Single-Cell Deconvolution of Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Mouse Pulmonary Fibrosis

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人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子突变体的高效表达

用PCR法将人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(hbFGF)基因中编码第25、69和92位的半胱氨酸(Cys)密码子突变为丝氨酸(Ser)密码子,将突变的hbFGFcDNA片断与表达质粒pET3c连接,构建重组质粒pET3chbFGFSer25,69,92。hbFGFSer25,69,92在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的表达量大于30%。通过阳离子交换和肝素亲和层析两步纯化,得到纯度大于95%的hbFGFSer25,69,92。MTT法测定纯化的产物活性表明,hbFGFSer25,69,92突变体促Balb/c细胞增殖的活性与野生型hbFGF相当,为下一步对hbFGFSer25,69,92突变体进行定点化学修饰打下了基础。     

特发性肺纤维化发病机制的研究进展

特发性肺纤维化是指以肺泡上皮细胞损伤、成纤维细胞大量增生和细胞外基质聚集增多为病理特征且病因不明的一类慢性间质性肺疾病。由于病因不清,目前发病率约为16.3/100,000,且缺乏有效诊疗手段和治疗药物。肺纤维化对人体健康危害极大,愈后困难,存活率较低。因此加深对纤维化机制的阐明对于了解疾病的发生、发展和防治就显得十分必要,更是人类对健康的迫切要求。本文就近几年关于特发性肺纤维化发病机制的研究进展作一简要综述。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在苜蓿中的表达

为了降低bFGF(basic fibroblast growth factor)的生产成本,结合植物生物反应器的优点,就bFGF在转基因苜蓿中的表达进行了探索.将bFGF插入植物表达载体pBⅡ21中,获得了含有bFGF基因的植物表达pBIcbFGF,再将pBIcbFGF利用冻融法转到农杆菌中.利用农杆菌介导法将基因转化保定苜蓿,转基因苜蓿在TM-1培养基+20 mg/L卡那霉素(Kan)+200 mg/L特美汀(Tim)中诱导分化,在生根培养基中生根,获得再生植株.再生植株通过PCR检测、RT-PCR及Western blot证实外源基因已经在苜蓿中成功表达.获得含有目的蛋白的阳性植株.为苜蓿作为植物生物反应器生产bFGF奠定了理论及技术基础.     

Expression of WNT5A in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Its Control by TGF-β and WNT7B in Human Lung Fibroblasts

The wingless (Wnt) family of signaling ligands contributes significantly to lung development and is highly expressed in patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). We sought to define the cellular distribution of Wnt5A in the lung tissue of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the signaling ligands that control its expression in human lung fibroblasts and IPF myofibroblasts. Tissue sections from 40 patients diagnosed with IPF or UIP were probed for the immunolocalization of Wnt5A. Further, isolated lung fibroblasts from normal or IPF human lungs, adenovirally transduced for the overexpression or silencing of Wnt7B or treated with TGF-β1 or its inhibitor, were analyzed for Wnt5A protein expression. Wnt5A was expressed in IPF lungs by airway and alveolar epithelium, smooth muscle cells, endothelium, and myofibroblasts of fibroblastic foci and throughout the interstitium. Forced overexpression of Wnt7B with or without TGF-β1 treatment significantly increased Wnt5A protein expression in normal human smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts but not in IPF myofibroblasts where Wnt5A was already highly expressed. The results demonstrate a wide distribution of Wnt5A expression in cells of the IPF lung and reveal that it is significantly increased by Wnt7B and TGF-β1, which, in combination, could represent key signaling pathways that modulate the pathogenesis of IPF.     

Peroxiredoxin II Expression and Its Association With Oxidative Stress and Cell Proliferation in Human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Oxidant burden has been suggested to be a contributor to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The study focused on peroxiredoxin (Prx) II, an antioxidant that has been associated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling and consequent cell proliferation. Localization and expression of Prx II, PDGF receptors (PDGFRα, PDGFRβ), Ki67, and nitrotyrosine were assessed in control (n=10) and IPF/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (n=10) lung biopsies by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. Prx II oxidation was determined by standard and non-reducing Western blots, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Prx II localized in the IPF/UIP epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Prx II–positive area in the fibroblastic foci (FF) was smaller than in other parenchymal areas (p=0.03) or in the hyperplastic epithelium (p=0.01). There was no major Prx II oxidation in IPF/UIP compared with the normal lung. The FF showed only minor immunoreactivity to the PDGFRs; Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation; and nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative/nitrosative stress. The results suggest that Prx II oxidation does not relate to the pathogenesis of IPF/UIP and that Prx II, PDGFRs, and proliferating cells colocalize in the IPF/UIP lung. Unexpectedly, FF represented areas of low cell proliferation. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:951–959, 2008)     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在肝纤维化过程中的研究进展

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)是在人体内广泛分布而又含量极少的一种生物因子,但是却在信号传导,细胞增值分化,促进血管生成,损伤组织修复等过程中起到相当重要的作用,目前在医学的各个领域对b-FGF的研究取得了一定的成就,同时也存在着一些问题,尤其是在肝纤维化相关疾病中的研究。肝纤维化是肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌三部曲中的一个动态过程与共同病理途径。肝纤维化发展的核心环节和共同通路是肝星状细胞(HSC)激活和以及大量ECM的合成分泌。而HSC的激活成为肝纤维化的关键,许多生物因子参与了这个病理过程,而碱性成纤维细胞生长因子就是其极为个最重要的几个因子之一。本文就近些年b-FGF的基本概况,作用机制,b-FGF在急慢性肝炎中的表达情况,在肝癌中的表达和信号传导情况,以及它在肝纤维化相关疾病中的作用机制及相关因素等进行系统整理归纳,另外就b-FGF未来的发展前景做一简单介绍,本文就以上内容的研究进展作一综述。     

Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibits Expression of Neural Markers in Cultures of Zebrafish Early Embryo Cells

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulation of developmental markers in cell cultures derived from early zebrafish embryos was examined with the goal of in vitro culture of zebrafish embryonic stem cells and gaining an understanding of extracellular influences on early embryonic development. Markers were stem/primordial germ cell markers pou-2 and vas, neural markers zp-50, pax[zf-a], en-3, and wnt-1, and mesodermal markers gsc and myoD. Previously we had shown that FGF prevents the development of zebrafish pigment cells in vitro. In our culture system, FGF reduced expression of neural-specific markers, possibly implicating the FGF family in suppression of early neural cell development. Exposure to FGF for 24 hours at the time of seeding the cells was sufficient to suppress neural marker expression for a subsequent 4 days of culture, while absence of FGF for the first 24 hours of culture nullified the effect of FGF added subsequently. FGF predictably increased expression of gsc and myoD. Vas expression was unaffected, while pou-2 expression decreased with time in culture in the presence or absence of FGF. However, in situ hybridization identified a subpopulation of cells expressing pou-2, suggesting the possible continued existence of undifferentiated stem cells in the cultures. Received March 10, 2000; accepted May 10, 2000.     

两种类型人碱性成纤维生长因子的体外稳定性研究

目的:通过野生型bFGF和改构型bFGF蛋白溶液中的聚集过程的比较,初步探讨bFGF在水溶液中发生聚集的机理。方法:在选择合适溶液体系后,采用蛋白溶解度和促有丝分裂活性能力为指标,表征野生型bFGF和突变型bFGF聚合程度,分析共价聚合和非共价聚合所起的作用。结果:在相同的溶液体系中,野生型bFGF的聚集程度高于突变型bFGF。bFGF聚合程度与浓度有依赖性。沉淀结果分析非共价聚合占主要作用。结论:野生型bFGF在溶液中共价聚和和非共价聚合同时发生,两种bFGF聚合过程中非共价聚合占较大比例。突变半胱氨酸可以减少聚合发生。     

纤维连接蛋白能通过ILK和p-smad2诱导肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化

目的:探讨纤维连接蛋白(Fibronectin,Fn)能否诱导肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化及其可能机制。方法:在包被有Fn的培养皿上培养肺成纤维细胞,并在不同的时间点(6h、12h、24h、48h),在应用和不应用TGF-βR激酶抑制剂条件下,采用免疫细胞化学、western blot等技术检测相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:肺成纤维细胞在Fn上生长72h后,a-SMA的表达显著增加(p0.05),ILK在6h即出现表达,持续到12h(p0.05),p-Smad2在12h出现表达,持续到24h(p0.05),SB525334能够部分抑制肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化过程中a-SMA的表达(p0.05)。结论:Fn能通过ILK和p-smad2诱导肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化。     

Enhanced Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 IIIc Promotes Human Esophageal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation

Deregulated expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and their ligands plays critical roles in tumorigenesis. The gene expression of an alternatively spliced isoforms of FGFR3, FGFR3IIIc, was analyzed by RT-PCR in samples from patients with esophageal carcinoma (EC), including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). The incidence of FGFR3IIIc was higher in EC [12/16 (75%); p=0.073] than in non-cancerous mucosa (NCM) [6/16 (38%)]. Indeed, an immunohistochemical analysis of early-stage ESCC showed that carcinoma cells expressing FGFR3IIIc stained positively with SCC-112, a tumor marker, and Ki67, a cell proliferation marker, suggesting that the expression of FGFR3IIIc promotes cell proliferation. We used EC-GI-10 cells endogenously expressing FGFR3IIIc as a model of ESCC to provide mechanistic insight into the role of FGFR3IIIc in ESCC. The knockdown of endogenous FGFR3 using siRNA treatment significantly abrogated cell proliferation and the overexpression of FGFR3IIIc in cells with enhanced cell proliferation. EC-GI-10 cells and ESCC from patients with EC showed endogenous expression of FGF2, a specific ligand for FGFR3IIIc, suggesting that the upregulated expression of FGFR3IIIc may create autocrine FGF signaling in ESCC. Taken together, FGFR3IIIc may have the potential to be an early-stage tumor marker and a molecular target for ESCC therapy.     

Production of 1,2-Diacylglycerol in PC12 Cells by Nerve Growth Factor and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

The addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to PC12 cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol and preincubated for 15 min in the presence of 10 mM LiCl stimulated the production of inositol phosphates with maximal increases of 120-180% in inositol monophosphate (IP), 130-200% in inositol bisphosphate (IP2), and 45-50% in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) within 30 min. The majority of the overall increase (approximately 85%) was in IP; the remainder was recovered as IP2 and IP3 (approximately 10% as IP2 and 5% as IP3). Under similar conditions, carbachol (0.5 mM) stimulated about a 10-fold increase in IP, a sixfold increase in IP2, and a fourfold increase in IP3. The mass level of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) in PC12 cells was found to be dependent on the incubation conditions; in growth medium [Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) plus serum], it was around 6.2 mol %, in DME without serum, 2.5 mol %, and after a 15-min incubation in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, 0.62 mol %. The addition of NGF and bFGF induced an increase in the mass level of DG of about twofold within 1-2 min, often rising to two- to threefold by 15 min, and then decreasing slightly by 30 min. This increase was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and was inhibited by both phenylarsine oxide (25 microM) and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (3 mM). Under similar conditions, 0.5 mM carbachol stimulated the production of DG to the same extent as 200 ng/ml NGF and 50 ng/ml bFGF. Because carbachol is much more effective in stimulating the production of inositol phosphates, the results suggest that both NGF and bFGF stimulate the production of DG primarily from phospholipids other than the phosphoinositides.     

KATP通道基因在大鼠组织中的表达

为检测大鼠肺动脉平滑肌及支气管平滑肌中KATP．通道亚基的表达情况,应用RT-PCR技术．从原代培养的Wistar大鼠肺动脉平滑肌及支气管平滑肌细胞第3—5代提取总RNA,逆转录．并进行PCR扩增鉴定．发现肺动脉平滑肌细胞有Kir6.1、SUR1和SUR2B的表达,其中SUR1表达量较弱,支气管平滑肌细胞有Kir6.1和SUR2B的表达。     

成纤维细胞生长因子与其受体相互作用及其抑制剂的研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）有许多重要的生理功能，并与肿瘤的形成有关.为了弄清FGF与成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)相互作用的机制，人们对FGF和FGFR的各个结合结构域进行了深入、细致的研究，定位了aFGF、bFGF的肝素结合区、bFGF的受体结合区、FGF受体的肝素结合区、配体结合区和FGF受体相互结合区，提出了两个FGF与FGFR相互作用的模型，在此基础上设计了FGF的核酸类、糖类和多肽类抑制剂，为寻找新一代抗癌药物打下了理论基础.     

基因重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的遗传毒性研究

用Ames试验、CHL细胞染色体畸变试验、小鼠骨髓PCE微核试验和小鼠致畸试验对基因重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（rh-bFGF)进行研究。结果显示,rh-bFGF(0.1～500μg/皿）对TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102菌株在±S9mix条件下无致突变作用。各剂量组的微核细胞率与溶剂组比较,P>0.05。4个剂量组CHL细胞染色体畸变率均<5％。在妊娠母鼠6～15d P0给药,各剂量组活胎率90.2％～95.9％,与溶剂组95％比较,P>0.05。对胎鼠外观、骨骼和内脏无致畸作用。但0.03264mg/kg b.w吸收胎与溶剂组比较,P<0.01,显示一定的胚胎毒性。 Abstract: The genotoxicity of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor(rh-bFGF)was studied by Ames test,Chromosome aberration assay of mammalian cell(CHL)in vitro,mouse marrow micronucleus assay and teratogenesis assay.The results showed that rh－bFGF at the dose level of(0.1～500μg/plate)did not induce positive mutations in TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102 with or without S9mix of Ames test.It was control within the range(<5％)of chromosome aberration rates from rh-bFGF with 4 doses groups with or without S9min.The frequency of mouse micronuleus rate had no increase.It was divided into each groups of rh?bFGF received(p.o)dosages the 6th to 15 day of gestation mouse respectively in the teratology test.The frequency of live fetuses of each dose was between 90.2～95.9％,there were no significant difference as compared with 95％ of solution control group.It did not cause deformity of the fetus appearances,bone and internal organs.But there were significant differences from solution control in rf-bFGF group of absorfoetus at 0.03264mg/kg(P<0.01).The results showed certainly dembyotoxicity.     

慢病毒介导的HTRA1 基因稳定过表达人脑血管平滑肌细胞株的建立

目的:构建并包装针对HTRA1基因以及其1091TC突变基因(HTRA1-Mut)的过表达慢病毒载体,以及建立稳定表达HTRA1及HTRA1-Mut基因的人脑血管平滑肌细胞(HBVSMC)株。方法:采用RT-PCR方法扩增HTRA1及HTRA1-Mut基因片段并将其连接于GV287载体质粒,采用慢病毒包装三质粒系统(GV287/p Helper 1.0/p Helper 2.0)转染293T细胞,收集富含慢病毒颗粒的细胞上清液并标定病毒滴度,慢病毒感染经培养和鉴定的HBVSMC细胞株。结果:成功构建含HTRA1及HTRA1-Mut基因的慢病毒重组载体,PCR鉴定阳性的克隆进行测序和BLAST比对分析显示与源基因序列一致,并能够有效的感染并在293T细胞中表达。表达载体包装后测定病毒滴度为:2E+8 TU/mL。过表达慢病毒感染后HBVSMC有荧光表达,并且荧光率达80%以上,细胞生长良好传后细胞几乎无死亡现象。结论:成功构建了过表达HTRA1及HTRA1-Mut基因的慢病毒表达载体,得到了较高滴度的病毒悬液,建成了稳定表达HTRA1及HTRA1-Mut基因的HBVSMC细胞株,为进一步探讨HTRA1基因及突变后细胞的功能变化提供了良好的研究工具。     

PDGF-BB下调血管平滑肌标志物SM22α表达的机制

血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC）表型转化是血管重塑性疾病的细胞病理学基础,血小板源性生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF）-BB抑制平滑肌分化标志基因表达、加速其降解,是VSMC表型转化的关键。该研究用PDGF-BB刺激VSMC诱导细胞发生表型转化,利用Western blot和免疫共沉淀等技术,检测PDGF-BB对早期分化相关基因平滑肌22 alpha（smooth muscle 22 alpha,SM22α）磷酸化与泛素化的影响。实验结果显示,PDGF-BB促进VSMC增殖;上调增殖相关蛋白PCNA的表达,下调分化相关蛋白SM22α与SMα-actin的表达;诱导SM22α发生磷酸化和泛素化,而且,该过程与SM22α水平下调具有时相相关性;抑制剂阻断分析证实,ERK和PKC参与介导了PDGF-BB诱导的SM22α磷酸化。以上结果提示,在VSMCs表型转化中,PDGF-BB可能是通过激活ERK-PKC信号通路,促进SM22α的磷酸化和泛素依赖的蛋白质降解。