银杏胚珠发育进程的解剖学研究

以15 a生银杏(Ginkgo bilobaL.)品种‘佛指’(G.bilobacv.‘Fozhi’)为材料,观察了授粉后胚珠结构、雌配子体发育和种皮分化形成的过程。结果表明:(1)授粉后2 d胚珠已分化出珠心、珠被和珠托组织,珠被顶端形成直径为162.16μm的珠孔与540.54μm长的珠孔道,珠心组织顶端形成长约520.83μm、最大直径约125.06μm的瓶状贮粉室,花粉粒经珠孔道已到达贮粉室并在其中停留;(2)雌配子体的发育先后经历了游离核阶段(授粉后5~30 d)和细胞化阶段(授粉后30~45 d),之后在近珠孔端形成颈卵器,其余部分发育为胚乳薄壁细胞,其营养物质的积累高峰期为授粉后60~80 d;(3)种皮分化与形成分别经历珠被分化期(授粉期至授粉后30 d)、种皮分化期(授粉后30~50 d)、种皮形成初期(授粉后50~80 d)、种皮形成期(授粉后80~90 d)。     

银杏胚胎发育研究述评──兼论银杏系统发育

银杏胚胎发育研究述评──兼论银杏系统发育邢世岩,孙霞（山东省林业学校泰安２７１０００）ＡＲＥＶＩＥＷＯＮＴＨＥＥＭＢＲＹＯＬＯＧＹＯＦＧＩＮＫＧＯＢＯＬＯＢＡＷＩＴＨＡＤＩＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＰＨＹＴＯＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ￥Ｘｉ...     

An embryological study and systematic significance of the primitive gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba L.is considered one of the most ancient seed plants,with several primitive features of plant reproductive process.However,the phylogenetic position of Ginkgo and its relationship with other extant seed plants remain unclear.To gain a better understanding of these issues,we observed the embryological development of G.biloba using semi-thin sections and scanning electron microscopy.In late August,the zygote moved from the end of the micropylar to the middle of the archegonium,and mitosis resulted in many free nuclei distributed randomly in the archegonium.Afterwards,the cell wall was formed and the proembryo began to differentiate into the embryonal region and the underdeveloped presuspensor region.In early October,the embryo differentiated into two cotyledons,plumule,hypocotyl,radicle,and suspensor tissues.Subsequently,the two cotyledons grew rapidly,but the undeveloped suspensor began to degenerate and gradually disappear,indicating that the embryo had begun to mature.During early embryo development,the main supply of nutrients was carbohydrate in the cells of the jacket,tentpole,and surrounding endosperm,whereas endosperm provided nutrients during embryo maturation.Our results indicate that Ginkgo is extremely similar to cycads in terms of embryology but more similar to conifers in macromorphology and vegetative anatomy,suggesting that the Ginkgo lineage may have an intermediate phylogenetic position between cycads and conifers.     

HPLC法测定银杏叶征剂中决黄酮甙的含量

银杏 (ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬｉｎｎ .)叶提取物 (ＧＢＥ)是银杏叶经提取、分离而得的干浸膏 ,是银杏叶制剂的主要原料。药理及临床表明 ,它能增加冠状动脉血流量 ,可用于动脉硬化及高血压所致的冠状动脉供血不全、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、脑血栓、脑血管痉挛等症[1] 。其活性成分主要是黄酮类和萜内酯[2 ] 。银杏叶黄酮类成分的测定方法 ,有紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法 ,因前者专属性较差 ,现多数厂家均采用后者。高效液相色谱法测定总黄酮甙的含量时 ,在对照品的使用上 ,既有单用槲皮素 (ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ)为对照品的测定方法[3 ] ,…     

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the embryo‐fetal development in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an herbal medicine used for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and also vestibular disturbance. Some components of GBE have presented estrogenic effects and, in a previous study, high dosages of GBE caused intra‐uterine growth retardation in fetuses of Wistar rats treated during the fetogenesis period. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were treated, through gavage, with different dosages of aqueous GBE (3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/Kg/day), during the tubal transit and implantation period. Rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and the following parameters were evaluated: clinical symptoms of maternal toxicity; maternal body weight; feed and water intake; maternal liver, kidney, and ovary weights; number of corpora lutea; implants per group ratio; pre‐ and post‐implantation loss per group ratio; live fetuses mean; dead fetuses percentage; fetus and placenta weight per offspring ratio; and fetal external malformation. RESULTS: No significant alteration was found for both the maternal and embryonic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The GBE treatment in pregnant Wistar rats, during the tubal transit and implantation period, caused no toxic effect on the maternal organism and did not induce embryonic death, growth retardation, and/or fetal malformations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:133–138, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属。由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究。在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性。 研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异。但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率。这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关。研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.     

Isolation of RNA of high quality and yield from <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis> leaves

An improved protocol was developed to isolate total RNA in good yield and integrity from Ginkgo biloba leaves containing high levels of flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, carbohydrates and polyphenolic secondary metabolites. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone at 2% and β-mercaptoethanol at 4% were added to the standard CTAB extraction buffer and, after chloroform and phenol extraction, the pellet obtained by ethanol/acetate precipitation was washed and a second phenol/chloroform extraction was introduced to remove co-precipitated polysaccharides. Both A₂₆₀/A₂₃₀ and A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ absorbancy ratios of isolated RNA were around 2 and the yield was about 0.4 mg g^--1 fresh weight. At least seven distinct rRNA bands were detected by denaturing gel electrophoresis. Sharp hybridization signals were obtained from Northern blots with both nuclear and plastid gene probes. Two gene fragments: nuclear-encoded cab and chloroplast encoded rbcL were successfully amplified by RT-PCR, suggesting the integrity of isolated RNA. The total RNA isolated by this protocol is of sufficient quality for subsequent molecular applications.     

Sex-linked photosynthetic physiologic research and the evolutionary ecological analysis in living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba L.

Ginkgo is an ancient dioecious plant. At present, only Ginkgo biloba L. still exists as a living fossil plant. Botanists have studied it from different aspects in the world due to its unique characteristics. Plant sex physiological ecology is still a knowledge gap in plant ecology. This article measured the photosynthetic traits of adult male and female ginkgoes which grew in suitable environment condition. The result indicated that male and female ginkgoes had similar response to light. The light saturate points (LSP), light compensate point (LCP) and dark respiration rate (Rd) between male and female were also of insignificant differences. However, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of female ginkgo was significantly higher than male. From the view of evolution and through comparison with other gymnosperms and angiosperms, the photosynthetic capacity of ginkgo is not obviously lower than that of other plants. It gave us a clue that the photosynthetic capacity was not the direct reason, which restricted the distribution of ginkgo in the Tertiary.     

一株银杏内生真菌菌株的抑菌活性成分研究

从银杏叶柄分离筛选到具抗菌活性的内生真菌Colletotrichum.SP NTB-2菌株,利用硅胶柱色谱、制备高效液相色谱等方法在其发酵产物中分离到抗枯草芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等具有广谱抑菌活性的化合物,经MS、NMR等波谱数据确认该活性成分为芹菜素-8-C-葡萄糖苷(apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside),该化合物首次从真菌中分离得到。     

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属.由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究.在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性.研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异.但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率.这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关.研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.     

银杏雌性生殖器官发育过程的显微观察

对银杏(Ginkgo biloba)雌性生殖器官的发育过程进行了连续显微观察.结果表明:功能大孢子经过大约1个月的分裂形成约5000个游离核后开始细胞化.授粉后约45天近珠孔端两侧各产生1个颈卵器母细胞.授粉后约50天.颈卵器母细胞平周分裂形成初生颈细胞和中央细胞.授粉后约55天,初生颈细胞垂周分裂形成2个扁平状次生颈细胞,之后次生颈细胞体积逐渐增大并突入颈卵器腔.授粉后约130天,2个次生颈细胞斜向分裂形成4个颈细胞,中央细胞不均等分裂形成腹沟细胞和卵细胞.套细胞起源于颈卵器母细胞的周围细胞,授粉后70天至受精作用发生前,套细胞内不断积累营养物质,且套细胞与中央细胞间的细胞壁以及套细胞之间角隅处的细胞壁均出现明显增厚现象.在受精及胚胎早期发育过程中,套细胞内营养物质逐渐消失,细胞逐渐解体.授粉后55天,2个颈卵器之间的一些细胞向上突起形成帐篷柱,之后帐篷柱体积逐渐增加,并突入颈卵器腔.自授粉后120天至受精前帐篷柱细胞内开始积累大量营养物质,随后这些营养物质在受精过程中被逐渐消耗.到了原胚游离核后期,帐篷柱的顶端细胞发生变形并解体.     

银杏小孢子中的微核形成及其在进化过程中的意义

通过ＤＡＰＩ（４’,６－ｄｉａｍｉｄｉｎｏ－２－ｐｈｅｎｙｌｉｎｄｏｌｅ）染色的压片,对银杏小孢子的形成过程进行了观察,发现小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,有的细胞在中期Ｉ、中期Ⅱ时出现染色体排列异常和后期染色体桥等畸变。所形成的四分体中,具有一定数量的微核;个别植株的四分体中可有高达６．５％的微核;具微核的小孢子很可能败育。结合古植物方面的研究结果,银杏小孢子形成过程的这些异常规象为认识银杏的演化趋     

银杏药用物质的开发利用现状及其发展设想

本文概述了银杏叶的药理作用及其开发利用现状。目前,银杏药用物质的获取仍然是通过叶片提取这一途径,这同时存在地理环境、季节等诸多限制因素。而通过银杏组织、细胞培养获得其药用物质的技术研究刚刚起步,距离实际应用仍有相当的距离,但随着这项技术的不断发展,它不仅可用于生产银杏黄酮类和银杏内酯,而且有助于进一步研究银杏所含的特殊化学成分及其相关的代谢途径。     

Ginkgo biloba: The Ovuliferous Leaf and Its Phylogenetic Implication

This paper reports the occurrence of the ovuliferous leaves on a Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)growing in Longdong, Yiyuan County, Shandong Province. This phenomenon is discussed in connection with the history of Ginkgoales. It is believed that this discovery serves as an illustration of the hypothesis that the secondary apical position of ovules (Ginkgoales) is a modification of the marginal position (Pteridospermidae). Again, it probably leads to the assumption that, in Ginkgo, “the foliage leaves” bear some features of “thesporophylls” and they are derived from telomes.     

银杏胚珠贮粉室的早期发育

对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)胚珠贮粉室的早期发育过程以及珠心细胞死亡的细胞学机制进行了研究.DNA电泳出现DNA ladder和TUNEL标记说明参与形成贮粉室的珠心细胞死亡是程序性死亡(PCD)过程,并且显示出在贮粉室形成中,PCD的发生有一定的空间分布式样.结合扫描电镜观察,贮粉室的早期发育可分为4个阶段:起始事件是位于珠孔端的3至4层珠心细胞纵向伸长;接着,位于珠心组织最上部(珠孔端)的珠心细胞启始死亡;然后,这些已经纵向伸长的珠心细胞向基地和侧向地逐渐死亡,形成一个空腔;最后,珠孔端珠心表皮细胞以开裂的方式与其余表皮细胞脱离而形成贮粉室的开口.大孢子母细胞时期,贮粉室尚未发生;四分体阶段,贮粉室已经开始形成;到雌配子体发育时期,贮粉室已经完全产生.反映大孢子发育和贮粉室发生的同步性.     

银杏外种皮中银杏酸的分离方法

本文简单介绍了一种从银杏外种皮中分离银杏酸的方法,使用了皂化和酯化反应为后的两次柱层析分离提供便利条件。     

高压静电场对银杏愈伤组织生长的影响

银杏愈伤组织经１ ．０ｋＶ／ ｃｍ 强度的高压静电处理后, 愈伤组织生长速率提高, 超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 活性和蛋白质及糖含量增加,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ） 和吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ） 氧化酶活性下降。实验表明,正高压静电场促进银杏愈伤组织细胞的生长,与ＨＶＥＦ 影响体内ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ 和ＩＡＡ 氧化酶活性以及蛋白质和糖含量的变化相关     

银杏胚珠贮粉室的早期发育

对银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)胚珠贮粉室的早期发育过程以及珠心细胞死亡的细胞学机制进行了研究。DNA电泳出现DNAladder和TUNEL标记说明参与形成贮粉室的珠心细胞死亡是程序性死亡 (PCD)过程 ,并且显示出在贮粉室形成中 ,PCD的发生有一定的空间分布式样。结合扫描电镜观察 ,贮粉室的早期发育可分为 4个阶段 :起始事件是位于珠孔端的 3至 4层珠心细胞纵向伸长 ;接着 ,位于珠心组织最上部 (珠孔端 )的珠心细胞启始死亡 ;然后 ,这些已经纵向伸长的珠心细胞向基地和侧向地逐渐死亡 ,形成一个空腔 ;最后 ,珠孔端珠心表皮细胞以开裂的方式与其余表皮细胞脱离而形成贮粉室的开口。大孢子母细胞时期 ,贮粉室尚未发生 ;四分体阶段 ,贮粉室已经开始形成 ;到雌配子体发育时期 ,贮粉室已经完全产生。反映大孢子发育和贮粉室发生的同步性。     

湖北大洪山地区银杏的初步研究

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)系现存种子植物中最古老的植物。它不仅可提供著名的干果,而且能提供优良的特种用材,广泛用于庭园绿化,并提炼一系列防治心血管、脑血管疾病的重要药材。我们于1988年6月对大洪山地区(行政区划上包括大洪山、随州市     

银杏分子技术的研究进展

综述了近些年来分子技术在银杏研究中的应用情况,对银杏的遗传多样性、进化地位、品种鉴别、遗传连锁图谱、雌雄鉴别及其它相关研究进展进行了介绍,并对当前研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向作了进一步探讨。