Red cell isozymes in the Eastern Carolines

Four populations of islanders (Ponapeans, Mokilese, Pingelapese, and Kusaieans) in the Eastern Caroline Islands have been surveyed for variability in red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The following gene frequencies were observed: P^a = 0.0904, PGM²₁ = 0.1015, and PGD^B = 0.0259. No genetic variation was encountered in the AK and G6PD systems.     

Purification of horse immunoglobulin isotypes based on differential elution properties of isotypes from protein A and protein G columns

Elution properties of horse immunoglobulin isotypes from protein A and protein G columns were examined. IgGa and IgGb isotypes were bound to protein A and protein G columns and were eluted by adjusting the pH of the elution buffer from 8.0 to 2.0. IgGc bound to protein G column but not to protein A column while IgG(T) bound to both columns. IgM and IgA apparently appeared not to bind to either column. New methods for purification of serum isotypes were developed using protein A and protein G columns as well as formerly established methods. Using these methods, it was possible to obtain purified isotypes for establishment of immunological assays for practical clinical use.     

Island population,land area,and climate: A case study of the Marshall Islands

A major difficulty in the study of the relationship between human population size and the environment has been placing the problem in a testable framework. Using data from the Marshall Islands, this article tests the proposition that population size and density are highly correlated with environmental variables, including rainfall and land area, through a complex series of socially mediated regulatory mechanisms. This analysis thus supports the population-resources disequilibrium theory of culture change.Deceased.     

Blood groups and haptoglobins in the Eastern Carolines

The ABO, MNS, Rh, and haptoglobin systems were examined in samples from the populations of Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape, and Kusaie. There is marked differentiation between neighboring islands.     

Quantitative analysis of IgA1 binding protein prepared from human serum by hypoglycosylated IgA1/Sepharose affinity chromatography

The binding protein to a hypoglycosylated IgA1/Sepharose (IgA1-BP) could be prepared from human sera. IgG was a major component in the IgA1-BP. A Protein A column was used to remove the IgG; however, about half of the IgA1-BP was passed from the column [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 264 (1999) 424]. Quantitative analysis of the passed fraction (PAP) by laser nepherometry indicated that it was composed of a fairly large amount of IgA, IgM and complement C3 besides IgG. The relative content of IgG:IgA:IgM:C3:C4 was 25:10:41:22:2 in the PAP fraction. Meanwhile, the Protein A bound-fraction was essentially composed of IgG (78%) and IgM (19%). The total amount of IgA1-BP was not different between the sera from IgA nephropathy patients and other nephropathy patients. With respect to the IgA content in the IgA1-BP from IgA nephropathy patients, it was significantly higher than that from other nephropathy patients. It was found that the IgA1-BP from some IgA nephropathy patients contained a few micrograms of aberrant IgA per ml of serum. Thus, the obtained results suggested the preferential deposition of the self-aggregated IgA composed of hypoglycosylated IgA1 and co-deposition of IgG, IgM and C3 in the glomeruli in an IgA nephropathy patient.     

Some reflections on ‘entrepreneur‐ship’ and the Chinese community of a west Malaysian market town*

Ethnographic and historical data on Chinese in a West Malaysian market town are employed in a critique of conventional views of ‘entrepreneurship’. On the basis of an analysis of operation of family firms and relations between employers and employees in the town's truck transport industry, and in view of the contemporary political economy of Malaysia, it is argued that the reigning concept of ‘entrepreneurship’ should be deconstructed into its constituent elements ‐ risk‐taking, innovation, property ownership, etc. It is concluded that past generalizations about Chinese ‘entrepreneurship’ are anachronous, given the present dominance of oligopoly capitalism in Malaysia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.     

Carolina in the Carolines: a survey of patterns and meanings of smoking on a Micronesian island

Tobacco use--especially smoking industrially manufactured cigarettes--kills nearly 5 million people annually and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Tobacco is a widely used global commodity embedded in cultural meanings, and its consumption involves a set of learned, patterned social behaviors. Seemingly, then, tobacco offers a most appealing anthropological research topic, yet its study has been relatively ignored by medical anthropologists when compared to research on alcoholic beverages and illegal drugs. To help fill this gap, this article sketches the historical background of tobacco in Micronesia, presents the results of a cross-sectional smoking survey from Namoluk Atoll, and describes contemporary smoking patterns and locally understood symbolic associations of tobacco. Intersections among history, gender, local meanings, the health transition, and the transnational marketing of tobacco are addressed, and cigarette smoking is seen as part of a new syndemic of chronic diseases in Micronesia.     

Affinity of mouse immunoglobulin G subclasses for sialic acid derivatives immobilized on dextran-coated supports

High-performance liquid affinity chromatography is a powerful method for the purification of biological compounds owing to its specificity, rapidity and high resolution. In our laboratory, we develop chromatographic supports based on porous silica beads. However, in order to minimize non-specific interactions between the inorganic surface and proteins in aqueous solution, the silica beads are coated with modified dextran. As previously reported, many affinity ligands can be covalently grafted onto dextran-coated silica. In this study, N-acetylneuramic acid, which belongs to the sialic acid family and is present in immunoglobulin G (IgG) epitopes, is used as an active ligand. The interactions of this affinity support and IgG subclasses are analyzed. This immobilized ligand enables purification of IgG3 antibodies.     

History of plant introductions to Pohnpei, Micronesia and the role of the Pohnpei agriculture station

The history of plant introductions to tropical countries can often be determined by studying the history of their botanical gardens, arboreta, and agricultural experiment stations. Pohnpei has been a center for plant introductions in Micronesia for more than 100 years. Beginning in the 1830s foreign visitors and settlers brought in new crops and ornamental plants. Purposeful introductions to support agricultural development took place during the colonial regimes of Germany, Japan, and the United States. The illustrious history and significant role played by the Pohnpei Agriculture Station—once one of the foremost centers in the world for the study of tropical agriculture—and its current situation are discussed. For the first time ever, a comprehensive list is provided of 433 plant species, hybrids, cultivars, and varieties introduced to the island, including 403 taxa grown at the Station.

---

Kapidelongodohn Soangsoangen Tuhke Nan Dekehn Pohnpei Oh Pwukoah Kesempwal En Agriculture Station En Pohnpei

Resumen  Kawewehpen poadepen kapidelongodohn soangsoangen tuhkekan nan kahndekehkan kalapw wiawi sang petehkpen en wehi pwukan arail wasahn nak en tuhke, kasansal en tuhke, oh ropirop en tuhke. Pohnpei wia wasahn neknek en tuhke kesempwal sangete sohnpar 100 samwalahro. Tepda nan pahr 1830, mehn likihkan oh sohn seilok kan kapidelongodo soangsoangen tuhke en mwenge oh mehn kalingan. Tuhke mehn wia keirdahn wehi pil wiawi nan mwein Sehmen, Sapahn, oh Amerika. Nan daropwe wet mie kawewehpen poadepoad oh pwukoah kesempwal en Pohnpei Agriculture Station—me rahn teio kin wia ehu wasa keieu kesempwal nan sampah ong ni ropirop en tuhke oh ia mwomwen wasa rahn wet. Daropwe wet pil kilelehdi eden soangsoangen tuhke 433 kapidelongodohng Pohnpei iangahngki meh 403 me pweida oh kak diarek nan Agriculture Station en Pohnpei.

     

The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian Tribes of Central and South America

The Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high) -south (low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gm^ax;g, Gm^a;b0,3,t, Di^a, R^z, TF^D Chi, and 6PGD^C), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.     

The Puzzle of Chuukese Mobility Patterns—Contradictory,Dualistic, or Pluralistic?

Education, employment, and health care are the three main reasons given by Micronesians for the ongoing flow of migrants to the USA. In many families, remittances constitute the only source of steady cash income. Therefore, migration is seen as part of the islanders’ subsistence strategy. Emotional implications for the individual are subsumed under the collective good. This paper will review migration motifs as experienced by chóón (people of) Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia. With regard to kin relations, the value of family and notions of the self, focus is put on those who leave and/or come back as well as on those who make the decisions. Western spectators are often puzzled by the apparent contradictions between the adherence to traditional culture and the practices of modern life, between love for land and kin and the perceived necessity to nevertheless leave both behind. This paper thus aims to explore whether these dynamics are really in contradiction or rather parallel and interlocking dimensions of cultural concepts of locality and mobility that are connected to ideas of belonging.     

Immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm,Am, and Km) in non-human primates

The immunoglobulin (Ig) allotypes (Gm, Am, and Km systems) are the genetic markers of the human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3(Gm), IgA2(Am), and kappa light chain(Km). The Gm system, with 18 allotypes shows the greatest degree of polymorphism and we define two Am and three Km allotypes. In this review, we report all the results observed in non-human primates belonging to Hominoidea, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea, and Tupaoidea superfamilies (72 species and subspecies). They concern published data and new unpublished ones. The distribution of the human allotypes and their localization are reported, as well as discordant results observed in some cases with anti-allotype reagents of the same specificity (human and animal origin). Some allotypes are restricted to man. Hominoidea have the greatest number of Gm allotypes and the richest polymorphism. Relatively few allotypes have been found in Cercopithecoidea and Prosimians; most Platyrrhinian species have no allotype. The epitopic polymorphism has been interpreted in terms of evolution of Ig allotypes from primate to man and of the phylogenetic relationships of non-human primate species.     

大熊猫初乳免疫球蛋白含量及其动态变化

This paper first reports that the contents of slgA, IgC and IgM of 3 giant pandas'colostrums from day 1 to day 14 unconsecutively which have been determined by the method of “A Rate Nephelometer for Measuring Specific Protein by Immunopmciptin Reaction”. The results indicated that slgA is the most important immunuoglobulins of giant panda's colostmms, and IgG, IgM are also the major components of giant panda's colostrums. The contents of immunoglobulins in colostrums of giant pandas vary with the day : 1) the content of colostral sIgA is in the highest level (1 442.93 mg/dl) in 1st day, and maintains a higher level (1 200- 1 300 mg/dl) from 2nd day to 5th day, it drops abruptly in 7th day (727.61 mg/dl) ; 2) the content of colostral IgG is in the hingest level (861.5 mg/dl), and maintains in a higher level(648.74- 707.07 mg/dl) from 2nd day to 5th day, but drops abruptly in 7th day (375.14 mg/dl) ; 3) the content of colostral tgM varies rarely and maintains in a stable level during the first postpartum 5 days, and drops abruptly in 7th day . Based on the changes of immtmoglobulins in giant panda's milks, the author conclude that milks from 1st day to 5th day postpartum should be giant panda's colostrums.     

Anthropogenic impacts to coral reefs in Palau,western Micronesia during the Late Holocene

The Palauan archipelago contains one of the most ecologically diverse coral reef systems in the Indo-Pacific that was as attractive for humans prehistorically as it is today. New evidence is emerging that during the past few thousand years there has been increasing exploitation of coral reef resources, particularly finfish and mollusks, leading to a decline in taxa numbers, richness, and diversity in various locales. This paper examines the historical interactions between human populations and coral reef ecologies in Palau by combining known archaeological data and results from modern biological data of different reef fauna. The integration of these data sources provides a framework for attempting to explain variations in taxa composition between islands in the archipelago and how this may relate to human exploitation or other phenomena through time. By using this perspective to link past events with present-day conditions, we can gain a better sense of the extent to which anthropogenic changes may have affected island environments in western Micronesia during the Late Holocene. The study also illustrates the many difficulties researchers face in attempting to synthesize and explain past and present human predation behavior when using disparate sources of data.

Distribution of immunoglobulin allotypes among local populations of Kenya olive baboons

In this paper we report on the distributions of immunoglobulin allotypes among 564 olive baboons collected at six localities in Kenya. The sample localities and sizes are 1) Lake Magadi, N = 107; 2) Nanyuki, N = 77; 3) Lake Baringo, N = 55; 4) Mosiro, N = 132; 5) Isiolo, N = 36; 6) Gilgil, N = 157. Gm allotypes 1, 10, 13, 15, and 17 are polymorphic among these samples. Gm(11) and Km(3) were present in all samples, and Gm(2,3,5,6,14,16,21,24,26) and Km(1) were absent from all samples. The proportions of individuals positive for polymorphic allotypes varied substantially between different local samples, as did the arrays and estimated frequencies of haplotypes. Allotype frequencies in local samples do not appear to be simply related to either geographic location or habitat characteristics of the localities. Our data suggest that much of the geographic variability in Kenya olive baboon populations occurs between populations separated by small geographic distances.