的差异也不显著;未涂涂料的电缆和木块抗白蚁蛀蚀等级分别为1级和4级,该处理的电缆缸内白蚁存活时间为72.33±3.06d,而该木块第90d试验结束时白蚁仍然活动正常,两者之间的差异显著。本研究结果显示:该防白蚁电缆涂料有良好的抗台湾乳白蚁蛀蚀性能;在电缆外护套或木块表面涂了一层该防白蚁电缆涂料后加涂一层普通涂料,既能抗台湾乳白蚁蛀蚀,又能减少环境污染。     

台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁对三种饵剂的嗅觉行为反应

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪,测定了台湾乳白蚁Coptotermesformosanus和黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermesflaviceps对灭蚁灵,氟虫胺,氟铃脲等3种饵剂在不同浓度下的嗅觉行为反应。结果表明2种白蚁对0. 2 5和0 . 5 %灭蚁灵;0 .2 5 ,0 .75和1 %氟虫胺;0 . 5 %氟铃脲均具有明显的趋性,且趋性差异不显著。因此,可将氟虫胺及氟铃脲作为灭蚁灵的替代品来防治白蚁。此外,台湾乳白蚁对1 %灭蚁灵,0 . 5 %氟虫胺,1 %氟铃脲具忌避性;而黄胸散白蚁对0 . 75和1 %灭蚁灵;0. 2 5 ,0. 75和1 %氟铃脲具忌避性,表明2种白蚁对饵剂的嗅觉反应既有相似性,又有不同点;台湾乳白蚁产生趋性的饵剂浓度大于黄胸散白蚁。因此用饵剂防治白蚁时,需根据不同种类的白蚁,采用不同的浓度进行防治。     

成都地区首次发现台湾乳白蚁

2005年9月29日,本所施工人员在对成都市与温江区交界处文家场土龙公路某俱乐部的一栋别墅进行白蚁灭治施工时,发现大量活体白蚁,别墅木质装饰墙裙受到白蚁严重危害。经笔者现场鉴定,确认该处发现的白蚁为台湾乳白蚁（Coptotermes formosamus Shiraki）。     

台湾乳白蚁对南宁市园林树木的为害及其筑巢规律

在广西南宁市调查台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki对园林绿化树木的危害情况及其筑巢规律。结果表明,在调查的57种树木中,有44种树木受到台湾乳白蚁的侵害,占调查树种的77.19%,树木受害株率13.38%,严重受害株率1.63%。侧柏Thuja arientalis、荫香Cinnamomum burmannii和银桦Grevillea robusta的严重受害率最高,分别为15.85%、13.43%和11.11%。台湾乳白蚁筑巢对树木种类有明显的选择性,可在树心筑巢的树种有16种,隶属于11科14属,其中筑巢率较高的树种为荫香、侧柏、银桦和桂花树Osmanthus fragrans,分别占所调查树木的16.42%、15.85%、11.11%和10.91%;其次为樟树Cinnamonaom camphora、大叶桉Eucalyptus robusta和白千层Melaleuca leucadendta,筑巢率分别为7.98%、5.76%和3.42%。     

台湾乳白蚁行为多型的研究

本文对台湾乳白蚁的打洞挖掘行为、取水行为、修饰行为和交哺行为进行了比较详细的定量分析,探讨了年龄和品级对台湾乳白蚁群体中行为多型的影响。实验结果表明大（老）龄工蚁承担了台湾乳白蚁群体内大多数的任务,对台湾乳白蚁群体的维持具有重要意义。另外品级也是影响台湾乳白蚁群体内劳动分化的一个重要因素。在营养交哺方面,若蚁尚不具备完好的取食行为,是群体中营养交哺的受益者,而兵蚁在台湾乳白蚁群体中占据着较重要的地位,享受着营养物质优先供应的特殊权利。     

miR-120对台湾乳白蚁抵御绿僵菌的免疫反应的影响

本研究探究了miR-120在台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus抵御绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae的免疫反应中的作用。研究发现通过对台湾乳白蚁注射miR-120 agomir以增加白蚁体内miR-120的含量后,台湾乳白蚁的存活率降低约35%,绿僵菌对台湾乳白蚁的致死率提升约55%,同时显著抑制了台湾乳白蚁对绿僵菌的趋避反应。双荧光素酶报告系统等试验证实了miR-120靶向结合免疫基因Draper。通过对Draper进行注射法RNAi后,得到了类似于注射miR-120 agomir后的结果。研究结果表明,miR-120通过抑制靶基因Draper的表达,抑制了台湾乳白蚁抵御绿僵菌的免疫反应,最终导致台湾乳白蚁的存活率显著下降。该结果有助于进一步理解白蚁的免疫机制,并为开发抑制白蚁免疫防御反应的技术方法提供理论基础,有助于促进白蚁生物防治的发展。     

台湾乳白蚁跟踪信息素粗提物活性与应用研究

台湾乳白蚁是我国为害最凶的一种白蚁。对它的防治早就引起国内外白蚁工作者的广泛重视。目前越来越多的做法是将“诱”与“杀”两个步骤合二为一。也有许多学者已将白蚁的跟踪信息素用于白蚁的诱集上作了研究。本文介绍了台湾乳白蚁跟踪信息素粗提物生物活性,包含信息素的提取、跟踪反应、引诱效应、感受距离测定,以及在台湾乳白蚁防治上的实际应用等。     

6种糖基化合物对台湾乳白蚁糖基水解酶分泌的影响

白蚁自身及其后肠共生微生物可以分泌多种糖基水解酶用于分解木质纤维素.本研究选用1％木质素、1％羧甲基纤维素钠、1％山梨糖、1％果糖、1％葡萄糖及1％半乳糖6种糖基化合物溶液,诱导台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus糖基水解酶的分泌,进行了酶活测定.结果显示,FPA活力、内切葡聚糖酶EG、β-葡萄糖苷酶...     

不同pH值土层对台湾乳白蚁穿透力及取食的影响

我国有400多种白蚁,它们主要分布在华南一带,常见危害种台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki是危害房屋建筑、林木果树的主要害虫。为摸清不同pH土壤与台湾乳白蚁生存和取食的关系,测定pH1.7～10.8的黄粘土泥层对台湾乳白蚁活动和取食的影响。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁能快速穿透pH3.0～10.1范围的泥层,进入泥层中心取食木块;随着泥层pH值的增加穿透力减弱,取食量减少。采用逐步回归方程预测,台湾乳白蚁不能进入土层蛀蚀木块的土壤pH范围为<1.85和>10.91。     

Formosan subterranean termite swarming behavior and alate sex-ratio (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Summary The Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) was first sighted in the cities of New Orleans and Lake Charles, Louisiana, in 1966. Its distribution in the historic French Quarter of New Orleans 23 years later (1989) and in 1991 and 1992 is reported here using counts of alates from light-traps. Light-trappings revealed a Quarter-wide distribution of the termite.C. formosanus shows an extended pause in flight behavior in the middle of the two-month flight season that is predictable and independent of weather. A colony-level mechanism, namely, developmental inhibition of nymphs by alates, may regulate this intermission in flight. The sex-ratio of light-trapped alates varies over time, but is generally female-biased, especially at the height of the flight season.     

Factors affecting post-flight behavior in primary reproductives of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

After swarming, reproductive dealates of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, run together in tandem. The tandem running is an age-related behavioral activity in C. formosanus. This behavior was not evoked in pre-flight alates less than 6-d-old that were artificially dealated. Female age was more important than male age for evoking tandem behavior. Females and males, older than 35 days, did not exhibit this behavior. Mating status was not important for female and male dealates to form the tandem pairs. The titers of the major tergal gland component, trilinolein, did not decline significantly and remained high, not only in virgin females, but also in mated females for a period of time after swarming. On the other hand, increasing amounts of the female-specific compound trilinolein were detected in male dealates 7, 14, and 42 days after pairing. This suggests that trilinolein in the females might be transferred to the males as a nuptial gift in C. formosanus. In addition, females have structurally different lateral setae that may constitute a morphological factor involved in the tandem behavior in this species. Covering the setae with dimethyl sulfoxide prevented the tandem behavior.     

两种鼻白蚁之间的入侵关系

设计了5个实验以研究台湾乳白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus)和黄肢散白蚁(Reticulitermes flavipes)的种间斗争关系。所试白蚁来自阿拉巴马州。实验1将两组白蚁的兵蚁和工蚁以自然比例混合(台湾乳白蚁工蚁：兵蚁＝20：5,黄肢散白蚁工蚁：兵蚁＝24：1);实验2观察了双方同数量(各25头)工蚁的种间斗争能力;实验3观察两者同数量(各5头)兵蚁的种间斗争关系;实验4、5分别研究双方工蚁与兵蚁的斗争关系。因两种工蚁形态相似,所以在实验前用0．1％Nile blue A染过的滤纸饲喂一方白蚁24h使虫体着色以便观察。所有实验在22℃,65％RH荧光灯下进行。每个实验将两方白蚁同时放入一培养皿中,观察至一方100％受伤,然后把培养皿移到培养箱内,24小时后统计死亡率。结果表明,实验一开始,双方的工蚁和兵蚁都立即进入残酷的厮杀斗争,台湾乳白蚁兵蚁和工蚁的斗争能力都明显强于黄肢散白蚁;兵蚁的斗争行为不受工蚁的影响,工蚁的斗争能力也不受兵蚁的制约。实验中台湾乳白蚁的工蚁与黄肢散白蚁的兵蚁攻击能力相当,但黄肢散白蚁的工蚁却远弱于台湾乳白蚁的兵蚁。上述结果说明,自然界中不可能出现此两种白蚁群体的偶然性融合;外来的台湾乳白蚁很可能在其群体建立的地区占据优势[动物学报49(3)：295—302,2003]。     

Evaluation of an entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) obtained from Formosan subterranean termites (Isop., Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract:  An isolate of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was obtained from Coptotermes formosanus collected in Hong Kong, and a commercially available isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae , were both tested against C. formosanus shipped live from China. Survivorship of termites treated with a suspension of 5 × 10⁵ M. anisopliae conidia/ml and kept alone declined more rapidly than for those treated at the same concentration of P. fumosoroseus conidia. At a 5 × 10⁶ conidia/ml concentration, no significant differences in terms of termite survivorship were observed between the two fungal species. However, among termites kept in groups of 10 after treatment, those sprayed with P. fumosoroseus conidia at either 5 × 10⁵ or 5 × 10⁶ conidia/ml had significantly lower survivorship than those sprayed with M. anisopliae conidia. All the cadavers of termites treated with P. fumosoroseus and kept alone sporulated and among grouped termites 29% of the cadavers sporulated. By comparison, 53% of the cadavers of termites treated with M. anisopliae and kept alone sporulated, and only 4% of the cadavers of treated termites kept in groups sporulated.     

Distribution of Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Mississippi

An extensive monitoring and survey program in Mississippi was conducted from 2000 to 2004 to investigate the distribution of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Seventy-two towns from 22 counties in southern Mississippi were monitored with a total of 3914 traps that catch alates during the swarming season. In addition, 259 licensed pest management professionals in Mississippi were surveyed to determine the locations of termite infestations treated. The alates of C. formosanus were recovered in 12 counties with light traps, and termite infestations were documented in an additional 13 from data collected in the termite survey. Infestations of C. formosanus have been documented in urban, urban cluster, rural, and forested areas of Mississippi. However, the distribution in mean total capture of alates for 4 yr differed significantly among the four ecological areas with the highest percentage in forested areas (31%) and the lowest percentage in urban cluster areas (17%). Most of the infestations of C. formosanus were geographically distributed along the coastal areas of southern Mississippi from Gulfport to Pascagoula. The greatest total number of alates captured in light traps was documented in Pearl River County. Mass swarming of C. formosanus occurred primarily in May or June, depending on weather conditions. The number of documented counties with the evidence of large and widely dispersed swarms of C. formosanus in different ecological areas, and the increase in total annual alate captures from 2000 to 2003, suggest that this invasive termite species is now firmly established in Mississippi.     

Bioassay design and length of time in the laboratory affect intercolonial interactions of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)

This study examined the effect of diet, experimental design, and length of time in the laboratory on intercolonial agonism among Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, colonies. In pairings of 12 C. formosanus Shiraki colonies collected in an urban forest, there was no significant reduction in survival of termites in 30 out of 59 colony pairs compared to colony controls, but there was <50% survival in 18 colony pairs and <10% survival in six colony pairs. There was no correlation between the level of aggressive behavior and the laboratory diet of the termites. Effect of bioassay design and length of time in the laboratory was evaluated in three colony pairs where tests were first conducted on the day of field collection, then colony pairs were retested every 7 days. Aggressive behavior decreased over time in both bioassays, but it tended to decrease more rapidly in the Petri dish tests. The rapid loss of agonism in groups of termites kept in the laboratory demonstrates that changes in environmental factors affect intercolonial agonism. This article presents the results of research only. Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the USDA.     

乳白蚁属Coptotermes(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)检疫分子鉴定研究进展

白蚁是一类受到世界广泛关注的重要社会性昆虫,对人类生活、经济以及生态环境等有很大的影响,特别是乳白蚁属Coptotermes众多种类危害尤为严重。乳白蚁常随木质包装或原木远距离传播异地建群,其为害隐蔽、潜伏期长,一旦爆发则为害严重且难防治,因其种类多、形态趋同,同一巢群中有龄期不一的虫态和多种生物型,可用分类特征少,造成形态分类困难、人为分类现象普遍。近年来分子生物学技术的日益发展,使得白蚁的分类鉴定更加快速、灵敏和可靠,系统发育分析研究更为深入全面,遗传进化方面取得大量研究成果。本文对基于生物信息学的乳白蚁属检疫分类鉴定和系统发育研究方法进行了介绍和评述,并对DNA技术在乳白蚁属分类和进化研究中的应用进行了讨论。     

Antitermitic effect of the Lantana camara plant on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract The insecticidal effects of Lantana camara L. (flowers, leaves, stems and roots) and the soil where lantana had been growing, on foraging activity and survival of the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes were examined in a 3-week experiment. The soil in which lantana had been growing had no effect on termite tunneling and survival. Incorporation of chipped fresh lantana leaves and stems into soil had no effect on mortality but caused significant reduction in tunneling. The 5-cm wide barrier of soil with lantana tissue incorporated effectively repelled groups of both species from penetrating the barrier and thus prevented infestation of a piece of wood on the other side of the barrier. C. formosanus was more sensitive in avoiding the barrier than R. flavipes. Leaves, stems and flowers were more repellent than roots. These results provide preliminary evidence that fresh-cut lantana leaves, stems and flowers may have use as additives to garden mulches against termites.