Nondisjunction in Favor of a Chromosome: The Mechanism of Rye B Chromosome Drive during Pollen Mitosis

B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary components of the genome and do not confer any advantages on the organisms that harbor them. The maintenance of Bs in natural populations is possible by their transmission at higher than Mendelian frequencies. Although drive is the key for understanding B chromosomes, the mechanism is largely unknown. We provide direct insights into the cellular mechanism of B chromosome drive in the male gametophyte of rye (Secale cereale). We found that nondisjunction of Bs is accompanied by centromere activity and is likely caused by extended cohesion of the B sister chromatids. The B centromere originated from an A centromere, which accumulated B-specific repeats and rearrangements. Because of unequal spindle formation at the first pollen mitosis, nondisjoined B chromatids preferentially become located toward the generative pole. The failure to resolve pericentromeric cohesion is under the control of the B-specific nondisjunction control region. Hence, a combination of nondisjunction and unequal spindle formation at first pollen mitosis results in the accumulation of Bs in the generative nucleus and therefore ensures their transmission at a higher than expected rate to the next generation.     

黑麦1R染色体微克隆文库的构建与分析

通过玻璃针分离法 ,从黑麦 (SecalecerealeL .)根尖细胞中期分裂相中显微分离出 2条及 5条 1R染色体。经Sau3A接头介导的PCR(LA_PCR)方法对其进行体外扩增 ,得到了 0 .3～ 2 .5kb之间的DNA片段。以DIG标记的探针进行多次Southern杂交 ,证明显微分离出的染色体的体外扩增产物与黑麦基因组DNA同源 ,并且来自 1R染色体。然后利用 5条 1R染色体的第二轮PCR产物构建质粒文库 ,可得到 2 2 0 0 0 0个重组子。随机挑选 172个重组子进行分析 ,发现插入片段主要介于 30 0～ 180 0bp之间。此外 ,根据基因组点杂交结果推算出该文库包含约 42 %的中、高重复序列和 5 8%的单、低拷贝序列 ,而且文库的冗余度较低。研究构建的黑麦 1R染色体微克隆文库为 1R染色体高密度遗传图谱的建立以及位于其上的重要基因的定位与分离提供了便利。     

黑麦6R染色体在小麦背景中的传递

带有６Ｒ的配子传递率普通显著下降。６Ｒ通过雌配子的传递率为８．８％,通过雄配子的传递率为１０．３％,通过花药培养的传递率较高,为２３．３％,但均低于理论值。进一步分析各种配子经花药离体培养的传递率,发现附加型提高最多,正常型次之,缺失型减少最多,代换型次之,说明离体培养对各种配子具有选择作用。另外,还观察到６Ｒ单体附加,６Ｒ＾Ｌ端体单附加和６Ｒ＾Ｌ等臂单附加自交传递率差异不显著。对于影响传递率的各     

一个小麦/黑麦小片段染色体易位系的创制和鉴定

从来源于组合中国春×M27(1R/1D代换系)的8个花粉植株中,分离获得1个小麦/黑麦小片段染色体易位系WER-1-2。C-分带和荧光原位杂交结果显示,衍生出易位系WER-1-2的原始麦穗含有1条完整的1R染色体和1条长臂端部发生缺失的1R染色体,所缺失部分易位到1条小麦染色体上。推断该易位是在花药离体培养过程中经异常有丝分裂产生的,而非异常减数分裂的产物。表明花药培养是一条实现异源染色体小片段(基因)向小麦转移的快速而有效的途径。     

The Genomic Quality of Rye B Chromosomes

DNA preparations from rye plants containing 0 and 6B chromosomeswere very similar when assessed by analytical ultraoentrifugation,renaturation kinetics and thermal denaturation. There was asuggestion that B chromosome DNA was slightly richer in sequencesof high cytosine and guanine content than that of the A complement.In situ hybridization showed that the DNA of the rye B chromosomeswas not all highly repetitious. The DNA of these B chromosomesis therefore concluded to be representative of a broad spectrumof DNA similar to the normal genome from which it was presumablyderived.     

黑麦6R染色体在小麦背景中的减数分裂行为

减数分裂既是高等生物染色体变异的敏感期,又是变异得以顺利传递给子代的关键期。以黑麦６Ｒ染色体为例,观察其在小麦背景中的减数分裂行为,先是发现６Ｒ抑制小麦同源染色体正常配对,造成单价体数量的增加;同时注意到６Ｒ与其部分同源的小麦染色体６Ｄ几乎不能发生配对。其次是观察到单价体在减数分裂期容易产生断裂的现象,特别是首次发现单价体碎裂,对进一步深入研究异源染色体臂间易位和小片段易位的形成具有借鉴价值。     

柱穗山羊草2C染色体诱发中国春小麦背景中黑麦1R染色体结构变异的研究

当柱穗山羊草(Aegilops cylindrica Host．)2C染色体单体添加到普通小麦品种中国春和以中国春为背景的派生系时,减数分裂时,不含2C染色体的配子会发生染色体结构变异。为了制备一套黑麦1R染色体缺失系以用于定位黑麦1R染色体上的控制重要农艺性状的基因,把一条2C染色体导人到小黑麦1R二体附加系(21″ 1R″)中,然后让这些个体(21″ 1R″ 2C′,2n=45)自交,以便产生1R染色体结构变异体。实验共检测了345粒F,种子,83粒种子带有结构变异的黑麦1R染色体(24．1％)。通过C分带和原位杂交检测,对来自于23株F2的46个F3植株所带有的异常1R染色体进行了归类：其中1RL端体为39．1％,1RL等臂染色体为2．2％,1RL易位系为32．6％。1RS端体为4．3％,1RS等臂染色体为4．3％,切点在长臂上的缺失体为2．2％。在6．5％的植株中同时含有2种类型的1R染色体结构变异。其余8．7％带有异常1R染色体的个体因为没有原位杂交结果而无法判断是属于哪种类型。已获得的1R结构变异株将有可能进一步发展成为一套可用于定位黑麦1R染色体上重要功能基因的遗传材料。另外,还探讨了综合应用细胞学和分子标记方法鉴定易位染色体中小麦染色体片段的尝试,并对所获结果进行了讨论。     

异细胞质小麦与黑麦、小黑麦杂交对性状和减数分裂行为的影响

本文利用17种异细胞质“中国春”小麦与黑麦,小黑麦杂交,回交,研究其性状与减数分裂行为的表现。首次观察到D2型Ae.crassa.4x细胞质对同源染色体配对有抑制作用,对部分同源染色体配对有促进作用,SV型Ae.kotschyi细胞质对同源染色体,部分同源配对均有抑制作用,S1型Ae.sharonesis细胞质对部分同源染色体配对有促进,还观察到G型细胞质T.timopheevi,T.zhukovskyi,D2型细胞质,Ae.crassa 可提高产生有功能雌配子数,首次合成G型,SV型,D2型细胞质雄性不育的八倍体小黑麦,D2型细胞质八倍体小黑麦是光敏性雄性不育,在15小时以上的长光照条件下表现不育,这对进一步了解异细胞质的作用,小黑麦杂种优势的利用和小黑麦的改良均有重要意义。     

银额果绳(Drosophila albomicans)B染色体对繁殖的影响

利用遗传背景一致的３类含有不同Ｂ染色体数目的银额果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｌｂｏｍｉｃａｎｓ）品系,对繁殖的２个参数,即净繁殖量和性比进行了比较研究。结果表明Ｂ染色体对净繁殖量有着显著的影响,其影响依赖于Ｂ染色体数目的不同而不同;低数目增加其携带者的净繁殖量,而在高含量时有使其携带者净繁殖量下降的趋势。Ｂ染色体对繁殖的影响还具有一定的时间分布特征,即３类品系净繁殖量的差异主要集中在雌蝇繁殖的早期。因为雌蝇繁殖的后期产生的后代数占总后代数的比例很低且对种群发展贡献较小,Ｂ染色体的这种时间效应使得其携带者在自然界的生存竞争中更具优势。这些结果支持关于Ｂ染色体的杂合优势模型,但不支持目前占主导地位的寄生模型。     

黑麦6R抗白粉病基因向小麦的渗进与鉴定

为了将黑麦６Ｒ染色体上抗小麦白粉病的基因导入小麦,选用了一个６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系Ｍ２４为亲本之一,分别与小麦栽培品种和第６部分同源群缺体系杂交,杂种出现６Ｒ或／或６Ａ,６Ｂ,６Ｄ单,双或三单体等各种情况,取其花药进行培养,共获得２４１个再生植株,对其中３２个抗白粉病的花粉植株经染色体计数,Ｃ－分带,基因组原位杂交,同工酶等电聚焦电泳和或／ＲＦＬＰ分子标记检测,发现有６株仍保持为６Ｒ／６Ｄ代换系,有１０     

The Effects of Chromosome Rearrangements on the Expression of Heterochromatic Genes in Chromosome 2l of Drosophila Melanogaster

The light (lt) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is located at the base of the left arm of chromosome 2, within or very near centromeric heterochromatin (2Lh). Chromosome rearrangements that move the lt+ gene from its normal proximal position and place the gene in distal euchromatin result in mosaic or variegated expression of the gene. The cytogenetic and genetic properties of 17 lt-variegated rearrangements are described in this report. We show that five of the heterochromatic genes adjacent to lt are subject to inactivation by these rearrangements and that the euchromatic loci in proximal 2L are not detectably affected. The properties of the rearrangements suggest that proximity to heterochromatin is an important regulatory requirement for at least six 2Lh genes. We discuss how the properties of the position effects on heterochromatic genes relate to other proximity-dependent phenomena such as transvection.     

银额果蝇(Drosophila albomicans)B染色体对繁殖的影响

利用遗传背景一致的３类含有不同Ｂ染色体数目的银额果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｌｂｏｍｉｃａｎｓ）品系,对繁殖的２个参数,即净繁殖量和性比进行了比较研究。结果表明Ｂ染色体对净繁殖量有着显著的影响,其影响依赖于Ｂ染色体数目的不同而不同;低数目增加其携带者的净繁殖量,而在高含量时有使其携带者净繁殖量下降的趋势。Ｂ染色体对繁殖的影响还具有一定的时间分布特征,即３类品系净繁殖量的差异主要集中在雌绳繁殖的早     

Pseudogenes as Functionally Significant Elements of the Genome

Pseudogene is a gene copy that has lost its original function. For a long time, pseudogenes have been considered as “junk DNA” that inevitably arises as a result of ongoing evolutionary process. However, experimental data obtained during recent years indicate this understanding of the nature of pseudogenes is not entirely correct, and many pseudogenes perform important genetic functions. In the review, we have addressed classification of pseudogenes, methods of their detection in the genome, and the problem of their evolutionary conservatism and prevalence among species belonging to different taxonomic groups in the light of modern data. The mechanisms of gene expression regulation by pseudogenes and the role of pseudogenes in pathogenesis of various human diseases are discussed.     

A New Property of the Maize B Chromosome

TB-9Sb is a translocation between the B chromosome and chromosome 9 in maize. Certain deletions of B chromatin from the translocation cause a sharp decrease in B-9 transmission compared to the rate for standard TB-9Sb. The deletions remove components of a B chromosome genetic system that serves to suppress meiotic loss in the female. At least two distinct B-chromosome regions suppress meiotic loss: one on the B-9 and one on 9-B. The system operates by stabilizing univalent B-type chromosomes. It allows the univalents to migrate to one pole in meiosis, despite the absence of a pairing partner. The findings reported here are the first evidence for genetic control of meiotic loss by a B chromosome. However, it is proposed that the practice of suppressing meiotic loss is common to the B chromosomes of all species. The need to suppress meiotic loss results from the fact that B chromosomes are frequently unpaired in meiosis and subject to very high frequencies of loss. B chromosomes may utilize one or more of the following methods to suppress meiotic loss: (a) regular migration of univalent B's to one pole in meiosis, (b) enhanced recombination between B chromosomes and (c) mitotic nondisjunction.