ERRATA

Delete: J. Ineffective nodule with outer cells filled with ared pigment (x40) Insert: J . Coiled, branched and swollen root hairs in the axilof laterals, with no infection threads (x 100). Delete: C, G Insert: C, E, F. Insert: D. Latus hispidus Delete: D, E. Coiled, branched, and swollen root hairs in theaxils of laterals with no infection threads. Insert: D. Ineffective nodules of L. hispidus with outer cellsfilled with a red pigment (x40). Delete: F. Insert: E Delete: G. Insert: F. Abstract, 4th Line: Delete: 40 ?C Insert: 4 ?C Please.note equation (3) on page 959 should read V₂ = V₁ l?27^{(T₂ - T₁)} and NOT: V₂ = V₁ (l?27)T₁ - T₂ as printed.     

Addenda Clavariacea. III

1. The following noveltiea are described, with notes on otherspecies of their genera : Aphelaria subgen. Tremellodendropsis for the A. tuberosa alliancewith subtremellaceous basidia: A. amboinensis (Lév.)comb. nov. Chaetotyphula gelatinosa sp. nov. and C. tetraspora sp. nov.from Tropical America, whence C. hyalina (Jungh.) Corner isalso recorded. Clavariadelphus junceus (Fr.) Corner is recorded from Brazil. Mucronella flava sp. nov. from Iowa. Phaeoapheloria austra1iensis gen. et sp. nov. is intermediatebetween Aphelaria and stereoid fungi. Pistillaria trispora sp. nov. from Iowa: P. tucumanensis (Speg.)comb. nov. for Typhula tucumanensis Speg. Phistillina calyx Heim is excluded as marasmioid. 2. The Physalacria-subseriea is reviewed, and the followingare described aa new: Hormomitaria albidula sp. nov. from Brazil Pseudotyhula gen. nov. from West Africa: P. ochracea sp. nov.as the typespecies : P. tenuipes (Lloyd) comb. nov. (= Mucronellatenuipes Lloyd).     

Chromatic Regulation of Cytochrome Composition and Electron Transfer from Cytochrome b6-f Complex to Photosystem I in Anacystis nidulans (Tx 20)

Cytochrome composition of the cyanobacterial photosyntheticsystem was studied with Anacystis nidulans (Tx 20) in relationto the chromatic regulation of photosystem composition. Comparisonof cytochrome compositions in cells with a high PS I/II ratio(3.0, grown under weak orange light) and with a low ratio (1.6,grown under weak red light) indicated that cytochrome compositionwas also changed in the chromatic regulation of photosystemcomposition. Two types of cytochrome change were observed: 1)contents of cytochromes C₅₅₃ and c₅₄₈ were changed in parallelwith the changes in PS I content, and 2) cytochrome b₅₅₃ andcytochrome b₆-f complex were held at a constant molar ratioto PS II. The molar ratio, PS II : cytochrome b₅₅₉ : cytochromeb₆-f complex : cytochrome c₅₅₃ : PS I : cytochrome C₅₄₈, inthe red-grown cells was 1 : 2.5 : 1.3 : 0.17 : 1.6 : 0.67, andthe ratio in the orange-grown cells, 1:2.4:0.9:0.32:3.0:1.2.In both types of cells, almost all cytochrome f in the cytochromeb₆-f complex was rapidly oxidized after multiple flash activation,indicating that all cytochrome b₆-f complexes in cells of bothtypes are functionally connected to PS I, even when the molarratio to PS I is largely changed. The content of cytochromeC₅₅₃ was at most 0.14 of PS I, suggesting that the cytochrometurns over several times per one turnover of PS I. ¹Present address: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,Tokyo Metropolitan University, Fukazawa 2-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo158, Japan. (Received January 20, 1986; Accepted March 17, 1986)     

线性和指数回归方法对土壤呼吸CO2扩散速率估算的影响

 理论上,土壤呼吸通量的量值可以通过观测土壤呼吸CO₂扩散速率(əc/ət)计算得到。但是为获得əc/ət,通常须允许土壤呼吸箱内CO₂浓度升高,因此,如何估算外界大气CO₂浓度条件下的əc/ət是土壤呼吸观测技术的关键,关系到观测结果的准确性。通常əc/ət的估算会受土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度(即土壤呼吸箱内CO₂扩散梯度和大气CO₂浓度昼夜变化)的影响。目前,线性回归方法是土壤呼吸观测中估算əc/ət的基本方法。然而,常用的线性回 归方法会低估əc/ət,而指数回归方法则可以准确地估算əc/ət。夜间əc/ət的变化与大气CO₂ 浓度之间存在非常明显的负相关关系。夜间土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度的减小导致线性回归方法明显低估əc/ət。əc/ət的昼夜变化过程存在明显的非对称性现象,而指数回归方法可以更好地描述əc/ət昼夜变化的非对称性响应。     

ERRATUM

The publishers apologize for the following errors, which appearedin Plant Geosensors by L. J. Audus (pp. 1051–1073): Page 1058, line 9: the expression should read P = (L²/D)/(l/q) Page 1068, paragraph (c) line 11: should read ‘reticulum, which was fairly uniformly peripheralin vertical roots, aggregated on the’     

Use of a Disarmed Ri Plasmid Vector in Analysis of Transformed Root Induction

Nicotiana glauca, N. tabacum, Solanian dulcamara and S. nigrumwere transformed by Agrobacteriun rhizogenes strain BN1010 (TL^–TR⁺).The TR-DNA stimulated agropine-positive root induction and wastransformation competent in the absence of the TL-DNA. An unusualpattern of root induction was seen when stem explants were inoculatedwith this strain; occasionally, agropine-positive roots wereinduced at the inoculation sites, but prolific agropine-negativeroots were formed in profusion down the stems. The utility ofBN1010 as an efficient co-integrating vector was demonstratedby the separate transfer of a fragment containing rol ABC (BN1010::pEM15) and of a chimeric nopaline synthase-kanamycin resistancegene (BN1010:: Neo) into plants. Root cultures of S. dulcamaratransformed with BN1010:: Neo had an unusual, positively geotropicphenotype. Strain BN1010:: pEM15 (rol ABC⁺D^–TR⁺) incitedmore roots down stem explants than strain A4T. This indicatesthat rol D may act to suppress agropine-negative root productionin N. glauca and N. tabacum. Key words: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, TL-DNA, TR-DNA, disarmed Ri vector, transformed roots, Nicotiana glauca, N. tabacun, Solatium dulcamara, S. nigrum     

Phenotypic Effects of Isolated pRiA4 TL-DNA rol Genes in the Presence of Intact TR-DNA in Transgenic Plants of Solanum dulcamara L.

The effect of the rol genes, together with the TR-DNA of pRiA4on the phenotype of Solanum dulcamara plants, was analysed.Plants transformed by Agrobacterium strain BN1010: :rolA (rolA^7plus;TR⁺)exhibited severe leaf wrinkling, whereas plants transformedby strain BN1010: :rolC (ro/C⁺TR⁺) had a typical ‘hairyroot’ phenotype. Leaf discs excised from these latterplants produced roots on hormone-free medium. BN1010: :rolABC(rolABC⁺TR⁺) transformed plants had an exaggerated transformedphenotype. Some of the BN1010: :rolABC transformants had positivelygeotropic root growth which correlated with the presence ofmultiple copies of the TR-DNA. S. dulcamara plants, transformedby the TR-DNA region only, exhibited epinasty. Scanning electronmicroscopy of plants containing various regions of agropineRi T-DNA revealed that transformation causes changes in basicplant siructure.     

Nutrient recycling and shifts in N:P ratio by different zooplankton structures in a South Andes lake

In South Andes lakes, zooplankton succession is characterizedby a change in the dominance from the calanoid copepod Boeckellagracilipes in winter and spring, to the cladoceran Bosmina longirostrisin midsummer, and the rotifer Polyarthra vulgaris in late summer.We performed three series of field experiments at differenttimes (late spring, summer and late summer) to examine the roleof zooplankton constitution in the released nitrogen:phosphorus(N:P) ratio. We observed that changes in the zooplankton constitutionover the annual cycle may change the nutrient supply ratio.In South Andes lakes, Boeckella gracilipes would decrease theP limitation, lowering the N:P ratio, whereas Bosmina longirostristends to increase the N:P ratio and therefore increase the Plimitation during summer.     

Symmetry and Cell Division in Raphid Diatoms

The development and final morphology of the valve in raphe-bearingdiatoms exhibit a cryptic lateral polarity, and hence two typesof frustule can be distinguished. In the cis type both valveshave the same orientation; in the trans type they have oppositeorientations. Examination of a variety of taxa suggests thatin all dividing raphid diatoms, both new valves have the sameorientation and so only three types of division are possible:cis; cis + cis, cis trans + trans, trans; cis+trans. The possessionof different combinations of these explains the observed ratiosof cis: trans in different taxa, viz all cis; 1: 2 cis: trans;and roughly 1: 1 cis: trans. The implications of the resultsfor diatom systematics are examined, with special referenceto Navicula Bory. Diatom systematic, diatom valve morphogenesis, cell symmetry, raphe structure     

地标对犬蝠空间记忆的影响

为了研究地标（landmarks）是否影响犬蝠（Cynopterus sphinx）的空间记忆,我们通过室内模拟试验研究犬蝠和地标在觅食过程中空间记忆形成的关系。实验组按照每天地标数分别为0、2、4、8、0的数目连续进行5天实验,对照组不设地标进行相同条件的实验。结果显示,两组犬蝠第一次取食所用的时间与实验天数之间极显著相关（Pearson Correlations: 实验组r=-0.593, P<0.01;对照组r=-0.581, P<0.01）;实验组取食成功率与实验天数之间无明显相关性（Pearson Correlations: r=0.177, P>0.05）;对照组取食成功率与实验天数之间显著相关（Pearson Correlations: r=0.445, P<0.05）。实验组与对照组犬蝠第一次取食的时间差异不显著（GLM: F_0.05,1=4.703, P>0.05）,两组间取食的成功率差异也不显著（GLM: F_0.05,1=0.849, P>0.05）。这些结果说明了随着时间增加,犬蝠对取食地的空间记忆逐渐形成,放置地标在犬蝠对取食地空间记忆形成的过程中无显著影响。     

ERRATA

page 13, legend to figure 14 : insert c, before two page 137, paragraph on Ampulla : for pulieum read pulicum page 145, line 6 from bottom : for versicolor (Gmelin) readversicolor Gmelin      

Expression of exogenous genes under the control of endogenous HSP70 and CAB promoters in the Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex

A unicellular charophyte alga, Closterium peracerosum–strigosum–littoralecomplex (C. psl. complex), has been studied in order to obtainbasic information regarding sexual reproduction in plants. Systemsfor gene introduction and transient expression were developedfor endogenous genes using phleomycin resistance (ble) and Chlamydomonasgreen fluorescent protein (cgfp) genes as selection markers.These genes have codon usage similar to that of genes in theC. psl. complex. To drive these genes strongly into C. psl.complex cells, two native promoters of the C. psl. complex genome—CpHSP70and CpCAB1—were linked to a ble::cgfp fusion gene andintroduced into the cells by particle bombardment. Following2 d of incubation, we found 500 cells expressing GFP under thecontrol of the CpHSP70 promoter, which were identified followingheat shock treatment at 42°C, and 100 cells expressing GFPunder the control of the CpCAB1 promoter, which were observedin lit conditions. In contrast, the GFP signal was only detectedin two cells when ble::cgfp under control of the cauliflowermosaic virus 35S promoter was introduced. The ble::cgfp fusionprotein was detected in the nucleus, whereas the single cgfpprotein was detected in the cytoplasm. Our results indicatethat the newly isolated native promoters of CpHSP70 and CpCAB1are useful tools for inducing exogenous gene expression underheat shock and lit conditions, respectively. In addition, thisstrategy can be used for transient assays, such as the intracellularlocalization of unknown gene products in the C. psl. complex.     

Modelling environmental variation in Young's modulus for Pinus radiata and implications for determination of critical buckling height

• Background and Aims Although density-specific stiffness,E/, (where E is Young's modulus and is wood density) is oftenassumed constant by the elastic similarity model, and in determinationof critical buckling height (H_crit), few studies have testedthis assumption within species. Here this assumption is testedfor Pinus radiata growing across an environmental gradient,and theory is combined with data to develop a model of Young'smodulus. • Methods Analyses use an extensive series of environmentalplots covering the range of climatic and edaphic conditionsover which P. radiata is grown in New Zealand. Reduced majoraxis regression was used to determine scaling exponents betweenlog–log plots of H_crit vs. groundline diameter (D), andE/ vs. D. Path analysis was used to identify significant directand indirect (through stem slenderness) edaphic and climaticinfluences on E. • Key Results Density-specific stiffness exhibited 3-foldvariation. As E/ scaled positively with D, the exponent of 0·95between H_crit and D exceeded the assumed value of 0·67under constant E/. The final path analysis model included meanair temperature in early autumn (T_aut) and slenderness as significant(P < 0·05) positive direct influences on E. Tree leafarea index and T_aut were indirectly associated with E throughtheir significant (P < 0·05) positive direct relationshipwith stem slenderness. Young's modulus was most sensitive toT_aut, followed by stem slenderness then leaf area index, andthe final model explained 76 % of the variance in E. • Conclusions The findings suggest that within speciesE/ variation may influence H_crit and the scaling exponent betweenD and H_crit so important in assumptions regarding allometricrelationships. The model presented may provide a useful meansof determining variation in E, E/ and H_crit across environmentalgradients.     

感染稻水象甲的Wolbachia基因组中插入序列的鉴定与分析

共生细菌Wolbachia对宿主的生殖起多种调控作用。以往研究表明, Wolbachia基因组中广泛存在插入序列(insertion sequence, IS), 它们对宿主基因组的可塑性、 多样性和进化起重要作用。稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel在东亚是一种外来水稻害虫, 在原产地北美营两性生殖, 而在所有入侵地均营孤雌生殖。本研究采用PCR法从河北唐海孤雌生殖型稻水象甲体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp4和ISWosp6; 从美国德克萨斯州两性生殖型稻水象甲成虫体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp3和ISWosp5。碱基序列比对显示: ISWosp3和ISWosp4属于IS3家族IS3组成员, ISWosp5为IS4家族IS231组成员, ISWosp6为IS5家族IS1031组成员。对这些IS的ORF结构、 所编码氨基酸序列的结构等进行了分析, 推测ISWosp5具有潜在转座活性。所得结果增进了我们对Wolbachia IS3, IS4和IS5家族插入序列的认识, 同时为今后从IS的角度探讨Wolbachia与稻水象甲生殖的关系奠定了基础。     

Clonal integration affects growth, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation, but not the competitive ability, of the alien invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides under severe stress

Background and Aims: Many notorious alien invasive plants are clonal, but littleis known about some roles and aspects of clonal integration.Here, the hypothesis is tested that clonal integration affectsgrowth, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass allocation and competitiveability of the exotic invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides(Amaranthaceae). Methods: The apical parts of Alternanthera were grown either with orwithout the lawn grass Schedonorus phoenix (tall fescue) andtheir stolon connections to the basal parts grown without competitorswere either severed or left intact. Key Results: Competition greatly reduced the maximum quantum yield of photosystemII (F_v/F_m) and growth (biomass, number of ramets and leaves,total stolon length and total leaf area) of the apical Alternanthera,but not the biomass of S. phoenix. Stolon connections significantlyincreased F_v/F_m and growth of Alternanthera. However, such effectson growth were smaller with than without competition and stolonconnections did not alter the relative neighbour effect of Alternanthera.Stolon connections increased Alternanthera's biomass allocationto roots without competition, but decreased it with competition. Conclusions: Clonal integration contributed little to Alternanthera's competitiveability, but was very important for Alternanthera to exploreopen space. The results suggest that the invasiveness of Alternantheramay be closely related to clonal integration.     

Isolation and Characterization of a cDNA Clone of UDP-Galactose: Flavonoid 3-0-Galactosyltransferase (UF3GaT) Expressed in Vigna mungo Seedlings

Four cDNA clones were isolated from Vigna mungo seedlings bythe screening with cDNA encoding UDP-glu-cose:flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase(UF3GT) of Antirrhinum majus as a probe; the product of thegene corresponding to one cDNA was more highly expressed inthe first simple leaves than in stems. Nucleotide sequence analysisrevealed 1,691 bp (including 326 bp non-reading) containingan open reading frame of 455 amino acids. The deduced aminoacid sequence showed 42% and 23% identity with those of A. majusUDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT) and Petuniahybrida UDP-rhamnose:anthocyanidin 3-0-glucoside rhamnosyltrans-ferase(RT), respectively. One region of the cDNA (amino acids 325to 387) showed similarity to ceramide UDP-galac-tosyltransferasesof mice, rats and humans. A crude extract from Escherichia coli,in which the protein was expressed from the cDNA, showed highUF3GaT activity but low UF3GT activity, and was similar in K_m,optimal pH and substrate specificity to UF3GaT from V. mungo.We conclude that we have obtained UDP-galactose:flavonoid 3-0-galactosyltransferase(UF3GaT) cDNA from V. mungo. 4 Deceased.     

The GUS reporter-aided analysis of the promoter activities of Arabidopsis ACC synthase genes AtACS4, AtACS5, and AtACS7 induced by hormones and stresses

Ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants is regulated developmentallyand environmentally. To investigate the regulation of ACC synthasegene expression, the promoters of Arabidopsis ACS genes, AtACS4,AtACS5, and AtACS7, were fused to a GUS reporter gene, and therecombinant transgenes were introduced into Arabidopsis to producethree groups of AtACS::GUS transgenic plants. Histochemic andfluorometric study of these transgenic plants revealed thatpromoters of AtACS4, AtACS, and AtACS7 are all active in dark-germinatedseedlings. AtACS5 has the highest promoter activity in leavesof 2-week-old light-grown seedlings among the three AtACS genesstudied. In the mature leaves, AtACS4 and AtACS7 genes are expressedin both veins and areoles, whereas AtACS5 is expressed at ahigher level in the areoles and epidermal cells surroundingtrichomes. The promoter activities of all these AtACS genesare found in the reproductive organs. AtACS5 and AtACS7 arehighly expressed in petals, sepals, carpels, stamens, caulineleaves, inflorescence stems, and siliques, while AtACS4 expressionis undetectable in the petals of open flowers. All three AtACSgenes are expressed in root tissue. In the 2-week-old light-grownArabidopsis, the AtACS4 promoter is responsive to the planthormones IAA, ethylene, and ABA, and to darkness and wounding;the AtACS5 promoter to IAA, ABA, salt, high temperature, andwounding; and the AtACS7 promoter to GA₃, ethylene, and ABA,and to darkness and salt. Low-temperature treatment abolishesthe darkness-induced AtACS7 gene expression, but not that ofAtACS4. Each AtACS gene has a unique expression profile duringgrowth and development. It appears that at any developmentalstage or any growth period of Arabidopsis, there is always amember of AtACS multigene family that is actively expressed. Key words: ACC synthase, Arabidopsis, ethylene, gene expression, GUS histochemical staining, reporter, stress treatments