基于GST-pull down的小G蛋白Racl活性检测体系的建立

目的:根据人PA KI基因的p21结合结构域(PBD)能够特异结合GTP-Rac 1的特性,构建GST-PBD原核表达质粒,并利用CST-pull down方法检测真核细胞内小G蛋白RacI的活性.方法:将人PAK1基因的PBD结构域克隆到pGEX原核表达载体上,经诱导纯化得到GST-PBD融合蛋白,并通过GST-pull down实验评枯该方法的特异性和准确性.结果:pGEX-PBD质粒构建成功;纯化得到的GST-PBD融合蛋白能够特异性地与激活形式的Rac1(GTP-Rac1)结合,并且能够准确反映血小板衍生生长因子刺激下细胞内Rac1的激活过程.结论:GST-PBD融合蛋白及其整套CST-pull down检测体系能方便有效地检测细胞内Rael的活性.     

植物小G蛋白的研究进展

小G蛋白(small GTPases)是近年来细胞信号转导的研究热点,包括Ras、Rho、Rab、Arf和Ran等5个亚家族.植物中存在一种特殊的小G蛋白ROP(Rho-related GTPase from plants)是Rho家族成员,在调控细胞生长发育及植物防御反应体系的建立等方面起重要作用.在植物细胞中ROP存在两种形式,一种是与GTP结合的激活态,另一种是与GDP结合的非激活态,通过这种激活态与非激活态之间的转变,ROPs作为植物生长发育过程中重要的"分子开关"参与调控多种信号转导过程.本文主要对国内外近年来有关小G蛋白的种类及其调节机制,以及植物小G蛋白ROP在花粉管生长、根毛发育、H2O2的产生、脱落酸(ABA)以及防御应答反应中的调节作用等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

小G蛋白ROP的研究进展

小G蛋白(small GTPases)是近年来研究细胞信号转导过程的热点问题,包括Ras、Rab、Rho、Arf和Ran5个亚家族,其中ROP蛋白是Rho家族成员,为植物特有,在调控细胞生长、发育及调节植物对环境响应等各方面起重要作用.对ROP蛋白的活性调节和功能进行了重点介绍.     

小G蛋白抑制剂CASIN的体外抗真菌活性研究CSCD

目的通过对小G蛋白抑制剂体外抗真菌活性的测定,筛选具有新结构类型的抗真菌活性化合物。方法采用微量液基稀释法考察不同小G蛋白抑制剂对于念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并从中筛选活性较强的化合物进一步进行抗真菌谱测定;采用时间-生长曲线和时间-杀菌曲线考察CASIN对于白念珠菌生长增殖的影响;采用菌丝诱导实验考察化合物CASIN对于白念珠菌菌丝形成的抑制效果;采用甲基四氮盐(XTT)法考察化合物CASIN对于白念珠菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用。结果在考察的小G蛋白抑制剂中,CASIN的体外抗真菌活性最强,对于近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌中均有较好的抑制作用,MIC为8~16μg/mL。16μg/mL CASIN可以有效抑制YPD培养基中白念珠菌的生长增殖,也在RPMI1640培养基中展现出对白念珠菌的杀菌活性;当培养基中CASIN浓度高于8μg/mL时,白念珠菌菌丝受到明显抑制;此外,8μg/mL的CASIN浓度对于白念珠菌的被膜生成具有80%以上的抑制率。结论小G蛋白抑制剂CASIN具有较强的体外抗念珠菌活性。     

植物小G蛋白功能的研究进展

近年来,小G蛋白的调控途径已经成为人们研究细胞信号转导过程的热点问题.小G蛋白家族包括Ras、Rab、Rho、Arf和Ran亚家族,它们起着许多不同的重要细胞生理作用,例如基因表达、细胞骨架重组装、微管的形成以及囊泡和核孔运输机制.这些小G蛋白作为重要的分子开关,具有一个非常保守的功能区域,即I-Ⅳ结构区,它起着关键性作用.从拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)基因组预测分析得出,拟南芥含有93个小G蛋白同源序列,包含Rab、Rho、Arf和Ran亚家族,但没有Ras亚家族.本文主要阐述了迄今在植物中研究小G蛋白各个亚家族功能的最新进展,并对植物、酵母和动物相关的同 源蛋白的生理功能进行比较和推测.     

植物小G 蛋白功能的研究进展

近年来,小G蛋白的调控途径已经成为人们研究细胞信号转导过程的热点问题。小G蛋白家族包括Ras、Rab、Rho、Arf和Ran亚家族,它们起着许多不同的重要细胞生理作用,例如基因表达、细胞骨架重组装、微管的形成以及囊泡和核孔运输机制。这些小G蛋白作为重要的分子开关,具有一个非常保守的功能区域,即I-IV结构区,它起着关键性作用。从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组预测分析得出,拟南芥含有93个小G蛋白同源序列,包含Rab、Rho、Arf和Ran亚家族,但没有Ras亚家族。本文主要阐述了迄今在植物中研究小G蛋白各个亚家族功能的最新进展,并对植物、酵母和动物相关的同源蛋白的生理功能进行比较和推测。     

生长素结合蛋白基因在黄瓜果实发育中的功能研究

应用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),从黄瓜子房(幼果)中扩增出生长素结合蛋白(ABP1)cDNA片段.该基因在开花前1天的子房中表达信号较弱,在授粉后2、4和6天的幼果中表达较强;在开花后2天有单性结实能力的子房中表达信号较强,不能形成果实的子房中信号较弱,所以ABP1基因可能参与黄瓜果实的生长发育过程.将拟南芥ABP1基因转入黄瓜中,转基因黄瓜的单性结实率平均为31.7%,高于对照(19.9%).由于黄瓜的单性结实主要与生长素有关,所以,转基因植株单性结实率的提高可能是由于子房增强了对自身所含生长素的敏感性所致,说明生长素结合蛋白参与生长素在黄瓜果实生长发育中的生理作用.     

基于GST-pull down的小G蛋白Rac1活性检测体系的建立

目的:根据人PAK1基因的p21结合结构域(PBD)能够特异结合GTP-Rac1的特性,构建GST-PBD原核表达质粒,并利用GST-pull down方法检测真核细胞内小G蛋白Rac1的活性。方法:将人PAK1基因的PBD结构域克隆到pGEX原核表达载体上,经诱导纯化得到GST-PBD融合蛋白,并通过GST-pull down实验评估该方法的特异性和准确性。结果:pGEX-PBD质粒构建成功;纯化得到的GST-PBD融合蛋白能够特异性地与激活形式的Rac1(GTP-Rac1)结合,并且能够准确反映血小板衍生生长因子刺激下细胞内Rac1的激活过程。结论:GST-PBD融合蛋白及其整套GST-pull down检测体系能方便有效地检测细胞内Rac1的活性。     

心脏疾病中G蛋白的变化

G蛋白是一类重要的信号转导分子,其生理功能是将细胞膜受体所识别的各种细胞外信号同细胞内一系列效应分子偶联起来,引起核基因转录及蛋白质结构和功能的变化。G蛋白在心脏表达的亚型有Gs、Gi/o、Gq／11、G12／13,参与心肌收缩力、心率、心律和心肌细胞生长的调节。本文着重讨论了心脏G蛋白的分类、结构和功能,以及在心肌肥大、心力衰竭、急性心肌缺血和心律失常等心脏疾病中的改变,以加深对这些疾病的发病机制和病理生理过程的认识。     

小G蛋白在植物抗病性中的作用

小G蛋白一类是低分子量GTP结合蛋白,其分子量大约20～30 kDa.小G蛋白作为重要的分子开关参与了细胞许多重要生理信号途径的调控.近几年在植物中的研究、尤其是对模式植物水稻杭病分子机制的研究发现,Rho家族的小G蛋白在植物抗病信号传导途径的调控中起了关健的作用.本文对植物特有的Rho家族小G蛋白在植物免疫反应中的最...     

Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控

Rho小G蛋白作为一个信号分子家族具有多样化的功能, 可以调节细胞骨架重排 、细胞迁移、细胞极性、基因表达、细胞周期调控等. Rho小G蛋白家族对细胞周期 调控的研究主要集中在其对于有丝分裂期细胞的调节作用,包括调节有丝分裂期前 期细胞趋圆化、后期染色体排列及收缩环的收缩作用.近期的研究显示,Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子对于细胞周期G1、S、G2期的调控主要是通过影响细胞周期的正调控因子细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1) 和负调控因子细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶相互作用蛋白1及细胞周期蛋白依赖型激酶抑制蛋白27 (p21cip1/p27kip1) 进行的.本文总结了Rho小G蛋白及其效应分子在细胞周期调控,尤其是对G1/S期调控的研究进展,并简要阐述了Rho小G蛋白介导的细胞周期调控异常与癌症发生的关系.     

Mutational Analyses of Dictyostelium IQGAP-Related Protein GAPA: Possible Interaction with Small GTPases in Cytokinesis

GAPA is an IQGAP-related protein and is involved in Dictyostelium cytokinesis. Since mammalian IQ-GAPs are effectors for Rac/Cdc42, GAPA is also predicted to bind to small GTPases, which are to be identified. In this study, mutant GAPAs were examined for functions in cytokinesis by genetic complementation of gapA^- cells. Positively charged side chains of Arg⁴⁴² and Lys⁴⁷⁴ of GAPA, predicted to be present on the surface of interaction with small GTPases, were found to be essential, suggesting an interaction between GAPA and putative small GTPase in cytokinesis. Also, results from truncated GAPAs indicated that almost the entire region of GAPA homologous to IQGAP is required for cytokinesis in Dictyostelium.     

冷害过程中黄瓜叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性的变化

实验选用3个耐冷力不同的黄瓜品种研究其叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）等3种抗氧化酶活性在冷害过程中的变化。结果表明：低温胁迫期间的CAT和POD活性与黄瓜叶片的耐冷力表现一致,SOD活性则与其耐冷力表现相反。低温胁迫后,3个品种的所有3种抗氧化酶活性均降低,叶片表现出明显的冷害症状,但耐冷力较高的津优10号仍然具有相对较高的CAT活性。恢复期的SOD活性无显著性变化;耐冷力最弱的津研4号和耐冷力中等的津绿3号的CAT活性上升而津优10号的CAT活性降低;3个品种的POD活性都增高,但津研4号的上升幅度明显高于其它2个品种,可能与POD能催化活性氧（ROS）产生有关。     

Effect of Wind-induced Mechanical Stress on Soluble Peroxidase Activity and Resistance to Pests in Cucumber

Wind-induced mechanical stress (MS) significantly increased the soluble peroxidase activity in leaves of cucumber over control levels after 9 days of treatment. In comparison, inoculation with the fungal pathogen Cladosporium cucumerinum induced significant increases in peroxidase after 4 days. Cucurbit anthracnose symptom development caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare was greater on leaves of seedlings exposed to 6 but not to 9 or 12 days of wind-induced MS than on leaves of control plants. In contrast, reproduction of melon aphids was significantly reduced on leaves exposed to 12 days of MS relative to controls. These results indicate that wind-induced MS can induce soluble peroxidase activity in cucumber and have divergent effects on the resistance to insects and pathogens.     

The autophagic roles of Rab small GTPases and their upstream regulators: A review

Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradative process of eukaryotic cells. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes sequester portions of cytoplasm and undergo fusion with the endolysosomal pathway in order to degrade their content. There is growing evidence that members of the small GTPase RAB protein family—the well-known regulators of membrane trafficking and fusion events—play key roles in the regulation of the autophagic process. Despite numerous studies focusing on the functions of RAB proteins in autophagy, the importance of their upstream regulators in this process emerged only in the past few years. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the effects of RABs and their upstream modulators in the regulation of autophagy. Moreover, we discuss how impairment of these proteins alters the autophagic process leading to several generally known human diseases.     

Rho GTPases与骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移和分化

Rho家族小分子鸟苷三磷酸酶（small GTPases of Rho family,Rho GTPases）是调节细胞许多生理病理活动的关键分子开关,参与细胞骨架、基因转录、细胞周期进程、细胞黏附的调控及多条信号通路的调节。骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的特殊细胞,通过增殖、迁移、分化等途径参与机体损伤组织的修复过程。研究表明,Rho GT-Pases在MSCs迁移、分化等过程中起着重要的调节作用。     

A tale of two GTPases in cotranslational protein targeting

Guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) comprise a superfamily of proteins that provide molecular switches to regulate numerous cellular processes. The "GTPase switch" paradigm, in which a GTPase acts as a bimodal switch that is turned "on" and "off" by external regulatory factors, has been used to interpret the regulatory mechanism of many GTPases. Recent work on a pair of GTPases in the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway has revealed a distinct mode of GTPase regulation. Instead of the classical GTPase switch, the two GTPases in the SRP and SRP receptor undergo a series of conformational changes during their dimerization and reciprocal activation. Each conformational rearrangement provides a point at which these GTPases can communicate with and respond to their upstream and downstream biological cues, thus ensuring the spatial and temporal precision of all the molecular events in the SRP pathway. We suggest that the SRP and SRP receptor represent an emerging class of "multistate" regulatory GTPases uniquely suited to provide exquisite control over complex cellular pathways that require multiple molecular events to occur in a highly coordinated fashion.     

小G蛋白在植物抗病性中的作用(英文)

小G蛋白一类是低分子量GTP结合蛋白,其分子量大约20～30 kDa。小G蛋白作为重要的分子开关参与了细胞许多重要生理信号途径的调控。近几年在植物中的研究、尤其是对模式植物水稻抗病分子机制的研究发现,Rho家族的小G蛋白在植物抗病信号传导途径的调控中起了关键的作用。本文对植物特有的Rho家族小G蛋白在植物免疫反应中的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

Rho-family small GTPases are involved in forskolin-induced cell-cell contact formation of renal glomerular podocytes in vitro

Intercellular adhesions between renal glomerular epithelial cells (also called podocytes) are necessary for the proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Although our knowledge of the molecular composition of podocyte cell-cell contact sites has greatly progressed, the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the formation of these cell-cell contacts remains largely unknown. We have used forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase that elevates the level of intracellular cAMP, to investigate the effect of cAMP and three Rho-family small GTPases (RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1) on the regulation of cell-cell contact formation in a murine podocyte cell line. Transmission electron microscopy and the immunostaining of cell adhesion molecules and actin-associated proteins have revealed a structural change at the site of cell-cell contact following forskolin treatment. The activity of the Rho-family small GTPases before and after forskolin treatment has been evaluated with a glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay. Forskolin reinforces the integrity of cell-cell contacts, resulting in the closure of an intercellular adhesion zipper, accompanied by a redistribution of cell adhesion molecules and actin-associated proteins in a continuous linear pattern at cell-cell contacts. The Rho-family small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 are activated during closure of the adhesion zipper, whereas RhoA is suppressed. Thus, cAMP promotes the assembly of cell-cell contacts between podocytes via a mechanism that probably involves Rho-family small GTPases. This study was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Japanese Ministry for Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (to N. K., no. 14570015). S-Y.G. is a recipient of a grant awarded by the Japanese government to graduate students from foreign countries.