Biomass and lipid enhancement in Ankistrodesmus sp. cultured with reused and minimal nutrients media

Microalgae are a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Lipid content in microalgae could be enhanced under nutrient depletion. This work investigated the effect of the nutrient on lipid accumulation in Ankistrodesmus sp. culture. Batch cultures were carried out using fresh BG11 medium, and after the harvest, the medium was reused for the next culture; this method was repeated two times. The maximum lipid productivity of 29.75 mg L^?1 day^?1 was obtained from the culture with the second reuse medium. In continuous cultures, Ankistrodesmus sp. was cultured in both fresh and modified BG11 mediums. The modified BG11 medium was adjusted to resemble the content of the first reuse medium. As a comparison between batch and continuous cultures, it was proven that the productivity in the continuous culture was better than in the batch, where the achievable maximum biomass and lipid were 188.30 and 38.32 mg L^?1 day^?1. The maximum lipid content of 34.22% was obtained from the continuous culture at a dilution rate of 0.08 day^?1, whereas the maximum saturated and unsaturated fatty acid productivities of 79.96 and 104.54 mg L^?1 day^?1 were obtained at a dilution rate of 0.16 day^?1.     

Simulation and optimization of fed-batch culture for ethanol production from molasses

Two simulation methods for ethanol production from molasses by a flocculating yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae AM12, were investigated and molasses feeding was optimized. The first method was based on a deterministic model with fixed kinetic parameters and the second was based on regression analysis. The amount of ethanol produced in a fed-batch culture with multiple additions of molasses was simulated by both of these two methods. Simulated results of a fed-batch culture were compared with those of a simple batch culture by a model of regression analysis. The intermittent addition of molasses gave better production than a single addition at the beginning; more frequent addition may further improve production. The experimental results suggested the same. The effect of the amount of the added molasses on ethanol production was investigated by simulation. Repeated batch culture with and without intermittent addition of molasses in each batch was also done.List of Symbols C _e deviation of calculated results from experimental results - F m³ volume of feed medium added to the fermentor - P kg/m³ concentration of ethanol - P _M kg total amount of ethanol - S kg/m³ concentration of sugar - S ₀ kg/m³ concentration of sugar in the molasses feed medium - S _M kg total amount of sugar - V m³ culture volume - X kg/m³ concentration of cells - X _M kg total amount of cells - x _c calculated data - x _e experimental data - h^–1 specific rate of growth - kg-sugar/(kg-cell h) specific rate of sugar consumption - kg-ethanol/(kg-cell h) specific rate of ethanol production     

Production of gluconic acid by immobilized in pumice stones mycelium of Aspergillus niger using unconventional oxygenation of culture

Gluconic acid was produced in repeated batch processes with Aspergillus niger AM-11, immobilized in pumice stone particles using an unconventional oxygenation of culture media based on the addition of H₂O₂, decomposed by catalase to O₂ and water. The highest gluconic acid productivity of 8.2 g l^–1 h^–1 was reached with 30 g immobilized mycelium per 150 ml, 10% (w/v) glucose, at 24 °C and pH 6.5, with O₂ at 100% saturation. The immobilized mycelium was successfully reused up to 8 times in 1-h batches with only a slight loss (11%) of gluconic acid productivity.     

Growth of a lactate dehydrogenase deficient mutant of bacillus stearothermophilus in continuous culture

A lactate dehydrogenase deficient strain of B. stearothermophilus, lld-15, was outgrown by revertants to lactate production when cultivated in a chemostat at D = 0.25 h^?1 on a rich complex medium at a sucrose concentration of 2.5% (w/v) but was maintained without reversion at this dilution rate when the sucrose concentration was only 0.5% (w/v). In batch culture the revertant showed characteristics which distinguished it both from B. stearothermophilus strains lld-15 and NCA 1503.     

速生白榆的组织培养与快速繁殖

该文以速生白榆半木质化枝条为外植体,使用75%的酒精和0.1%HgCl_2消毒处理,外植体经过启动培养后,在增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,将丛生芽切成单株进行生根诱导,最终建立起成熟的速生白榆组培快繁体系。结果表明:外植体最佳消毒处理组合为75%的酒精处理50 s+0.1%HgCl_2处理8 min,外植体污染率为17.3%,成活率为78%;将消毒处理过的外植体接种到启动培养基中,培养25 d,最终筛选出最适白榆外植体启动的培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,启动率高达87.5%;将经过启动培养后的外植体腋芽切下,接种到增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,最终筛选出最佳增殖培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)KT+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,继代周期25 d,增殖系数达6.2;将丛生芽切成单株,接种到生根诱导培养基中,筛选出最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)IAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+6.5 g·L~(-1)琼脂,生根诱导30 d,生根率达97%。将生根苗在室外炼苗后,移栽到珍珠岩∶蛭石∶泥炭土体积比为1∶1∶1的混合基质中,成活率在90%以上。较高的增殖系数、生根率和移栽成活率可以降低生产成本,进而实现工厂化育苗。     

The production of hemicellulose-degrading enzymes byBacillus macerans in anaerobic culture

Summary The cell-associated and exocellular hemicellulolytic polysaccharide depolymerase and glycoside hydrolase activity ofBacillus macerans NCDO 1764 was monitored over a range of anaerobic growth conditions in batch and continuous culture. The enzymes were detectable throughout the complete growth cycle in batch culture reaching and maintaining maximum levels in the stationary phase. In continuous culture enzyme activity was largely independent of growth rate (D=0.025–0.1 h^-1) although the activity was reduced at higher dilution rates (0.125–0.15 h^-1). Although activity was detectable over a wide pH range (pH 5.5–7.5) it was pH dependent, and maximum activities of both the cell-associated and exocellular enzymes were measured in cultures maintained at pH 6.5–7.0±0.1.The principal metabolites formed anaerobically from xylose byB. macerans in batch and continuous culture were acetic acid, formic acid and ethanol which represented 95–99% of the products formed. Smaller amounts of acetone,d,l-lactic acid and succinic acid were formed together with traces of butyric acid (<5 nmol/ml) and isovaleric acid (<25 nmol/ml). The proportions of the metabolites produced varied with growth conditions and were influenced by the pH of the culture and the rate and stage of growth of the microorganism.     

High-level production of arachidonic acid by fed-batch culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Mortierella alpina</Emphasis> using NH<Subscript>4</Subscript>OH as a nitrogen source and pH control

Mortierella alpina was grown in a fed-batch culture using a 12-l jar fermenter with an initial 8-l working volume containing 20 g glucose l⁻¹ and 10 g corn-steep powder l⁻¹. Glucose was intermittently fed to give 32 g l⁻¹ at each time. The pH of culture was maintained using 14% (v/v) NH₄OH, which also acted as a nitrogen source. A final cell density of 72.5 g l⁻¹ was reached after 12.5 days with a content of arachidonic acid (ARA) at 18.8 g l⁻¹. These values were 4 and 1.8 times higher than the respective values in batch culture. Our results suggest that the combined feeding of glucose and NH₄⁺ to the growth of M. alpina could be applied for the industrial scale production of ARA.     

In vitro propagation of plant virus using different forms of plant tissue culture and modes of culture operation

Plant virus accumulation was investigated in vitro using three different forms of plant tissue culture. Suspended cells, hairy roots and shooty teratomas of Nicotiana benthamiana were infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) using the same initial virus:biomass ratio. Viral infection did not affect tissue growth or morphology in any of the three culture systems. Average maximum virus concentrations in hairy roots and shooty teratomas were similar and about an order of magnitude higher than in suspended cells. Hairy roots were considered the preferred host because of their morphological stability in liquid medium and relative ease of culture. The average maximum virus concentration in the hairy roots was 0.82 ± 0.14 mg g⁻¹ dry weight; viral coat protein represented a maximum of approximately 6% of total soluble protein in the biomass. Virus accumulation in hairy roots was investigated further using different modes of semi-continuous culture operation aimed at prolonging the root growth phase and providing nutrient supplementation; however, virus concentrations in the roots were not enhanced compared with simple batch culture. The relative infectivity of virus in the biomass declined by 80–90% during all the cultures tested, irrespective of the form of plant tissue used or mode of culture operation. Hairy root cultures inoculated with a transgenic TMV-based vector in batch culture accumulated green fluorescent protein (GFP); however, maximum GFP concentrations in the biomass were relatively low at 39 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, probably due to genetic instability of the vector. This work highlights the advantages of using hairy roots for in vitro propagation of TMV compared with shooty teratomas and suspended plant cells, and demonstrates that batch root culture is more effective than semi-continuous operations for accumulation of high virus concentrations in the biomass.     

High frequency of shoot multiplication and bulblet formation of garlic in liquid cultures

In vitro shoot proliferation and bulblet production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) was studied in liquid cultures. Shoots grown in vitro were used as explants and were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose and 0.5 mg l^–1 2-iP. Three culture methods (semi-solid, liquid-immersion and raft) were compared for shoot proliferation. Explants in liquid (immersion) culture exhibited an increased multiplication rate and fresh weight of shoots after 3 weeks of culture as compared with the other treatments. Bulblet formation and growth were studied in liquid medium with different concentrations of sucrose (2–13%). MS medium containing 11% (w/v) sucrose was optimal for bulblet development and bulblets developed in this medium within 9 weeks in culture. The highest multiplication rate was (135 bulblets/explant) found when explants were cultured in bulbing medium (MS medium containing 0.1 mg l^–1 NAA+11% (w/v) sucrose) supplemented with 10 M JA. Growth retardants CCC, B-9, ABA also promoted induction and growth of bulblets. Darkness promoted the bulblet induction and growth compared to light conditions (16-h photoperiod of 50 mol m^–2 s^–1). The dormancy of bulblets was broken by cold treatment at 4 °C for 8 weeks.     

Biohydrogen production from wheat straw hydrolysate by dark fermentation using extreme thermophilic mixed culture

Hydrolysate was tested as substrate for hydrogen production by extreme thermophilic mixed culture (70°C) in both batch and continuously fed reactors. Hydrogen was produced at hydrolysate concentrations up to 25% (v/v), while no hydrogen was produced at hydrolysate concentration of 30% (v/v), indicating that hydrolysate at high concentrations was inhibiting the hydrogen fermentation process. In addition, the lag phase for hydrogen production was strongly influenced by the hydrolysate concentration, and was prolonged from approximately 11 h at the hydrolysate concentrations below 20% (v/v) to 38 h at the hydrolysate concentration of 25% (v/v). The maximum hydrogen yield as determined in batch assays was 318.4 ± 5.2 mL‐H₂/g‐sugars (14.2 ± 0.2 mmol‐H₂/g‐sugars) at the hydrolysate concentration of 5% (v/v). Continuously fed, and the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), operating at 3 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and fed with 20% (v/v) hydrolysate could successfully produce hydrogen. The hydrogen yield and production rate were 178.0 ± 10.1 mL‐H₂/g‐sugars (7.9 ± 0.4 mmol H₂/g‐sugars) and 184.0 ± 10.7 mL‐H₂/day L_reactor (8.2 ± 0.5 mmol‐H₂/day L_reactor), respectively, corresponding to 12% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from sugars. Additionally, it was found that toxic compounds, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), contained in the hydrolysate were effectively degraded in the CSTR, and their concentrations were reduced from 50 and 28 mg/L, respectively, to undetectable concentrations in the effluent. Phylogenetic analysis of the mixed culture revealed that members involved hydrogen producers in both batch and CSTR reactors were phylogenetically related to the Caldanaerobacter subteraneus, Thermoanaerobacter subteraneus, and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 899–908. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Rhizobium biomass production in batch and continuous culture with a malt-sprouts medium

Summary The growth of nine strains of four different species ofRhizobium (R. leguminosarum, R. meliloti, R. phaseoli andR. japonicum) was studied with media containing malt sprouts extract (MSE), in place of yeast extract (YE), as source of nitrogen and growth factors. The results obtained in batch cultures indicated that all the strains grew well in MSE medium. In the case of fast-growing strains the biomass increased with increase in the concentration of MSE in the medium, but with the slow-growing strains, likeR. japonicum, growth was inhibited completely by using a concentration of MSE (containing 3.75% w/v of solids) of 40% v/v. With all the strains the concentration of cells attained was greater than 5×10⁹ cells/ml, which clearly indicates that MSE is a suitable component of media, and one which can be used instead of YE. The results of continuous culture experiments showed that a high productivity of cells (15.3×10⁸ cells/ml/h) could be obtained using MSE medium.

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Producción de Rhizobium en cultivos batch y continuo sobre medio conteniendo extracto de raiz de malta

Resumen Se estudió el crecimiento de nueve cepas de cuatro especies diferentes deRhizobium (R. leguminosarum, R. meliloti, R. phaseoli y R. japonicum) en medios de cultivo conteniendo extracto de raíz de malta (ERM), en reemplazo de extracto de levaduras (EL), como fuente de nitrógeno y factores de crecimiento. Los resultados obtenidos en cultivos en batch indicaron que todas las cepas crecieron bien en los medios con ERM. En el caso de las cepas de crecimiento rápido la biomasa se incrementó con la concentración de ERM en el medio de cultivo, pero con las cepas de crecimiento lento(R. japonicum) el desarrollo celular se inhibió completamente para concentraciones de ERM (conteniendo 3,75% p/v de sólidos) de 40% v/v. Con todas las cepas empleadas la concentración celular alcanzada fue superior a 5×10⁹ cél/ml, lo que indica claramente que el ERM es un adecuado componente para los medios de cultivo que puede reemplazar al EL. Los resultados de los experimentos realizados en sistema continuo mostraron que se puede alcanzar una alta productividad (15,3×10⁸ cél/ml/h) utilizando un medio de cultivo suplementado con ERM.

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Production de Rhizobium en culture discontinue et continue sur milieu à base de germes de malt

Résumé La croissance de neuf souches appartenant à quatre éspèces différentes deRhizobium (R. leguminosarum, R. meliloti, R. phaseoli etR. japonicum) a été étudiée avec des milieux contenant, comme source d'azote et de facteurs de croissance, un extrait de germes de malt (MSE) au lieu d'extrait de levure (YE). Les résultats obtenus en culture discontinue (batch) montrent que toutes les souches poussent bien en milieu MSE. Dans la cas des souches à croissance rapide, la biomasse augmente proportionnellement à la concentration de MSE dans le milieu. Par contre, pour les souches à croissance lente, commeR. japonicum, la croissance est complètement inhibée lorsque la concentration en MSE (contenant 3.75% w/v de solides) atteint 40% (v/v). Avec toutes les souches, on obtient une concentration en cellules supérieure à 5×10⁹/ml, ce qui indique clairement que le MSE convient bien et peut être utilisé à la place de YE. Les expériences réalisées en culture continue montrent qu'on peut obtenir avec le milieu MSE une productivité en cellules très élevée (15.3×10⁸ cellules/ml/h.).

     

Alexandrium ostenfeldii growth and spirolide production in batch culture and photobioreactor

Growth and spirolide production of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Danish strain CCMP1773) were studied in batch culture and a photobioreactor (continuous cultures). First, batch cultures were grown in 450 mL flasks without aeration and under varying conditions of temperature (16 and 22 °C) and culture medium (L1, f/2 and L1 with addition of soil extract). Second, cultures were grown at 16 °C in 8 L aerated flat-bottomed vessels using L1 with soil extract as culture medium. Finally, continuous cultures in a photobioreactor were conducted at 18 °C in L1 with soil extract; pH was maintained at 8.5 and continuous stirring was applied.This study showed that A. ostenfeldii growth was significantly affected by temperature. At the end of the exponential phase, maximum cell concentration and cell diameter were significantly higher at 16 °C than at 22 °C. In batch culture, maximum spirolide quota per cell (approx. 5 pg SPX 13-desMeC eq cell⁻¹) was detected during lag phase for all conditions used. Spirolide quota per cell was negatively and significantly correlated to cell concentration according to the following equation: y = 4013.9x^−0.858. Temperature and culture medium affected the spirolide profile which was characterized by the dominance of 13,19-didesMeC (29–46%), followed by SPX-D (21–28%), 13-desMeC (21–23%), and 13-desMeD (17–21%).Stable growth of A. ostenfeldii was maintained in a photobioreactor over two months, with maximum cell concentration of 7 × 10⁴ cells mL⁻¹. As in batch culture, maximum spirolide cell quota was found in lag phase and then decreased significantly throughout the exponential phase. Spirolide cell quota was negatively and significantly correlated to cell concentration according to the equation: y = 12,858x^−0.8986. In photobioreactor, spirolide profile was characterized by higher proportion of 13,19-didesMeC (60–87%) and lower proportions of SPX-D (3–12%) and 13-desMeD (1.6–10%) as compared to batch culture.     

Repeated Batch Cultivation of Ralstonia eutropha for Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) Production

Batch cultivation of Ralstonia eutropha NRRL B14690 attained 21 g biomass l⁻¹ and 9.4 g poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) l⁻¹ (0.45 g PHB g⁻¹ dry wt⁻¹) in 60 h. Repeated batch operation (empty-and-fill protocol) to remove 20% (v/v) of the culture broth and to supplement an equal volume of fresh media resulted in 49 g biomass l⁻¹ and 25 g PHB l⁻¹ (0.51 g PHB g⁻¹ dry wt⁻¹) with an overall productivity of 0.42 g PHB l⁻¹ h⁻¹ in 67 h. In the two cycles of repeated batch fermentation there was a 3-fold increase in productivity as compared to batch.     

Aerobic MTBE biodegradation in the presence of BTEX by two consortia under batch and semi-batch conditions

This study explores the effect of microbial consortium composition and reactor configuration on methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) biodegradation in the presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylenes(BTEX). MTBE biodegradation was monitored in the presence and absence of BTEX in duplicate batch reactors inoculated with distinct enrichment cultures: MTBE only (MO—originally enriched on MTBE) and/or MTBE BTEX (MB—originally enriched on MTBE and BTEX). The MO culture was also applied in a semi-batch reactor which received both MTBE and BTEX periodically in fresh medium after allowing cells to settle. The composition of the microbial consortia was explored using a combination of 16S rRNA gene cloning and quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting the known MTBE-degrading strain PM1^T. MTBE biodegradation was completely inhibited by BTEX in the batch reactors inoculated with the MB culture, and severely retarded in those inoculated with the MO culture (0.18 ± 0.04 mg/L-day). In the semi-batch reactor, however, the MTBE biodegradation rate in the presence of BTEX was almost three times as high as in the batch reactors (0.48 ± 0.2 mg/L-day), but still slower than MTBE biodegradation in the absence of BTEX in the MO-inoculated batch reactors (1.47 ± 0.47 mg/L-day). A long lag phase in MTBE biodegradation was observed in batch reactors inoculated with the MB culture (20 days), but the ultimate rate was comparable to the MO culture (0.95 ± 0.44 mg/L-day). Analysis of the cultures revealed that strain PM1^T concentrations were lower in cultures that successfully biodegraded MTBE in the presence of BTEX. Also, other MTBE degraders, such as Leptothrix sp. and Hydrogenophaga sp. were found in these cultures. These results demonstrate that MTBE bioremediation in the presence of BTEX is feasible, and that culture composition and reactor configuration are key factors.     

Sequential Statistical Improvement of the Liquid Cultivation of Helicobacter pylori

Background: Colonization of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori is one of the most important causes of acute and chronic gastric pathologies in humans. Achieving the growth of H. pylori in liquid media is of great importance in the development of clinical studies. In this study, we developed a sequential optimization strategy based on statistical models to improve the conditions of liquid culture of H. pylori. Materials and Methods: Four statistical models were sequentially used. First, a Box‐Behnken design was used to select the best process conditions (shaking speed, inoculum concentration, and final volume of culture). Secondly, a general factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of adding gel blocks or gel beads (shape and composition). Then a D‐optimal reduce design was carried out to allow the selection of the most influential factors in increasing the cell concentration (culture media components). Finally, another Box‐Behnken design was used to optimize the concentration of the culture media components previously selected. Results: After 12 hours of liquid culture a concentration of 25 × 10⁸ cells per mL (9.4 log₁₀ cells per mL) of H. pylori was obtained, compared with a predicted 32 × 10⁸ (9.5 log₁₀ cells per mL), which means between 1 and 5 log₁₀ units higher than some previous reports. Conclusions: The sequential statistical approach increased the planktonic H. pylori cell culture. The final culture media and conditions were: Brain Heart Infusion, blood agarose (1.5% w/v), lamb’s blood (3.18% v/v), DENT (0.11% v/v), and Vitox (0.52% v/v) at 60 rpm and 37 °C with filtered CO₂ (5% v/v) bubbled directly into the culture media in a final volume of 76.22 mL.     

Consequences of the association of calcium with alginate during batch culture of Azotobacter vinelandii

Summary Azotobacter vinelandii strain E was grown in batch culture in the presence of radioactive Ca⁴⁵. The partitioning of Ca⁴⁵ in solution and associated with extracellular polysaccharide (alginate) during the growth was studied. The amount of alginate produced was estimated and its composition was determined by ¹H-n.m.r. Alginate produced early in the growth cycle was characterised by high guluronic acid block mole fraction (0.45) whilst later, alginate with a preponderance of mannuronic acid blocks was observed. Mixed block synthesis occurred throughout the incubation. The level of free Ca²⁺ fell rapidly (from 97% to 22%) during the first 33 h of incubation.     

Mycelia and spent fermentation broth of Beauveria bassiana incorporated into synthetic diets affect mortality,growth and development of larval Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Beauveria bassiana endophytically colonises corn (Zea mays) reducing tunneling from European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Endophytic colonisation of other plants by B. bassiana has been reported, and potentially, may reduce insect feeding on these plants. We evaluated the effects on larval growth and development, and mortality of different rates of dried, ground mycelia and water-soluble metabolites from fermentation broth culture of different isolates of B. bassiana incorporated into a synthetic diet and fed to neonate bollworm, Helicoverpa zea larvae. Development was delayed, weights of larvae were lower, and mortality was high for larvae fed the highest rates (1.0 and 5.0%, w/v) of mycelia incorporated diet compared to control. Insects fed diets containing mycelia of B. bassiana isolate 11-98 had the greatest mortality. Mortality was 100% for larvae fed 5% (w/v) mycelia incorporated diet of isolate 11-98, and 61% for isolate 3-00. For insects fed low rates (0.1 to 0.5%, w/v) of mycelia incorporated diet, mortality was lower, approximately 5% for isolate 11-98, and 5 to 14% for isolate 3-00. At the 0.1% (w/v) rate of mycelia incorporated diet, development occurred at an accelerated rate, compared to fungus-free controls, indicating increased nutrition in the lowest rate fungal diet. Mortality was low for all larvae fed diets containing spent fermentation broth of B. bassiana; however, development was delayed. Insects fed the highest rate (0.5%, v/v) of spent fermentation broth-amended diet had lower pupal weights, and a greater number of days to pupation than insects fed the lowest (0.1%, v/v) rate. Insects fed the 5% (v/v) rate of spent fermentation broth of isolates 11-98 and 3-00 had the longest days to pupation.     

Production of pectin lyase by Penicillium griseoroseum as a function of the inoculum and culture conditions

Optimum activity of an extracellular pectin lyase produced by Penicillium griseoroseum in submerged culture was after 120 h using 0.1% (w/v) citrus pectin as substrate. Sucrose at 0.1% (w/v) stimulated enzyme production and citrus pectin gave the highest activity of enzyme per unit growth.     

Yields of alginates produced by fluorescent pseudomonads in batch culture

Summary Saprophytic and plant pathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads are possible sources of bacterial alginates to be used as substitutes for algal alginates for certain commercial applications. In this study, a total of 115 strains of fluorescentPseudomonas species (P. cichorii, P. fiuorescens, P. syringae andP. viridiflava) were tested for yields of alginates when grown in batch culture in a proprietary liquid medium (PLM). The PLM contained either fructose or glucose (both at 5%, w/v) as the primary carbon and energy source. For comparison, selected strains were also grown in a modified Vogel and Bonner medium (MVBM) containing gluconate (5%, w/v) and formulated to support maximal alginate production by the human pathogenP. aeruginosa. After five days of incubation at 24°C with shaking (250–300 r.p.m.), alginates were harvested from the culture fluids by precipitation with three volumes of isopropanol. Maximum yields of alginates, based on assays for uronic acid content of precipitable material, were 5 g L^–1 for PLM with fructose, 3 g L^–1 for PLM with glucose and 9 g L^–1 for MVBM.Reference to a brand or firm name does not constitute an endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture over others of a similar nature not mentioned.     

Heterotrophic production of Chlorella sp. TISTR 8990—biomass growth and composition under various production conditions

The green microalga Chlorella sp. TISTR 8990 was grown heterotrophically in the dark using various concentrations of a basal glucose medium with a carbon‐to‐nitrogen mass ratio of 29:1. The final biomass concentration and the rate of growth were highest in the fivefold concentrated basal glucose medium (25 g L^?1 glucose, 2.5 g L^?1 KNO₃) in batch operations. Improving oxygen transfer in the culture by increasing the agitation rate and decreasing the culture volume in 500‐mL shake flasks improved growth and glucose utilization. A maximum biomass concentration of nearly 12 g L^?1 was obtained within 4 days at 300 rpm, 30°C, with a glucose utilization of nearly 76% in batch culture. The total fatty acid (TFA) content of the biomass and the TFA productivity were 102 mg g^?1 and 305 mg L^?1 day^?1, respectively. A repeated fed‐batch culture with four cycles of feeding with the fivefold concentrated medium in a 3‐L bioreactor was evaluated for biomass production. The total culture period was 11 days. A maximum biomass concentration of nearly 26 g L^?1 was obtained with a TFA productivity of 223 mg L^?1 day^?1. The final biomass contained (w/w) 13.5% lipids, 20.8% protein and 17.2% starch. Of the fatty acids produced, 52% (w/w) were saturated, 41% were monounsaturated and 7% were polyunsaturated (PUFA). A low content of PUFA in TFA feedstock is required for producing high quality biodiesel. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1589–1600, 2017