悬游双眉虫(原生动物,纤毛门)无性生殖期间的形态发生

应用蛋白银染色技术研究了悬游双眉虫青岛种群无性生殖期间皮层结构和核器的演化过程,其主要特征为:后仔虫口原基独立地出现于紧靠虫体左侧第一根横棘毛的皮层下小龛,其中毛基粒不参与其它棘毛原基的形成;老的口围带发生后半部的局部重建而非整个的由前仔虫简单继承;在前仔虫中,波动膜原基来自老结构的反分化,而在后仔虫中则来自口原基;所有棘毛原基均为独立发生并与老结构没有任何关系;在前仔虫中,口棘毛(即左侧第一根额棘毛)来自于波动膜的反分化,而在后仔虫中则为独立发生;背触毛列于老的结构当中产生,并由最右一列原基演化出3根尾棘毛;两大核片段的改组带从一端向另一端移动 ,并随着两者的融合而消失.文中同时对前人有关该属发生模式的若干存疑问题做了探讨 [动物学报 54(3):517-524,2008].     

Morphology,morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a novel saline soil ciliate,Urosoma quadrinucleatum n. sp. (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

The morphology and morphogenesis of a new saline soil hypotrichous ciliate, Urosoma quadrinucleatum n. sp., collected from northwestern China, were studied based on live observations and protargol stained specimens. The new species is characterized as follows: size in vivo 90–130 × 20–30 μm; body outline elongate-elliptical with both ends broadly rounded; four macronuclear nodules; cortical granules present; paroral in front of endoral; usually 16 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri. Urosoma quadrinucleatum n. sp. has almost the same morphogenetic characteristics as its congeners U. gigantea and U. salmastra, and differs from other three congeners whose morphogenesis is known in the formation of the frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen as well as the development of marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen. The sequence differences among U. quadrinucleatum n. sp. and other Urosoma species further support the validity of the present organism as novel species. Further, U. quadrinucleatum n. sp. clusters with U. salmastra in the phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence data.     

利用核糖体DNA限制性酶切谱(ARDRA)分子技术和小亚基单位核糖体RNA(SSrRNA)基因序列分析对五种双眉虫(原生动物,纤毛门,游仆目)种内及种间关系的探讨

从12种限制性内切酶中筛选出6种可获得种间多样性的内切酶:Alu Ⅰ,Taq Ⅰ,Hae Ⅲ,Hinf Ⅰ,Msp Ⅰ,Xba Ⅰ,对广义双眉虫Diophrys-complex5个种(伪寡毛双眉虫Diophrys apoligothrix、悬游双眉虫D.appendiculata、盾圆双眉虫D.scutum、秀丽拟双眉虫Paradiophrys irmgard、针毛类双眉虫Diophryopsis hystrix)共7个种群的核糖体基因(18S小亚基、部分23S大亚基及其内转录间隔区域)进行多位点酶切。结果显示,种间差异明显大于种内差异。利用RAPDistance1.04软件构建的邻接树表明,盾圆双眉虫的3个种群表现出高度的同源性;3个近缘属(双眉虫属、拟双眉虫属、类双眉虫属)可以被明确区分,并支持类双眉虫属与拟双眉虫属的独立性。从GenBank/EMBL数据库中获得广义双眉虫及相近种的小亚基单位核糖体RNA(SSrRNA)基因序列,利用邻接法(NJ),贝叶斯法(Bayesian)和最大简约法(MP)构建的系统发生树具有基本一致的拓扑结构,结果显示:狭义双眉虫属Diophrys为单源发生系,并与类双眉虫属Diophryopsis组成姐妹群;尽管拟双眉虫属Paradiophrys具有广义双眉虫典型的形态学特征,但与尾刺虫属Uronychia有着较近的亲缘关系。本工作同时表明,核糖体DNA限制性酶切(ARDRA)技术可靠地区分纤毛虫的形态相似种,并在双眉虫属间水平的系统关系推定中存在一定的适用性。     

Morphology,Morphogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Soil Ciliate,Sterkiella multicirrata sp. nov. (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia) from China

The morphology and morphogenesis of a new soil hypotrich ciliate, Sterkiella multicirrata sp. nov., was investigated using live observation and protargol staining. The new species is characterised by: body elliptical, 110–180 × 45–75 μm in vivo, an average of 35 adoral membranelles; usually 19 frontoventral‐transverse cirri, consisting of three frontal, five frontoventral, one buccal, four postoral ventral, two pretransverse, and four transverse cirri; four macronuclear nodules, and 2–5 micronuclei. S. multicirrata sp. nov. differs from its congeners mainly in the number of frontoventral‐transverse cirri and macronuclear nodules. Morphogenesis of the new species is similar to its congeners; the primary difference exists in the segmentation of the frontoventral‐transverse cirral anlagen, which is usually generated in a 1:2:3:3:5:5 pattern. Based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence, the phylogenetic position of the new species is discussed.     

Redefinition of the Genera Diophrys and Paradiophrys and Establishment of the Genus Diophryopsis N. G. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): Implication for the Species Problem

ABSTRACT. Species belonging to the genus Diophrys Dujardin, 1841, are easily recognized due to possession of the usual complement of approximately seven frontoventral cirri, five transverse cirri, two left marginal cirri, and three large caudal cirri. Separation of these species has been based upon differences in cell length and width, the number and arrangement of cilia in dorsal kinetics, the configuration of the adoral zone of oral polykinetids, the number and distribution of cirri within cirral groups, and the number and arrangement of macronuclei. Jankowski used some of these characteristics to divide the genus into two genera, Diophrys and Paradiophrys, with several subgenera [Jankowski, A. W. 1978. Systematic revision of the class Polyhymenophora (Spirotricha), morphology, systematics and evolution. Tezisy Dokl. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 197839-40. (in Russian); Jankowski, A. W. 1979. Systematics and phylogeny of the order Hypotrichida Stein, 1859 (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Trudy. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 86 :48–85. (in Russian with English summary)]. Data obtained from light microscopic examination of stained (nigrosin-butanol, Chatton-Lwoff, and Protargol) cells in interphase or division supports and modifies the use of particular structural features of these ciliates for the purpose of taxonomic classification. The structural variability within and among populations of different species within the genera Diophrys (D. appendiculata, D. oligothrix, and D. scutum) and Paradiophrys (P. irmgard and P. multinucleata) is described. D. hystrix is redescribed as the type of the new genus Diophryopsis n. g. Comparative information on the cortical morphogenesis of division of selected species within each genus is reviewed. Two taxonomic classifications of these hypotrichs are discussed: 1) a listing of diagnoses and synonymies and 2) a binary key for identification of all species at the light microscope level. An alternative evolutionary explanation of variations among isolates is presented.     

Morphological Comparison of Diophrys scutum (Dujardin, 1841) and Diophrys peloetes n. sp. (Hypotrichida, Ciliophora)

SYNOPSIS. Diophrys scutum , collected from four locations on the New Hampshire coast, ranged from 89–195 7mu; in length, 50–105 μ in width, and 68–88 μ in buccal cavity length. The end of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) extends 37–59 μ (average = 45.6 μ) posteriorly in a groove on the right side of the body. Dorsally are five rows of stiff cilia. The silverline system (Chatton-Llvoff technique) appears as a fine meshwork, entirely different from that found in Euplotes or Uronychia . There are two elongate macronuclei (Feulgen reaction) and several micronuclei. Diophrys peloetes n. sp., collected from one location in Alligator Harbor. Florida, ranged from 95–134 μ in length, 62–84 μ in width. and 60–80 μ in buccal cavity length. The terminal portion of the AZM extends posteriorly in a groove 30–44 7mu; (average = 36.8 μ) on the right side of the body. Dorsally are eight rows of stiff cilia. The details of the silverline system are similar to those of D. scutum .
There is insufficient difference in ranges of body length, width. and buccal cavity length to use these characters in separating the two species. However, a statistical analysis shows that the length of the portion of the AZM on the right side of the body in D. scutum is significantly different (longer) from that of D. peloetes. Furthermore, these two species differ not only in number of dorsal ciliary rows, but also in the number of cilia per row. The degree of difference in these two species is similar to that between closely related species in other hypotrich genera, and also to that between some varieties of Paramecium aurelia.     

Ontogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Ciliate Diophryopsis hystrix: Implications for the Systematics of the Diophrys-like Species (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida)

ABSTRACT. The cortical development of Diophryopsis hystrix , a small marine euplotid ciliate, was observed during binary division. The pattern of morphogenesis is generally similar to that of other Diophrys- like species, with the exception of the marginal cirrus, which develops in a unique manner in D. hystrix being formed from the posterior end of the dorsal kinety anlage, in a similar manner to the formation of the caudal cirri. In the small subunit (SS) rRNA gene sequence tree, Diophryopsis represents a distinct clade separate from Diophrys . Furthermore, our ontogenetic and SSrRNA gene sequence data both support the suggestion that the Diophrys complex is sister to Uronychia , and should be considered as a distinct subfamily within the family Uronychiidae, i.e. Diophryinae Jankowski, 1979, comprising Diophrys , Diophryopsis , and Paradiophrys . Diagnoses of the subfamilies Diophryinae and Uronychiinae are provided.     

盾圆双眉虫与伪寡毛双眉虫的形态学重描述(原生动物,纤毛门)

研究对采自青岛沿海的两种海洋纤毛虫-盾圆双眉虫与伪寡毛双眉虫做了形态学重描述。盾圆双眉虫与前人所报道的种群具有十分相似的纤毛图式,但在额-腹棘毛分布、大核片段、小膜及背触毛数目等方面表现出细微的变异性。此外,该青岛种群个体较小。统计学比较还表明,迄今缺乏研究的一海洋种,泥生双眉虫极可能为盾圆双眉虫(Diophrys scutum)的同物异名。伪寡毛双眉虫(Diophrys apoligothrix)为一新近报道的罕见种,研究基于新采集种群对其进行了补充性观察和描述。       

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Marine Euplotids,Pseudodiophrys nigricans n. g., n. sp., and Paradiophrys zhangi n. sp. (Ciliophora: Euplotida)

ABSTRACT. The morphology, infraciliature, and molecular phylogeny of Pseudodiophrys nigricans n. g., n. sp., and Paradiophrys zhangi n. sp., isolated from a sandy beach near Qingdao, China, were investigated. Pseudodiophrys is characterized by the Diophrys‐like ciliature pattern, but having only a single, reduced undulating membrane. Pseudodiophrys nigricans, the type species by monotypy, is described from live and silver‐impregnated specimens. Paradiophrys zhangi is similar to the type species Paradiophrys irmgard but can be recognized by its border body and the number (7 vs. 8–10) and arrangement (in rows vs. sparsely distributed) of the frontoventral cirri. Small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence data support the validity of both species. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rRNA gene sequence data currently available for uronychiids and other related taxa indicate that P. nigricans is most closely related to Diophrys scutum and Diophrys apoligothrix, while P. zhangi clusters most closely with Apodiophrys ovalis within a clade that also includes two other Paradiophrys species.     

Three New Loxophyllum Species (Ciliophora: Pleurostomatida) from China with a Brief Review of the Marine and Brackish Loxophyllum Species

Recent studies indicate that there is a high diversity of pleurostomatid ciliates in the coastal waters of China. Here, three new congeners of Loxophyllum, L. caudatum sp. n., L. rugosum sp. n., and L. chinense sp. n., are described following observations of live cells and protargol‐impregnated specimens. All three species usually have two macronuclear nodules and prominent warts along the dorsal margin formed by clustered extrusomes. In addition, L. caudatum sp. n. is characterized by its long conspicuous tail, dot‐like cortical granules, 4 or 5 left and 9 or 10 right kineties, and a single subterminal contractile vacuole. Loxophyllum rugosum sp. n. is distinguished by possessing three prominent ridges on the left side, 7–11 right and 5–7 left kineties. Loxophyllum chinense sp. n. is characterized by having several contractile vacuoles distributed along the ventral margin, 13–18 right and 6–8 left kineties. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence similarities among six congeners range from 96.46% to 99.94%. Phylogenetic trees based on the SSU rDNA sequences indicate that all Loxophyllum spp. form a well‐supported monophyletic group. A brief review of the marine and brackish Loxophyllum species is supplied and one new combination, Litonotus multiplicatus (Kahl 1931) comb. n. (basionym Loxophyllum multiplicatum Kahl 1931), and one new name, Litonotus dragescoi nom. n. (basionym L. fasciolatus Dragesco 1966), are suggested.     

Helminths of the horned leaf frog, Proceratophrys appendiculata, from southeastern Brazil

The helminth fauna of the horned leaf frog, Proceratophrys appendiculata (Anura: Leptodactylidae), was studied from 17 adult individuals from an island in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. A total of five nematode species (Aplectana delirae, Cosmocerca brasiliense, Schulzia travassosi, Rhabdias androgyna and Physaloptera sp.) and an unidentified cestode were recovered from the digestive tract, lungs and gall bladder of P. appendiculata and all the nematode species are new host records. Aplectana delirae had the highest values for the prevalence and intensity of infection and can thus be considered a core species in the helminth community of P. appendiculata. Aplectana crossodactyli Baker, 1980 is synonymized with Aplectana delirae (Fabio, 1971). The helminth fauna of P. appendiculata presents characteristics typical of those in amphibians.     

Ontogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate, Anteholosticha petzi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Urostylida)

A new urostylid ciliate, Anteholosticha petzi n. sp., isolated from the northern China seas, was studied using live observation and protargol impregnation. It differs from all the congeners mainly in the highly flexible and variable body shape, its red-brown to brick-red colour, and the possession of three types of cortical granules. Analysis of morphometric and molecular data confirm the validity of A. petzi as a distinct species. Anteholosticha petzi n. sp. is characterized as follows: by having 3 frontal, 1 buccal, 2 frontoterminal, 2 pretransverse, and 8-11 transverse cirri; a midventral row that comprises 10-16 cirral pairs and extends ca. 60% of cell length; and 3 bipolar dorsal kineties. Ontogenesis is similar to that in Anteholosticha warreni except for the formation of the oral primordium and is characterized by: (1) the parental adoral membranelles are completely renewed and the oral primordium is formed de novo; and (2) the anlagen for the frontal-ventral-transverse cirri are formed as primary primordia. The small subunit rRNA gene sequence of A. petzi n. sp. was also compared with that of its congeners with the sequence differences ranging from 0.39% to 8.62%. Phylogenetic trees based on the SSU rRNA gene sequence were constructed, indicating the nonmonophyly of the genus Anteholosticha, as supported by the approximately unbiased test.     

Macropostrongyloides dendrolagi n. sp. and Mbaisonema coronatum n. g., n. sp., two new species of nematodes (Strongyloidea: Cloacinidae) from tree-kangaroos,Dendrolagus spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Irian Jaya,Indonesia

Two new species of strongyloid nematodes are described from tree-kangaroos, Dendrolagus spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), from Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Macropostrongyloides dendrolagi n. sp. from the colon of Dendrolagus dorianus (type-host) and D. mbaiso is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a cephalic inflation and paired lateral alae which extend along the body from the cephalic inflation. Mbaisonema coronatum n. g., n. sp., from the stomach of D. mbaiso, is allocated to the tribe Coronostrongylinea Beveridge, 1986, as the buccal capsule is reduced to a sclerotised annulus and the lining is inflated into lip-like lobes at the anterior extremity. The new genus is allied to Popovastrongylus Mawson, 1977, from which it is distinguished by the presence of a labial crown composed of numerous elements.     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Two New Pleurostomatid Ciliates,Epiphyllum shenzhenense n. sp. and Loxophyllum spirellum n. sp. (Protozoa,Ciliophora) from A Mangrove Wetland,South China

ABSTRACT. The morphology, infraciliature, and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences of two new pleurostomatid ciliates, Epiphyllum shenzhenense n. sp. and Loxophyllum spirellum n. sp., isolated from a mangrove wetland near Shenzhen, South China, were investigated. Epiphyllum shenzhenense n. sp. is morphologically characterized by leaf‐shaped cell about 150 × 35 μm in vivo, usually with four contractile vacuoles, 20–29 right kineties and 10–26 left kineties, ca. four macronuclear nodules, and two types of extrusomes (i.e. short spindle‐shaped and long bar‐shaped). As a new species, L. spirellum n. sp. is distinguished from its congeners by its posterior dorsal margin twisted onto the left side, the distribution of extrusomes (evenly arranged along the oral slit, the posterior end, and clustered to 7–13 warts on dorsal margin), the subterminally positioned contractile vacuole, the number of kineties (8–10 on right side, 4–5 on left side), and its genetic distance from congeners. Phylogenetic trees based on the SSU rRNA gene sequence for both organisms were constructed, which indicate that Epiphyllum is a distinct genus and occupies a basal position in the Pleurostomatida clade; L. spirellum n. sp. falls well into the Loxophyllum clade, which has a close relationship with Litonotus and Spiroloxophyllum.     

A new species of Gyraulus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) from Ancient Lake Lugu,Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,Southwest China

A new aberrant species of the planorbid genus Gyraulus, Gyraulus luguhuensis n. sp., is described from Lake Lugu (Lugu-hu, in Chinese), Southwest China. The generic assignment with Gyraulus is based on features of the genital anatomy that are characteristic for members of that genus, in particular the presence of a chitinized penial stylet. Gyraulus luguhuensis n. sp. differs from most other congeners by its large, thick shell with an elevated spire. Similarly, aberrant shells are known from congeners in other Ancient Lakes worldwide indicating a potentially convergent evolution of shell characteristics in exclusively lacustrine species. Gyraulus luguhuensis differs from other lacustrine Gyraulus species with similarly large shells in having a sub-terminal penis pore and an unkeeled shell.     

Morphology and Small Subunit rDNA Gene Sequence of Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata n. sp. (Ciliophora,Urostylida) from the South China Sea

ABSTRACT. The urosylid genus Pseudoamphisiella was established by Song (1996) with hitherto only two known congeners. In the present work, the morphology and infraciliature of a new member, Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata n. sp., a form with conspicuous alveolar layer and four macronuclear nodules isolated from the coastal waters both near Hong Kong and near Guangzhou, South China were investigated using living observation and protargol silver impregnation methods. Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata differs from other two known forms mainly by the number of macronuclear nodules: constantly four vs. two in Pseudoamphisiella alveolata and 24–57 in Pseudoamphisiella lacazei. To support this, the sequence of the small subunit rDNA of P. quadrinucleata n. sp. showed 14 and 74 nucleotides in comparison with that of the two known congeners, respectively, which hence firmly supports the validity of the new species.     

Ciliate protozoa in the rumen of Brazilian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus.

Total numbers and distribution of genera, subgenera and species were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents of 4 Brazilian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. The fauna of one animal, housed in close proximity to European and zebu-type cattle, differed considerably from that of the remaining animals, which were somewhat isolated on a large ranch. Several of the protozoan species observed in the semi-isolated animals were first described in rumen contents from humped Indian cattle, and their subsequent occurrence in other hosts and geographic locations has been limited or absent. In all, 49 different species of protozoa were found, 8 of which have not been previously described. Three of the new species belong to the genus Entodinium: E. ciculum sp. n., E. spinonucleatum sp. n. and E. triangulum sp. n.; 4 to Diplodinium (Ostracodinium): D. (O.) brazili sp. n., D. (O.) esalqum sp. n., D. (O.) nucleolobum sp. n., and D. (O.) tiete sp. n.; and one to Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium): D. (E.) bubalus sp. n.     

Diaphus pallidus sp.n., a new lanternfish from the Gulf of Aden (Pisces, Myctophidae)

A new myctophid species, Diaphus pallidus sp.n., was captured in the Gulf of Aden. The species can be distinguished from most of its congeners by the high number of dorsal fin rays and low number of gill rakers. It can be distinguished from D. lucidus (Goode & Bean) by the form of the operculum and by the situation of some of the body photophores.