水菜花异形叶片叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3-利用能力的研究北大核心CSCD

以生长发育过程中具有异形叶的水生植物水菜花( Ottelia cordata (Wall.) Dandy)为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和pH-漂移(pH-drift)实验测定具有两型叶片的水菜花正常沉水叶(submerged leaves, S)、正常浮水叶(floating leaves, F)、处于淹没状态的浮水叶(submerged floating leaves, SF)以及只有浮水叶植株的浮水叶(floating leaves only, OF)的叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3^-利用能力。快速光曲线分析结果显示:沉水叶(S)的相对电子传递速率( rETR )显著低于其他类型的叶片,且随着光强的增强,差异增大;由光化学引起的荧光淬灭 q P 、潜在最大电子传递速率( rETR max )、半饱和光强( E k )等指标均为沉水叶(S)显著低于浮水叶(F)。沉水叶(S)与淹没状态的浮水叶(SF)表征HCO3^-利用能力的C T /Alk值显著低于两种浮水叶(F和OF)。研究结果表明水菜花成年期的浮水叶比幼年期的沉水叶具有更高的光合效率,并且更适合在高光强下生长;当水位发生波动时被淹没的浮水叶会增强对HCO3^-的利用能力以适应淹水低浓度CO 2 环境。     

水菜花异形叶片叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3-利用能力的研究

以生长发育过程中具有异形叶的水生植物水菜花（Ottelia cordata（Wall.）Dandy）为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和pH-漂移（pH-drift）实验测定具有两型叶片的水菜花正常沉水叶（submerged leaves,S）、正常浮水叶（floating leaves,F）、处于淹没状态的浮水叶（submerged floating leaves,SF）以及只有浮水叶植株的浮水叶（floating leaves only,OF）的叶绿素荧光特征与HCO₃^-利用能力。快速光曲线分析结果显示：沉水叶（S）的相对电子传递速率（rETR）显著低于其他类型的叶片,且随着光强的增强,差异增大;由光化学引起的荧光淬灭q_P、潜在最大电子传递速率（rETR_max）、半饱和光强（E_k）等指标均为沉水叶（S）显著低于浮水叶（F）。沉水叶（S）与淹没状态的浮水叶（SF）表征HCO₃^-利用能力的C_T/Alk值显著低于两种浮水叶（F和OF）。研究结果表明水菜花成年期的浮水叶比幼年期的沉水叶具有更高的光合效率,并且更适合在高光强下生长;当水位发生波动时被淹没的浮水叶会增强对HCO₃^-的利用能力以适应淹水低浓度CO₂环境。     

尾叶桉叶片的离体培养和植株再生

1植物名称尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylia). 2材料类别无菌萌发种子苗的幼叶片. 3培养条件萌发培养基:(1)MS 3%蔗糖.诱导分化培养基:(2)MS 6-BA 0.8～1.5 mg·L-1(单位下同) KT 0.5 NAA 0.1 3%蔗糖.丛生芽增殖和生长培养基:(3)MS 6-BA 0.2 NAA 0.02 3%蔗糖.生根培养基:(4)1/2MS NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖;(5)MS NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖;(6)改良H NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖.以上培养基均加入0.65%琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度(25±2)℃,光照1 6 h·d-1,光照度1900～2000lx.     

不同居群箭叶淫羊藿叶片解剖结构研究

对4个不同居群的箭叶淫羊藿叶片进行了解剖学的研究．结果表明：不同居群箭叶淫羊藿在气孔密度、表皮细胞长度、表皮细胞宽度与厚度、叶片厚度、叶肉层厚度、维管束直径的大小等方面有一定的差异．在多数情况下,气孔密度的变幅是每平方毫米119．9～139．2个;下表皮细胞的变化范围是67．93～89．54μm;这些变化与不同居群的具体生活环境有直接的关系．     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

【目的】为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性。【方法】采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力。【结果】丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨的活性优于卵;唑螨酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对3种螨态也均具有毒杀作用,但毒力偏低。同一种杀螨剂对若螨的活性均高于成螨和卵,乙螨唑、螺螨酯、联苯肼酯、唑螨酯和炔螨特对卵的活性高于成螨,丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对成螨的活性高于卵。【结论】不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段毒力存在较大差异,田间用药防治时应根据害螨发生情况和发生阶段,选择适合的防治药剂。     

关中平原麦玉轮作体系作物秸秆不同还田模式下土壤有机碳和无机碳库变化特征

为探究不同秸秆还田模式对土壤碳库的影响,以陕西关中平原连续11年麦玉秸秆还田定位试验为基础,选择5种还田模式,即秸秆均不还田(CK)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田(WH-MC)、小麦玉米秸秆均粉碎还田(WC-MC)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆不还田(WH-MN)和小麦秸秆粉碎还田-玉米秸秆不还田(WC-MN),测定不同模式土...     

不同林龄杉木氮素的获取策略

为了探讨不同林龄杉木人工林氮素获取策略,选择了江西千烟洲森林生态研究站红壤区的3种林龄杉木人工林(5年生幼龄林、13年生中龄林和30年生成熟林)作为研究对象,利用稳定性同位素~(15)N示踪技术研究了它们的氮素吸收策略。结果表明,杉木对硝态氮的吸收受林龄影响,成熟林的吸收速率最高,为(5.72±0.24)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1),而中龄林和幼龄林的吸收速率相当,分别为(1.57±0.13)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)和(2.36±0.22)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)。幼龄林((34.33±1.20)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))和成熟林((34.18±2.32)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))对铵态氮的吸收速率相似,均显著高于中龄林((23.33±1.39)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))。杉木对甘氨酸的吸收不受林龄的影响。3种年龄的杉木均对铵态氮表现出强的获取能力,其中成熟林杉木对硝态氮的获取能力明显弱于对铵态氮的获取,但却强于对甘氨酸的获取。这样的结果反映了林龄能影响杉木人工林对无机氮的吸收,但未影响对有机氮的吸收;杉木偏好吸收铵态氮,对硝态氮和甘氨酸的吸收很少。如果能把氮素形态考虑进对杉木人工林的施肥管理当中,那么可能会极大地改善杉木的生产力。     

水体无机碳条件对常见沉水植物生长和生理的影响

为了解水华引起的水体无机碳变化对沉水植物生长的影响,对8种沉水植物:金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、光叶眼子菜、微齿眼子菜、伊乐藻、菹草和黑藻在不同无机碳浓度下的生物量、株高、叶绿素以及光合和呼吸速率进行了比较研究.结果表明8种沉水植物均能利用HCO3-作为光合无机碳源,在1.5 mmoL/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进金鱼藻、菹草和伊乐藻的生长,提高其光合速率;在2.5 mmol/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进狐尾藻、光叶眼子菜、黑藻、微齿眼子菜和蓖齿眼子菜的生长,提高其光合速率.在CO32-为优势碳源时,8种沉水植物表现出不同的适应性,发现微齿眼子菜、篦齿眼子菜和黑藻在整个实验范围内生长未受抑制,且在不同浓度下表现生长和光合速率的促进,说明这三种沉水植物对[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH具有较广适应范围.而当CO32-成为优势碳源时,金鱼藻和伊乐藻的生长受到抑制,狐尾藻、菹草和光叶眼子菜均死亡,表明[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH是这5种沉水植物生长的重要限制因子.     

蛋白核小球藻生长和无机碳利用对不同光照强度和CO2浓度的响应

为了探讨光照强度和CO₂浓度对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、无机碳利用的复合效应, 丰富绿藻中无机碳浓缩机制的资料, 该文设置两种光照强度(40和120 µmol photons•m^-2•s^-1)和两种CO₂浓度(0.04%和0.16%)组合成4种条件, 比较了蛋白核小球藻生长、无机碳浓度、pH补偿点、光合放氧速率、碳酸酐酶(CA)活性和α-CA基因转录表达对这4种培养条件的响应。结果发现: 蛋白核小球藻在高光强高CO₂浓度组生长最快; 低光强高CO₂浓度组培养体系中总无机碳浓度为1163.3 µmol•L^-1, 显著高于其他3组; 高光强低CO₂浓度组藻的pH补偿点最高(9.8), 而低光强高CO₂浓度组藻的pH补偿点最低(8.6); 低光强高CO₂浓度组藻的最大光合速率(V_max)和最大光合速率一半时的无机碳浓度(K_0.5)最高, 分别是其他3组的1.28-1.91倍和1.61-2.00倍; 高光强低CO₂浓度组藻的胞外CA活性最高; 而低光强低CO₂浓度组藻的胞外α-CA基因表达量显著高于其他3组。以上结果表明低CO₂浓度可促进蛋白核小球藻的pH补偿点和无机碳亲和力的提高, 诱导胞外CA活性及α-CA基因的表达; 该藻主要以HCO₃^-为无机碳源, 其对无机碳的利用受光照的调节。     

不同基因型水生植物对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收动力学特性研究

针对不同营养状况的富营养化水体修复而选择吸收养分效率较强的水生植物,采用改进常规耗竭法比较研究了6种不同基因型水生植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes Solms)、黄花水龙(Jussiaea stipulacea Ohwi)、再力花(Thalia dealbata Fraser)、美人蕉(Canna glauca L.)、水芹[Oenanthe javanica(Bl).DC]和豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinaleR.Br.)对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收动力学特性。结果表明,不同基因型水生植物吸收铵态氮和硝态氮的动力学特性可用Michaelis-Menten方程来描述。在低浓度培养下,不同基因型水生植物对NH4+-N和NO3--N吸收的动力学参数Imax和Km差异较大,其吸收NH4+-N和NO3--N的Imax最大是水芹,其次是豆瓣菜;Km值最小的是水芹,其次是豆瓣菜;且水芹对NH4+-N和NO3--N不仅具有较强的亲和力,还具有较高的离子吸收速率。结果还表明,当介质中氮浓度较低时,水芹有优先吸收硝态氮的趋势,而豆瓣菜和再力花有优先吸收铵态氮的趋势。     

Native and exotic invasive plants have fundamentally similar carbon capture strategies

1.  Leaf trait relationships of native and exotic invasive species from a range of habitats were compared to assess consistency across habitats and the role of disturbance.
2.  One hundred and twenty-two native and exotic species were sampled in five habitats in eastern Australia. Specific leaf area, foliar nitrogen ( N _mass), assimilation rate ( A _mass) and dark respiration ( R _mass) were measured for each species. Plants were classified into four types: native undisturbed, native disturbed, exotic invasive undisturbed and exotic invasive disturbed.
3.  All traits were positively correlated and slopes were homogeneous within habitats. Significant differences between plant types in slope elevation were found in only two of 18 cases. There were significant shifts in group means along a common slope between plant types within habitats. These shifts were associated with disturbed vs. undisturbed areas, with plant types from disturbed areas having higher trait values.
4.   Synthesis . Exotic invasive and native species do not have fundamentally different carbon capture strategies. The carbon capture strategy of a species is strongly associated with disturbance, with species from disturbed sites having traits that confer capacity for fast growth. Thus, differences between exotic invasives and natives may reflect differences in the environmental conditions of the sites where they occur rather than differences between exotic invasives and natives per se .     

不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分及团聚体稳定性的影响

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤有机碳及其组分在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。在田间条件下,通过对7种肥料结构组合处理下的土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同养分模式对华北平原潮土土壤有机碳组分和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明。与单施化肥处理（NPK）比较,NPK＋S和NPK＋M处理显著增加土壤耕作层（0～20cm）的总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）含量。PK和CK处理的土壤TOC和TN较试验前土壤皆有明显下降。有机无机肥配施,明显增加土壤易氧化有机碳（EOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）。特别是与NPK处理相比较,NPK＋M处理的土壤EOC、POC、LFOC和WSOC含量分别增加23．8％、39．9％、42．5％和32．1％。土壤耕作层中微生物生物量碳（MBC）和可矿化碳（MNC）以有机无机肥配施为最高,NPK处理次之,PK处理和CK最小。有机无机肥配施处理还明显增加了土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量,并降低了土壤粘粒分散率（CDR）。相关分析表明,土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量与所测定的有机碳组分含量皆呈明显正相关,特别是POC、LFOC和MBC与WSA达到极显著相关．相关系数分别为0.89、0.81和0,78;CDR与TOC、POC和LFOC皆呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0．70、-0．78和-0．73。     

Growth and carbon utilization by sprouted propagules of two species of submersed rooted aquatic plants grown in darkness

Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle tubers from monoecious plants andPotamogeton gramineus L. winter buds were sprouted and allowed to grow in the dark for 120 days. We measured plant length and counted the number of leaves at 2–3 day intervals.Hydrilla grew most rapidly during the first 16–17 days andPotamogeton grew most rapidly during the first 16–25 days. Measurement of propagule carbon content over time indicated that cessation of rapid growth coincided with depletion of tuber carbon by one-half forHydrilla. ForPotamogeton, growth was reduced after 16 to 25 days while the winter bud C half-life was 37 days. Calculations indicated thatHydrilla mobilized 49% andPotamogeton 39% of the initial propagule carbon to support growth. In a second experiment, in which plants were grown in substrate the plants grew taller and produced slightly more leaves per plant.Potamogeton removed from darkness after specified time periods, and allowed to grow for 21 days in a greenhouse recovered from 20–30 days in the dark. Similarly treatedHydrilla plants recovered from up to 80 days in the dark.Potamogeton had mobilized 79% of initial C by the time it was unable to recover from the dark treatment. Combined results for both species indicate that the majority of propagule C was utilized in the first 16 to 30 days following sprouting. In conjunction with an understanding propagule sprouting requirements, this information will be useful in the timing of application for management techniques. The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Plant response strategies to stress and disturbance: the case of aquatic plants

The environmental factors controlling the establishment and development of plants in different ecosystems are of two types, stress and disturbance. The effects of stress or disturbance on aquatic systems are discussed in relation to the following questions:Can we predict the state and rate of recolonization after a disturbance? What are the strategies of recolonization developed by plants? How high is the resilience of a disturbed system? Two theories, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, and the patch dynamics concept proposed to predict the composition, structure and dynamics of plants due to physical-chemical factors, were tested on two scales, that of communities and that of species, within two alluvial floodplains (the Rhine and the Rhône systems in France).With regard to the change of community on a larger scale (i.e. the whole network of the cut-off channels in the floodplain), large gradients of connection and disturbance induce high diversities within communities. Moreover, the highest flood disturbance induces a higher species richness and the occurrence of a particular species. The change in species is analysed using biological traits (morphological, reproductive or physiological). In the floodplain of the river Rhône, the response of plants corresponds well to theory, i.e. that habitats with an intermediate disturbance are richer than more or less disturbed habitats. So we can predict, through the biological traits, the functioning of a habitat. The last remaining question is that of the resilience of the system, which can be discussed in terms of species competition and the risk of biological invasion after an opening of habitat.     

Allocation strategies of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus following a gradient of wildfire severities

植物碳、氮、磷在不同火烧强度下的分配策略 森林野火是影响北方针叶林演替过程中养分分配规律的重要因素。然而,植物叶片和细根之间 的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分配策略在不同强度森林野火后的研究尚不充分。本研究旨在探讨不同野火强度下叶片和细根间C、N、P的分配策略。运用化学计量学理论和异速生长方程,选取中国东北大兴安岭地区的4个不同火烧强度(未火烧、低、中、高)恢复10年后的火烧迹地为研究样地,比较不同火烧强 度下各物种叶片和细根的C、N、P含量。研究结果表明,与未受到火烧的样地相比,轻度火烧迹地的植物叶片和细根C浓度增加,重度火烧迹地植物叶片N浓度最高,但是细根N浓度最低。N:P比值的平均值大于16的结果表示植物养分利用策略在高火烧强度下趋于P限制。更重要的是,随着火烧严重程度的增加,细根与叶片间的C、N、P分配规律出现由异速生长向等速生长的转变,即随着火烧强度的增加,元素分配表现为对叶片的分配多于细根。这些结果表明,植物叶片和细根之间的元素分配策略在受到不同强度的野火干扰以后发生了失衡。本研究加深了我们对火后森林生态系统演替过程中植物与土壤养分动态的认识。     

Respiration of turions and winter apices in aquatic carnivorous plants

Basic respiration characteristics were measured in turions of six aquatic plant species differing greatly in their ecological and overwintering characteristics both before and after overwintering, i.e., in dormant and non-dormant state: non-carnivorous Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and Caldesia parnassifolia and carnivorous Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Utricularia australis, U. ochroleuca, and U. bremii, and in non-dormant winter apices of three Australian (sub)tropical populations of Aldrovanda and of two temperate North American Utricularia species, U. purpurea and U. radiata. Respiration rate of autumnal (dormant) turions at 20°C ranged from 0.36 to 1.3 μmol O₂ kg⁻¹ (FM) s⁻¹ and, except for U. bremii, increased by 11–114% after overwintering. However, this increase was statistically significant only in two species. Respiration Q₁₀ in dormant turions ranged within 1.8–2.6 and within 2.3–3.4 in spring (non-dormant) turions. Turions of aquatic plants behave as typical storage, overwintering organs with low respiration rates. No relationship was found between respiration rate of turions and overwintering strategy. In spite of their low respiration rates, turions can usually survive only from one season to another, due to their limited reserves of respiratory substrates for long periods. Contrary to true turions, respiration rates in non-dormant winter apices both in Australian Aldrovanda populations and temperate U. radiata and U. purpurea, in sprouting turions, and growing shoot apices of Aldrovanda were high and ranged from 2.1 to 3.1 μmol kg⁻¹ (FM) s⁻¹, which is comparable to that in aquatic plant leaves or shoots.     

Leaf trait relationships of native and invasive plants: community- and global-scale comparisons

Leaf carbon capture strategies of native and exotic invasive plants were compared by examining leaf traits and their scaling relationships at community and global scales. Community-level leaf trait data were obtained for 55 vascular plant species from nutrient-enriched and undisturbed bushland in Sydney, Australia. Global-scale leaf trait data were compiled from the literature for 75 native and 90 exotic invasive coexisting species. At the community level, specific leaf area (SLA), foliar nitrogen and phosphorus (N(mass) and P(mass)) and N:P ratio were significantly higher for exotics at disturbed sites compared with natives at undisturbed sites, with natives at disturbed sites being intermediate. SLA, N(mass) and P(mass) were positively correlated, with significant shifts in group means along a common standardized major axis (SMA) slope. At the global scale, invasives had significantly higher N(mass), P(mass), assimilation rate (A(mass) and A(area)) and leaf area ratio (LAR) than natives. All traits showed positive correlations, with significant shifts in group means along a common slope. For a given SLA, invasives had higher A(mass) (7.7%) and N(mass) (28%). Thus, exotic invasives do not have fundamentally different carbon capture strategies from natives but are positioned further along the leaf economics spectrum towards faster growth strategies. Species with leaf traits enabling rapid growth will be successful invaders when introduced to novel environments where resources are not limited.     

黄河三角洲湿地水生植物组成及生态位

通过大范围的野外调查和室内测定,运用Levins及Pianka公式,对近代黄河三角洲湿地水生植物的构成及主要物种的生态位进行了研究.结果表明:调查样方内共有水生植物34 种,隶属于16科26属;各调查区域间物种组成和群落类型具有一定的差异性.区域形成的年份越久,其物种数和群落类型就越丰富;挺水植物中以芦苇的生态位宽度最大,为0.905,藨草的最低,为0.127; 沉水植物中轮藻、穗花狐尾藻、川蔓藻及小茨藻的生态位宽度较大,分别为0.783、0.673、0.669和0.640,金鱼藻的最低,仅为0.100.龙须眼子菜、大茨藻和苦草间,马来眼子菜和菹草间生态位重叠值较大,说明这几种植物具有相似的环境适应能力.物种的生态位宽度与该物种的分布范围及耐盐区间的大小存在显著的相关性,由此可以断定土壤和水体盐度是导致黄河三角洲湿地水生植物生态位分化的关键因子.