Water salinity and inundation control soil carbon decomposition during salt marsh restoration: An incubation experiment

Coastal wetlands are a significant carbon (C) sink since they store carbon in anoxic soils. This ecosystem service is impacted by hydrologic alteration and management of these coastal habitats. Efforts to restore tidal flow to former salt marshes have increased in recent decades and are generally associated with alteration of water inundation levels and salinity. This study examined the effect of water level and salinity changes on soil organic matter decomposition during a 60‐day incubation period. Intact soil cores from impounded fresh water marsh and salt marsh were incubated after addition of either sea water or fresh water under flooded and drained water levels. Elevating fresh water marsh salinity to 6 to 9 ppt enhanced CO₂ emission by 50%?80% and most typically decreased CH₄ emissions, whereas, decreasing the salinity from 26 ppt to 19 ppt in salt marsh soils had no effect on CO₂ or CH₄ fluxes. The effect from altering water levels was more pronounced with drained soil cores emitting ~10‐fold more CO₂ than the flooded treatment in both marsh sediments. Draining soil cores also increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Stable carbon isotope analysis of CO₂ generated during the incubations of fresh water marsh cores in drained soils demonstrates that relict peat OC that accumulated when the marsh was saline was preferentially oxidized when sea water was introduced. This study suggests that restoration of tidal flow that raises the water level from drained conditions would decrease aerobic decomposition and enhance C sequestration. It is also possible that the restoration would increase soil C decomposition of deeper deposits by anaerobic oxidation, however this impact would be minimal compared to lower emissions expected due to the return of flooding conditions.     

若尔盖退化高寒草甸土壤团聚体结合有机碳的变化

选取若尔盖沼泽化草甸及其不同退化程度为研究对象,利用湿筛法进行团聚体分级,并测定各组分有机碳含量,研究了高寒草甸退化对土壤有机碳(SOC,Soil Organic Carbon)、团聚体以及团聚体结合有机碳(OC,Organic Carbon)的影响,旨在从土壤团聚体及其内部组成的角度去解析SOC的变化特征及机制。结果显示：1)退化使大团聚体比例降低且内部组成改变,团聚体稳定性降低。2)退化使各粒级团聚体及大团聚体内部组分结合OC含量均显著降低。3)大团聚体及其内部粗颗粒有机质中OC储量减少是退化中土壤有机碳流失的主要形式,微团聚体、闭蓄态微团聚体和闭蓄态黏粉粒中OC储量随退化增加。4)退化显著降低了高寒草甸SOC含量和储量,表层(0—10 cm)SOC含量变化主要决定于微团聚体和大团聚体OC含量,亚表层(10—20 cm)SOC含量主要受大团聚体OC含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)影响;对于SOC储量,团聚体MWD是表层SOC储量的最重要影响因素,而亚表层SOC储量取决于团聚体组成、土壤理化性质和大团聚体OC含量的综合作用。研究结果表明,改善土壤团聚体组成和稳定性,增加大团聚体有机...     

植被恢复对退化红壤团聚体稳定性及碳分布的影响

土壤有机碳对土壤团聚体的形成与稳定具有重要影响.研究了植被恢复对侵蚀退化红壤团聚体稳定性的影响,在此基础上探讨了有机碳在团聚体中的分布及有机碳与团聚体稳定性的关系.红壤侵蚀裸地大团聚体水稳定性程度低,植被恢复后大团聚体稳定性显著提高.裸地各级团聚体有机碳含量基本相似,植被恢复后,有机物质输入的增加促进了团聚体的形成,从而改变了土壤团聚体有机碳含量和分配比例.大团聚体对有机碳具有一定的富集作用,有机碳含量高于全土和微团聚体、粉粒及粘粒有机碳含量,大团聚体有机碳恢复速度也快于微团聚体以及粉粒与粘粒有机碳的恢复速度.植被恢复使裸地0～10cm土层大团聚体有机碳占总有机碳的比例从15%左右增加到32%～42%.土壤中增加的有机碳约41%～51%储存在大团聚体中,24%～38%储存在微团聚体中,20%～31%储存在粉粒及粘粒中.团聚体稳定性的增强与土壤有机碳含量密切相关,植被恢复时间越长,土壤有机碳含量越高,土壤团聚体水稳性程度也越好.     

Carbon stocks,sequestration, and emissions of wetlands in south eastern Australia

Nontidal wetlands are estimated to contribute significantly to the soil carbon pool across the globe. However, our understanding of the occurrence and variability of carbon storage between wetland types and across regions represents a major impediment to the ability of nations to include wetlands in greenhouse gas inventories and carbon offset initiatives. We performed a large‐scale survey of nontidal wetland soil carbon stocks and accretion rates from the state of Victoria in south‐eastern Australia—a region spanning 237,000 km² and containing >35,000 temperate, alpine, and semi‐arid wetlands. From an analysis of >1,600 samples across 103 wetlands, we found that alpine wetlands had the highest carbon stocks (290 ± 180 Mg C_org ha^?1), while permanent open freshwater wetlands and saline wetlands had the lowest carbon stocks (110 ± 120 and 60 ± 50 Mg C_org ha^?1, respectively). Permanent open freshwater sites sequestered on average three times more carbon per year over the last century than shallow freshwater marshes (2.50 ± 0.44 and 0.79 ± 0.45 Mg C_org ha^?1 year^?1, respectively). Using this data, we estimate that wetlands in Victoria have a soil carbon stock in the upper 1 m of 68 million tons of C_org, with an annual soil carbon sequestration rate of 3 million tons of CO₂ eq. year^?1—equivalent to the annual emissions of about 3% of the state's population. Since European settlement (~1834), drainage and loss of 260,530 ha of wetlands may have released between 20 and 75 million tons CO₂ equivalents (based on 27%–90% of soil carbon converted to CO₂). Overall, we show that despite substantial spatial variability within wetland types, some wetland types differ in their carbon stocks and sequestration rates. The duration of water inundation, plant community composition, and allochthonous carbon inputs likely play an important role in influencing variation in carbon storage.     

长江口崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地土壤碳储量的空间格局

盐沼湿地在缓解温室效应和应对气候变化方面发挥着重要作用,是重要的"蓝碳"生态系统。储存在盐沼湿地土壤中的有机碳(SOC)是盐沼湿地碳汇的主要成分,但受植被覆盖、土壤环境等生境要素变化的显著影响。以长江口崇明岛周缘的盐沼湿地为典型研究区域,分别测量了环岛不同样线和不同植被区SOC含量及环境因子(盐度、容重、碳氮比(C/N)等),在此基础上分析了盐沼湿地SOC储量的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地SOC含量和储量均存在明显的空间异质性,北侧的土壤SOC含量高于南侧,东北侧的SOC储量高于西南侧区域;(2)垂直各层上,SOC含量呈现随土层深度增加逐渐减少的趋势,表层0-50 cm深度的单位面积SOC储量大于50-100 cm深度;(3)植物类型和土壤理化因素(土壤C/N、土壤盐度、土壤容重等)在一定程度上影响了崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地土壤碳储量的空间格局。研究表明,受河口区植被和土壤理化性质等多种因素空间异质性的共同影响,盐沼湿地土壤SOC储量格局也易呈现空间差异,因此在开展盐沼湿地储碳机制研究、科学评估盐沼湿地储碳能力及实现盐沼"蓝碳"固碳增汇时应充分考虑区域间的环境和生态的空间异质性特征。     

Carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in a restored versus historic salt marsh in southern Puget Sound,Washington, United States

Few comparisons exist between vertical accretion (VA) and carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in restored versus historic (i.e. reference) marshes. Here, we compare these processes in a formerly diked, sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh (Six Gill Slough, SG), whose surface is subsided relative to the tidal frame, to an adjacent, relatively pristine, historic salt marsh (Animal Slough, AS). Six sediment cores were collected at both AS and SG approximately 6 years after restoration. Cores were analyzed for bulk density (BD), % loss of ignition, % organic carbon, and ²¹⁰Pb. We found that sharp changes in BD in surface layers of SG cores were highly reliable markers for the onset of restoration. The mean VA since restoration at SG (0.79 [SD = 0.29] cm/year) was approximately twice that of AS (0.41 [SD = 0.16] cm/year). In comparison, the VA at AS over 50 years was 0.30 (SD = 0.09) cm/year. VA consisted almost entirely of inorganic sediment at SG whereas at AS it was approximately 55%. Mean CARs at SG were somewhat greater than at AS, but the difference was not significant due to high variability (SG: 81–210 g C m^?2 year^?1; AS: 115–168 g C m^?2 year^?1). The mean CAR at AS over the past 50 years was 118 (SD = 23) g C m^?2 year^?1. This study demonstrates that a sparsely vegetated, restored salt marsh can quickly begin to accumulate carbon and that historic and restored marshes can have similar CARs despite highly divergent formation processes.     

滇中退化山地不同植被恢复下土壤碳氮磷储量与生态化学计量特征

植被恢复对土壤营养元素的存赋及其生态化学计量特征的影响广受关注,为了深入了解不同植被恢复类型下土壤碳、氮、磷储量与生态化学计量特征,选择滇中地区退化山地飒马场流域具有代表性的4种不同修复阶段的典型植被(荒坡灌草丛、云南松林、针阔混交林和次生常绿阔叶林)为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下不同深度土壤中有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)储量和化学计量变化特征。结果表明,退化山地的植被恢复显著改变土壤碳氮磷储存能力和化学计量比,这种改变作用整体上随土壤深度增加而降低。其中,在0—60 cm土层上,SOC储量在次生常绿阔叶林最高,达123.41 t/hm²,其次是针阔混交林(115.69 t/hm²)和云南松林(93.08 t/hm²),荒坡灌草丛(89.56 t/hm²)最低;TN储量针阔混交林(4.91 t/hm²)>次生常绿阔叶林(4.58 t/hm²)>云南松林(4.43 t/hm²)>荒坡灌草丛(3.98 ...     

Primary production and biomass on a Dutch salt marsh: emphasis on the below-ground component

The primary production and below-ground biomass of angiosperms were measured in four almost monospecific vegetation stands situated on a salt marsh along the Oosterschelde estuary, The Netherlands. Maximum below-ground biomass values found for Spartina anglica, Elymus pycnanthus, Halimione portulacoides and Triglochin maritima, were very high relative to values reported from other European salt marshes: 12 586, 9 717, 17 737 and 16 121 g m^-2 respectively. These relatively high values may be due to the fineness of the sieve used, compared to other studies. The actual values are likely to be even higher because the sample treatment has probably caused loss of fine root material. Below-ground production estimates, based on the difference between maximum and minimum biomass, yielded: 6 044 g m^-2 yr^-1 for Spartina, 4 421 g m^-2 yr^-1 for Elymus, 7 799 g m^-2 yr^-1 for Halimione and 3 475 g m^-2 yr^-1 for Triglochin. This high production is mainly concentrated in the deeper layers of the root environment (20–60 cm). Although these production figures are considerably higher than those generally reported for comparable species or vegetation types in Europe, statistical evidence suggests that, for the first three species, they are real values rather than figures caused by random fluctuations.     

氮输入对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环关键过程的影响及机制

滨海盐沼湿地是缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇, 但是近岸海域富营养化导致的大量氮输入对盐沼湿地稳定性和碳汇功能构成严重威胁。潮汐作用下大量氮输入对盐沼湿地植物光合碳输入、植物-土壤碳分配和土壤碳输出等碳循环关键过程产生深刻影响, 进而影响盐沼湿地碳汇功能评估的准确性。该文从植物光合固碳、植物-土壤系统碳分配、土壤有机碳分解、土壤可溶性有机碳释放、盐沼湿地土壤碳库5个方面综述了氮输入对盐沼湿地碳循环关键过程的影响。在此基础上, 针对当前研究的不足, 提出今后的研究中, 需要进一步探究氮输入对盐沼湿地植物光合固碳及碳分配过程的影响、盐沼湿地土壤有机碳分解的微生物机制、盐沼湿地土壤可溶性有机碳产生和横向流动的影响、以及氮类型对盐沼湿地土壤碳库的影响。以期为揭示氮输入对盐沼湿地碳汇形成过程与机制提供基础资料和理论依据, 为评估未来近岸海域水体富营养化影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳库的潜在变化提供新思路。     

新疆塔里木河下游灌丛地上生物量及其空间分布

对塔里木河下游断流河道2004年7个地下水监测断面和19个植被样地的实测监测资料分析得出灌木生物量在空间分布的变化特征。在分析中分别选取了3个指标：灌木总生物量、多枝柽柳和刚毛柽柳的生物量。研究发现在纵向和横向上3项指标均呈现先增加后减小的单峰形式变化。在纵向上分别对3项指标在距离河道0～200m和200—400m范围内的分布情况进行比较,发现灌木在距离河道200～400m样地内分布占到总量近70％;横向上灌木生物量的最大值出现在距离河道450m的样地内。总体来看,对于两个优势物种,由于两个物种生理生态特性的差异对于异质性环境的适应能力也不同,导致分布状况也各异。多枝柽柳有较广的生态适应性,因此广泛分布于塔里木河下游的各个环境梯度上,而刚毛柽柳对水盐条件的要求较高,仅分布在其中个别断面。影响灌木生物量变化的主要因子是地下水埋深,当地下水埋深小于5m时,柽柳处于良好生长状态;当地下水埋深大于6m后,柽柳的生长受到抑制,开始朝衰败方向发展。浅层土壤含水对于植物吸收利用水分而言意义不大,同时由于优势种柽柳具有独特的抗盐和适盐机制,该区的盐分对柽柳的生长也不构成威胁。本文旨在通过分析塔里木河下游灌木生物量变化特征及其影响因子,为干旱、半干旱地区植被的恢复和保护提供了理论依据。     

辽河三角洲河口芦苇沼泽湿地植被固碳潜力

增加陆地生态系统碳汇是一种有效应对CO2浓度升高的措施。河口湿地是一类特殊的陆地生态系统,是生产力最高的生态系统之一。研究河口湿地的固碳潜力对准确评估河口湿地碳汇、发挥和提高湿地固碳功能具有重要意义。通过野外调查和数值模型,量化研究了辽河三角洲河口沼泽湿地的植被固碳潜力。根据区域的实际情况,将植被的固碳潜力分为湿地演替、人工灌溉苇田和气候变化的潜力。研究结果表明辽河三角洲河口沼泽湿地植被具有很高的固碳潜力,翅碱蓬(Suaeda pterantha)群落扩张每年可递增固碳潜力0.053—0.07Gg C,滩涂转变为芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽每年可递增固碳潜力0.07Gg C,芦苇、獐毛草甸(Aeluropus sinensis)演替为芦苇沼泽的固碳潜力为17.2 Gg C/a,通过灌溉管理措施,芦苇沼泽的固碳潜力为474.6—544.6 Gg C/a。根据未来气候变化情景和预测结果,到2030年、2050年、2100年,芦苇沼泽湿地的固碳潜力分别为576.9—655.1Gg C/a,603.3—684.1Gg C/a,680.9—769.4Gg C/a,其中由人工灌溉苇田的潜力最大。     

基于CASA模型的长江口崇明东滩湿地植被净初级生产力与固碳潜力

湿地生态系统具有很强的储碳、固碳能力,在全球碳循环中占有重要地位.为了解盐沼的固碳能力,以崇明东滩南部典型盐沼潮沟体系为对象,结合实验观测与遥感影像解译,估算了盐沼湿地的净初级生产力,并探讨了环境变化下盐沼湿地固碳潜力的变化.结果 表明:盐沼植物净初级生产力表现出显著的时空差异,时间差异体现在年际和季节差异,即2013...     

Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US

Understanding the terrestrial carbon budget, in particular the strength of the terrestrial carbon sink, is important in the context of global climate change. Considerable attention has been given to woody encroachment in the western US and the role it might play as a carbon sink; however, in many parts of the western US the reverse process is also occurring. The conversion of woody shrublands to annual grasslands involves the invasion of non-native cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ) which in turn leads to increased frequency and extent of fires. We compared carbon storage in adjacent plots of invasive grassland and native shrubland. We scaled-up the impact of this ecosystem shift using regional maps of the current invasion and of the risk of future invasion. The expansion of cheatgrass within the Great Basin has released an estimated 8±3 Tg C to the atmosphere, and will likely release another 50±20 Tg C in the coming decades. This ecosystem conversion has changed portions of the western US from a carbon sink to a source, making previous estimates of a western carbon sink almost certainly spurious. The growing importance of invasive species in driving land cover changes may substantially change future estimates of US terrestrial carbon storage.     

Rapid carbon turnover beneath shrub and tree vegetation is associated with low soil carbon stocks at a subarctic treeline

Climate warming at high northern latitudes has caused substantial increases in plant productivity of tundra vegetation and an expansion of the range of deciduous shrub species. However significant the increase in carbon (C) contained within above‐ground shrub biomass, it is modest in comparison with the amount of C stored in the soil in tundra ecosystems. Here, we use a ‘space‐for‐time’ approach to test the hypothesis that a shift from lower‐productivity tundra heath to higher‐productivity deciduous shrub vegetation in the sub‐Arctic may lead to a loss of soil C that out‐weighs the increase in above‐ground shrub biomass. We further hypothesize that a shift from ericoid to ectomycorrhizal systems coincident with this vegetation change provides a mechanism for the loss of soil C. We sampled soil C stocks, soil surface CO₂ flux rates and fungal growth rates along replicated natural transitions from birch forest (Betula pubescens), through deciduous shrub tundra (Betula nana) to tundra heaths (Empetrum nigrum) near Abisko, Swedish Lapland. We demonstrate that organic horizon soil organic C (SOC_org) is significantly lower at shrub (2.98 ± 0.48 kg m^?2) and forest (2.04 ± 0.25 kg m^?2) plots than at heath plots (7.03 ± 0.79 kg m^?2). Shrub vegetation had the highest respiration rates, suggesting that despite higher rates of C assimilation, C turnover was also very high and less C is sequestered in the ecosystem. Growth rates of fungal hyphae increased across the transition from heath to shrub, suggesting that the action of ectomycorrhizal symbionts in the scavenging of organically bound nutrients is an important pathway by which soil C is made available to microbial degradation. The expansion of deciduous shrubs onto potentially vulnerable arctic soils with large stores of C could therefore represent a significant positive feedback to the climate system.     

中国天然林资源保护工程温室气体排放及净固碳能力

基于天然林资源保护工程(简称天保工程)一期(2000—2010年)营造林过程工程边界内碳排放和边界外碳泄漏的计算,分析了天保工程及各区域碳排放和碳泄漏年际变化及影响因素,对比了天保工程及各区域碳排放和碳泄漏的组成特征,研究了天保工程及各区域净固碳量的变化特征。结果表明:天保工程一期西北、中西部地区、南部地区、东北地区和天保工程的碳排放分别为0.89、1.47、0.09、2.45 Tg C;碳泄漏分别为3.17、3.11、6.50、12.78 Tg C。工程措施和碳排放强度的区域性差异导致各区域碳排放组成特征不同。造林及配套森林基础设施建设是西北、中西部地区和南部地区最大的工程措施碳排放;新造林及森林管护是东北地区最大的工程措施碳排放。相应地,各种物资消耗中,建材是西北、中西部地区和南部地区最大的物资碳排放;燃油是东北地区最大的物资碳排放。天保工程在工程边界内外引起的额外温室气体排放量达到15.23 Tg C,抵消了工程固碳效益的9.82%;在西北、中西部地区、南部地区和东北地区的抵消作用分别为10.08%、8.16%和11.24%。天保工程一期净固碳量为139.77 Tg C,年均净固碳量为12.71 Tg C/a。因此,碳排放和碳泄漏对天保工程固碳的抵消较小,工程一期在我国温室气体减排和减缓全球气候变暖上做出了巨大贡献。避免工程基础设施的盲目建设和对工程进行合理规划是减少温室气体排放的可能途径。     

长江口盐沼植被生境内斑尾刺虾虎鱼食性特征

根据2015年5月至2016年4月在长江口东滩盐沼湿地水域采集的斑尾刺虾虎鱼样本数据,分析了该生境斑尾刺虾虎鱼的生物学和食性特征。结果表明:共采集到斑尾刺虾虎鱼186尾,其中6—8月采集的数量较高,而其他月份较低。约96%个体为幼体(平均体长109 mm),平均摄食等级为1.5。斑尾刺虾虎鱼主要摄食虾类(IRI(%)=69.05)、鱼类(IRI(%)=17.31)、蟹类(IRI(%)=11.51)和双壳类(IRI(%)=0.95)等11大类41小类饵料生物;虾类作为最重要的饵料类别,其生物量、数量和出现频次百分比均排列第一,以安氏白虾(Exopalaemon annandalei)、日本沼虾Macrobrachium nipponense)、长额刺糠虾(Acanthomysis longirostris)等虾类为主要饵料。鱼类饵料中,以大鳍弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus)、大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus valenciennes)等虾虎鱼科鱼类为主要饵料。各月平均饱满指数P(%)波动较大,6—11月呈逐渐增加趋势。随着体长的增加,饵料组成中鱼类的比例呈逐渐增高趋势,成体个体的饵料中鱼类的生物量比例达65%以上,虾类的比例则下降明显。6—8月斑尾刺虾虎鱼白天样本中鱼类饵料的重量百分比显著高于夜晚(P0.01),约是夜晚的8倍;但虾类则是夜晚显著高于白天(P0.01),约是白天的2倍,而蟹类饵料的昼夜差异不显著。从等级聚类(即组平均法)的分类方法可知,斑尾刺虾虎鱼各体长组食物组成在10%相似性水平上可分为3类,即41—60、61—180 mm和181—200 mm。从营养生态位宽度来看,41—60 mm体长组生态位宽度值为0.86,而61—120 mm体长组随着体长的增大而增大,但121—160 mm体长组生态位有所降低。盐沼生境丰富的饵料环境为斑尾刺虾虎鱼提供了良好的摄食场所,同时盐沼植被茂密的植株也可为幼体提供躲避捕食者的最佳庇护所,初步证明盐沼对于斑尾刺虾虎鱼具有重要的生境价值。     

内蒙古退化荒漠草原土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量的季节变化

为探明荒漠草原土壤有机碳（SOC）和微生物生物量碳（MBC）含量特征,分别在内蒙古达茂旗、四子王旗和苏尼特右旗设置样地,依次代表轻度、中度和重度退化草地,分析了不同样地表层土壤(0～20 cm)SOC和MBC含量变化及季节动态.结果表明：退化草地SOC和MBC含量均随草地退化程度增加而减小;除2006年夏季外,轻度、中度退化荒漠草地的土壤可培养微生物总数都高于重度退化荒漠草地;MBC含量和土壤可培养微生物总数均在夏秋季较高,春冬季较低.相关分析结果显示,SOC含量与MBC含量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,说明两者均可作为评价荒漠草原草地退化的敏感指标.     

Effects of seasonality,transport pathway,and spatial structure on greenhouse gas fluxes in a restored wetland

Wetlands can influence global climate via greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Few studies have quantified the full GHG budget of wetlands due to the high spatial and temporal variability of fluxes. We report annual open‐water diffusion and ebullition fluxes of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O from a restored emergent marsh ecosystem. We combined these data with concurrent eddy‐covariance measurements of whole‐ecosystem CO₂ and CH₄ exchange to estimate GHG fluxes and associated radiative forcing effects for the whole wetland, and separately for open‐water and vegetated cover types. Annual open‐water CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions were 915 ± 95 g C‐CO₂ m^?2 yr^?1, 2.9 ± 0.5 g C‐CH₄ m^?2 yr^?1, and 62 ± 17 mg N‐N₂O m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. Diffusion dominated open‐water GHG transport, accounting for >99% of CO₂ and N₂O emissions, and ~71% of CH₄ emissions. Seasonality was minor for CO₂ emissions, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes displayed strong and asynchronous seasonal dynamics. Notably, the overall radiative forcing of open‐water fluxes (3.5 ± 0.3 kg CO₂‐eq m^?2 yr^?1) exceeded that of vegetated zones (1.4 ± 0.4 kg CO₂‐eq m^?2 yr^?1) due to high ecosystem respiration. After scaling results to the entire wetland using object‐based cover classification of remote sensing imagery, net uptake of CO₂ (?1.4 ± 0.6 kt CO₂‐eq yr^?1) did not offset CH₄ emission (3.7 ± 0.03 kt CO₂‐eq yr^?1), producing an overall positive radiative forcing effect of 2.4 ± 0.3 kt CO₂‐eq yr^?1. These results demonstrate clear effects of seasonality, spatial structure, and transport pathway on the magnitude and composition of wetland GHG emissions, and the efficacy of multiscale flux measurement to overcome challenges of wetland heterogeneity.     

The Net Landscape Carbon Balance—Integrating terrestrial and aquatic carbon fluxes in a managed boreal forest landscape in Sweden

The boreal biome exchanges large amounts of carbon (C) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) with the atmosphere and thus significantly affects the global climate. A managed boreal landscape consists of various sinks and sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) across forests, mires, lakes, and streams. Due to the spatial heterogeneity, large uncertainties exist regarding the net landscape carbon balance (NLCB). In this study, we compiled terrestrial and aquatic fluxes of CO₂, CH₄, DOC, DIC, and harvested C obtained from tall‐tower eddy covariance measurements, stream monitoring, and remote sensing of biomass stocks for an entire boreal catchment (~68 km²) in Sweden to estimate the NLCB across the land–water–atmosphere continuum. Our results showed that this managed boreal forest landscape was a net C sink (NLCB = 39 g C m^?2 year^?1) with the landscape–atmosphere CO₂ exchange being the dominant component, followed by the C export via harvest and streams. Accounting for the global warming potential of CH₄, the landscape was a GHG sink of 237 g CO₂‐eq m^?2 year^?1, thus providing a climate‐cooling effect. The CH₄ flux contribution to the annual GHG budget increased from 0.6% during spring to 3.2% during winter. The aquatic C loss was most significant during spring contributing 8% to the annual NLCB. We further found that abiotic controls (e.g., air temperature and incoming radiation) regulated the temporal variability of the NLCB whereas land cover types (e.g., mire vs. forest) and management practices (e.g., clear‐cutting) determined their spatial variability. Our study advocates the need for integrating terrestrial and aquatic fluxes at the landscape scale based on tall‐tower eddy covariance measurements combined with biomass stock and stream monitoring to develop a holistic understanding of the NLCB of managed boreal forest landscapes and to better evaluate their potential for mitigating climate change.     

Ecosystem CO2 exchange and plant biomass in the littoral zone of a boreal eutrophic lake

• 1 In order to study the dynamics of primary production and decomposition in the lake littoral, an interface zone between the pelagial, the catchment and the atmosphere, we measured ecosystem/atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange in the littoral zone of an eutrophic boreal lake in Finland during two open water periods (1998–1999). We reconstructed the seasonal net CO₂ exchange and identified the key factors controlling CO₂ dynamics. The seasonal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was related to the amount of carbon accumulated in plant biomass.
• 2 In the continuously inundated zones, spatial and temporal variation in the density of aerial shoots controlled CO₂ fluxes, but seasonal net exchange was in most cases close to zero. The lower flooded zone had a net CO₂ uptake of 1.8–6.2 mol m^?2 per open water period, but the upper flooded zone with the highest photosynthetic capacity and above‐ground plant biomass, had a net CO₂ loss of 1.1–7.1 mol m^?2 per open water period as a result of the high respiration rate. The excess of respiration can be explained by decomposition of organic matter produced on site in previous years or leached from the catchment.
• 3 Our results from the two study years suggest that changes in phenology and water level were the prime cause of the large interannual difference in NEE in the littoral zone. Thus, the littoral is a dynamic buffer and source for the load of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon to small lakes.