水生植物光合无机碳利用策略及其生态适应性

水生维管植物经历了从陆生向水生的“回归”演化,这个过程伴随着周围环境的一系列巨大变化,尤其是水体中无机碳环境与陆生生境的差异赋予了水生植物光合无机碳利用策略与陆生植物截然不同的生态学意义。本文综述了以光合作用为核心的水生植物无机碳利用策略的特殊性和多样性,以及研究水生植物无机碳利用策略的意义,并展望了基于水生植物尤其是水鳖科的无机碳利用策略为核心的植物适应机制研究的优势,旨在为水生植物适应机制和适应性进化研究提供新的思考方向。     

水菜花异形叶片叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3-利用能力的研究北大核心CSCD

以生长发育过程中具有异形叶的水生植物水菜花( Ottelia cordata (Wall.) Dandy)为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和pH-漂移(pH-drift)实验测定具有两型叶片的水菜花正常沉水叶(submerged leaves, S)、正常浮水叶(floating leaves, F)、处于淹没状态的浮水叶(submerged floating leaves, SF)以及只有浮水叶植株的浮水叶(floating leaves only, OF)的叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3^-利用能力。快速光曲线分析结果显示:沉水叶(S)的相对电子传递速率( rETR )显著低于其他类型的叶片,且随着光强的增强,差异增大;由光化学引起的荧光淬灭 q P 、潜在最大电子传递速率( rETR max )、半饱和光强( E k )等指标均为沉水叶(S)显著低于浮水叶(F)。沉水叶(S)与淹没状态的浮水叶(SF)表征HCO3^-利用能力的C T /Alk值显著低于两种浮水叶(F和OF)。研究结果表明水菜花成年期的浮水叶比幼年期的沉水叶具有更高的光合效率,并且更适合在高光强下生长;当水位发生波动时被淹没的浮水叶会增强对HCO3^-的利用能力以适应淹水低浓度CO 2 环境。     

水菜花异形叶片叶绿素荧光特征与HCO3-利用能力的研究

以生长发育过程中具有异形叶的水生植物水菜花（Ottelia cordata（Wall.）Dandy）为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术和pH-漂移（pH-drift）实验测定具有两型叶片的水菜花正常沉水叶（submerged leaves,S）、正常浮水叶（floating leaves,F）、处于淹没状态的浮水叶（submerged floating leaves,SF）以及只有浮水叶植株的浮水叶（floating leaves only,OF）的叶绿素荧光特征与HCO₃^-利用能力。快速光曲线分析结果显示：沉水叶（S）的相对电子传递速率（rETR）显著低于其他类型的叶片,且随着光强的增强,差异增大;由光化学引起的荧光淬灭q_P、潜在最大电子传递速率（rETR_max）、半饱和光强（E_k）等指标均为沉水叶（S）显著低于浮水叶（F）。沉水叶（S）与淹没状态的浮水叶（SF）表征HCO₃^-利用能力的C_T/Alk值显著低于两种浮水叶（F和OF）。研究结果表明水菜花成年期的浮水叶比幼年期的沉水叶具有更高的光合效率,并且更适合在高光强下生长;当水位发生波动时被淹没的浮水叶会增强对HCO₃^-的利用能力以适应淹水低浓度CO₂环境。     

尾叶桉叶片的离体培养和植株再生

1植物名称尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylia). 2材料类别无菌萌发种子苗的幼叶片. 3培养条件萌发培养基:(1)MS 3%蔗糖.诱导分化培养基:(2)MS 6-BA 0.8～1.5 mg·L-1(单位下同) KT 0.5 NAA 0.1 3%蔗糖.丛生芽增殖和生长培养基:(3)MS 6-BA 0.2 NAA 0.02 3%蔗糖.生根培养基:(4)1/2MS NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖;(5)MS NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖;(6)改良H NAA 0.5 2%蔗糖.以上培养基均加入0.65%琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度(25±2)℃,光照1 6 h·d-1,光照度1900～2000lx.     

不同居群箭叶淫羊藿叶片解剖结构研究

对4个不同居群的箭叶淫羊藿叶片进行了解剖学的研究．结果表明：不同居群箭叶淫羊藿在气孔密度、表皮细胞长度、表皮细胞宽度与厚度、叶片厚度、叶肉层厚度、维管束直径的大小等方面有一定的差异．在多数情况下,气孔密度的变幅是每平方毫米119．9～139．2个;下表皮细胞的变化范围是67．93～89．54μm;这些变化与不同居群的具体生活环境有直接的关系．     

关中平原麦玉轮作体系作物秸秆不同还田模式下土壤有机碳和无机碳库变化特征

为探究不同秸秆还田模式对土壤碳库的影响,以陕西关中平原连续11年麦玉秸秆还田定位试验为基础,选择5种还田模式,即秸秆均不还田(CK)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田(WH-MC)、小麦玉米秸秆均粉碎还田(WC-MC)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆不还田(WH-MN)和小麦秸秆粉碎还田-玉米秸秆不还田(WC-MN),测定不同模式土...     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

[目的]为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性.[方法]采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力.[结果]丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨...     

不同林龄杉木氮素的获取策略

为了探讨不同林龄杉木人工林氮素获取策略,选择了江西千烟洲森林生态研究站红壤区的3种林龄杉木人工林(5年生幼龄林、13年生中龄林和30年生成熟林)作为研究对象,利用稳定性同位素~(15)N示踪技术研究了它们的氮素吸收策略。结果表明,杉木对硝态氮的吸收受林龄影响,成熟林的吸收速率最高,为(5.72±0.24)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1),而中龄林和幼龄林的吸收速率相当,分别为(1.57±0.13)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)和(2.36±0.22)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1)。幼龄林((34.33±1.20)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))和成熟林((34.18±2.32)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))对铵态氮的吸收速率相似,均显著高于中龄林((23.33±1.39)μg N g~(-1)干重h~(-1))。杉木对甘氨酸的吸收不受林龄的影响。3种年龄的杉木均对铵态氮表现出强的获取能力,其中成熟林杉木对硝态氮的获取能力明显弱于对铵态氮的获取,但却强于对甘氨酸的获取。这样的结果反映了林龄能影响杉木人工林对无机氮的吸收,但未影响对有机氮的吸收;杉木偏好吸收铵态氮,对硝态氮和甘氨酸的吸收很少。如果能把氮素形态考虑进对杉木人工林的施肥管理当中,那么可能会极大地改善杉木的生产力。     

水体无机碳条件对常见沉水植物生长和生理的影响

为了解水华引起的水体无机碳变化对沉水植物生长的影响,对8种沉水植物:金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、光叶眼子菜、微齿眼子菜、伊乐藻、菹草和黑藻在不同无机碳浓度下的生物量、株高、叶绿素以及光合和呼吸速率进行了比较研究.结果表明8种沉水植物均能利用HCO3-作为光合无机碳源,在1.5 mmoL/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进金鱼藻、菹草和伊乐藻的生长,提高其光合速率;在2.5 mmol/L外源HCO3-浓度下能促进狐尾藻、光叶眼子菜、黑藻、微齿眼子菜和蓖齿眼子菜的生长,提高其光合速率.在CO32-为优势碳源时,8种沉水植物表现出不同的适应性,发现微齿眼子菜、篦齿眼子菜和黑藻在整个实验范围内生长未受抑制,且在不同浓度下表现生长和光合速率的促进,说明这三种沉水植物对[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH具有较广适应范围.而当CO32-成为优势碳源时,金鱼藻和伊乐藻的生长受到抑制,狐尾藻、菹草和光叶眼子菜均死亡,表明[HCO3-]/[CO32-]比值和pH是这5种沉水植物生长的重要限制因子.     

构树雌雄株叶片解剖结构特征的比较研究

为了研究雌雄异株植物构树（Broussonetia papyrifera（L.） Vent.）的性别差异,以其叶片为材料,采用石蜡切片法,对其主要解剖结构特征进行观察和比较。结果显示：（1）构树雌、雄株叶片解剖结构组成一致,均由表皮、叶肉组织和叶脉3部分组成。其上、下表皮均由一层细胞构成,具有较厚的角质层及丰富的表皮毛,叶肉中栅栏组织高度发达,此外,维管系统在叶中所占比例很大;（2）构树雌、雄株叶片细胞大小及厚度在各类型组织间存在一定差异,雄株叶片上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、主脉维管束木质部厚度及维管束厚度均显著大于雌株叶片,且在栅海比、组织结构紧密度、组织结构疏松度和主脉维管束木质部面积占维管束的比例等方面也与雌株有极显著差异。研究结果表明构树叶片的解剖结构不仅具有旱生植物叶片的典型特征,而且还表现出明显的性别差异,这可能与构树雌、雄株的生殖分配有关。     

Aquatic plants are open flexible structures – a reply to Sukhodolov

1. Aquatic plant stands are flexible, mesh‐like open structures that undergo modification in shape and experience a cascade of declining flow velocities and micro‐scale Reynolds numbers with increasing distance into the stands. It is not possible to define or measure the frontal area of this open flexible plant structure. Total wetted area was used as a reference area for drag because it can be measured with high accuracy and it was the most suitable measure of plant size impeding the flow and absorbing light for photosynthetic production. What is important is that it is made absolutely clear which type of reference area that is used. 2. Numerous important relationships in biology are open to discussion because of differences in dimensions between variables. Relating dimensionless drag coefficients to dimensionless Reynolds numbers resolve such discussions, but defining Reynolds numbers cause other problems. Relating drag coefficients to macro‐scale Reynolds numbers would result in exactly the same form of relationship as to water velocity because macro‐scale Reynolds numbers changed in direct proportion to water velocity in the experiments, while kinematic viscosity and characteristic length within species remained constant.     

Transport and redistribution of selenium in the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris)

After incubation for 3 h with (⁷⁵Se) selenate, the selenium distribution in the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) through a 29-day period showed an uneven distribution: roots and trifoliate leaves were richer in ⁷⁵Se than stem and primary leaves. The high selenium concentration of roots resulted from the retention of selenate by the root cells: at the end of the 29-day period about 60° of the radioactivity was always ethanol-soluble, and when analysed by paper chromatography, proved to be selenate. By contrast, much of the radioactivity of the leaves was ethanol-insoluble, ⁷⁵Se being quickly captured in metabolic processes which immobilize it. During plant development, a portion of the total selenium remains mobile and is continually mobilized to the younger organs which display a rapid growth rate. This delivery results from a progressive liberation of selenate retained by mature organs, especially the roots, and from turnover in older leaf tissues, especially the trifoliate leaves.     

Leaf structure of the cerrado (Brazilian savanna) woody plants

With the aim of recognizing the commonest leaf pattern found in the woody flora of the cerrado (the Brazilian savanna) we analyzed the leaf anatomy of 30 representative species. The leaves are mostly dorsiventral and hypostomatic and covered by trichomes and a thick layer of wax and cuticle; the vascular bundles are surrounded by a sheath of fibers. The mesophyll has a developed palisade tissue, dispersed sclerified cells and idioblasts bearing crystals and phenolic compounds. We compared the results with those reported for other species (60 species) from the same biome and for the families that the studied species belong. The present study suggests that the xeromorphism observed for the cerrado leaves is related to the evolutionary history of this biome, since its first floristic elements must have faced deficient water conditions as well as the consequent soil acidity and toxicity. Therefore we may infer that the leaf anatomical pattern here observed was already present in the first elements of the cerrado and was selected to guarantee the survival of those species in the new environment. Furthermore, the xeromorphic features present in those leaves continue nowadays to help the plants protecting themselves from the different biotic and abiotic factors they are subjected to.     

人工高温下苋菜叶的抗热特征和光合性能

研究了连续6昼夜人工热胁迫(40℃/35℃)对苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor)两个栽培品种绿叶苋和花红苋叶片的组织结构、苋菜红素和热稳定蛋白含量及光合特性的影响。结果表明:6昼夜高温胁迫后,花红苋叶中苋菜红素大量积累,第6天时的含量是绿叶苋的1.81倍。苋菜红素在花红苋叶片下表皮、维管束细胞和上表皮中积累,但绿叶苋则不明显。花红苋栅栏组织结构正常,但绿叶苋出现部分断裂,叶绿体受损较为严重。花红苋叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量降幅较绿叶苋低,热稳定蛋白含量轻微上升,其光补偿点和饱和光强比绿叶苋明显滞后。高温胁迫6 d后,绿叶苋的光合速率、胞间CO2浓度和气孔导度等光合参数均显著低于花红苋(P<0.01)。可见,高温下苋菜红素在组织或细胞中的积累与花红苋的耐热性密切相关,较好地维持了花红苋叶片相对稳定的光合性能。     

水生维管束植物受镉污染后的生理变化及受害机制初探

镉污染后的水生维管束植物其叶绿素a/b值随水体镉浓度的增加而下降,叶绿素含量与镉浓度呈极显著的负相关。叶细胞膜透性与镉浓度呈极显著的正相关。不同抗性种叶片可溶性糖含量均随镉浓度增加而升高,但抗性种的增加率要小得多。镉对根系脱氢酶的活性产生抑制,且随镉浓度升高,活性相应下降。对过氧化物酶同工酶谱也产生明显的影响。这些在环境监测中可作为生理指标。凝胶层析表明,具有抗性的凤眼莲的可溶性成分中,存在着高分子镉复合物(>70,000)、分子量为13,300的镉复合物和低分子量镉螯合物及游离态镉。不抗种的紫背萍缺乏第二种镉复合物。     

Effects of the emergent macrophyte Juncus effusus L. on the chemical composition of interstitial water and bacterial productivity

Release of oxygen from the roots ofaquatic macrophytes into anaerobic sediments canaffect the quantity of interstitial dissolved organicmatter and nutrients that are available to bacteria. Nutrient and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)concentrations were compared between subsurface(interstitial) waters of unvegetated sediments andsediments among stands of the emergent herbaceousmacrophyte Juncus effusus L. in a lotic wetlandecosystem. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen(NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, and NO₂^-)were greater from sediments of the unvegetatedcompared to the vegetated zone. DOC concentrations ofinterstitial waters were greater in sediments of theunvegetated zone both in the winter and springcompared to those from the vegetated zone. AlthoughDOC concentrations in hydrosoils collected from bothzones increased from winter to spring, bacterialproductivity per mg DOC in spring decreased comparedto winter. Greater initial bacterial productivityoccurred on DOM collected from the vegetated comparedto the unvegetated zone in winter samples (days 1 and4), with increased bacterial productivity on samplescollected from the unvegetated zone at the end of thestudy (day 20). Bacterial productivity wassignificantly greater on all sampling days on DOM fromvegetated samples compared to unvegetated samples. In nutrient enrichment experiments, bacterialproductivity was significantly increased (p < 0.05)with phosphorus but not nitrogen only amendments.