饲养密度和鸡笼局部遮光对肉种鸡产蛋期行为与福利的影响

用行为录像记录分析仪(The Observer Video-Pro，Noldus)观察和测定肉种鸡在产蛋期行为的变化。对两种不同饲养密度(或者空间供给：单鸡笼组，1 600 cm²/只；双鸡笼组，800 cm²/只)及鸡笼后部局部遮光与对照组进行比较实验结果表明，单鸡笼组肉种鸡的转身、挠头等行为均显著多于双鸡笼组，而展翅行为显著少于双鸡笼组；遮光组的肉种鸡采食行为显著多于未遮光组；遮光单鸡笼组肉种鸡，其产蛋行为趋向选择暗光区域。研究提示，虽然密度对蛋鸡行为的效应大于遮光的效应，但是局部遮光能够在一定程度上增加盒式笼养鸡的环境丰富度，降低密度增大引起的拥挤效应，可能缓解其较差的福利状态。     

游客密度对动物园中黇鹿行为的影响

2006年9月20日-10月10日,以江苏省扬州市茱萸湾公园半散放鲇鹿为研究对象,采用目标动物取样法和全事件记录法,研究了不同游客密度条件下黇鹿日行为时间分配.并探讨了游客密度对鲇鹿日活动的影响.结果表明:在游客高峰期与低峰期,雄性取食、观望行为,雌性观望以及幼鹿取食、观望和修饰行为之间均存在显著差异(P＜0.05).在游客低峰期,雄性与雌性取食、反刍、卧息行为,雄性与幼鹿观望、其它行为,雌性与幼鹿取食、卧息、观望均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01);在游客高峰期,雄性与雌性取食、卧息,雌性与幼鹿取食、卧息、观望及移动行为均差异极显著(P＜0.01),雄性和幼鹿观望行为差异显著(P＜0.05).不同游客密度条件下游客活动对鲇鹿的取食、观望具有显著影响,当游客密度达到6人·min-1以上时,雄性观望行为显著增加,当达到16人·min-1以上时,雄性取食行为差异极显著(P＜0.01),此时雌性和幼鹿观望行为差异亦达到极显著水平(P＜0·01).因此,在旅游管理中,应将游客密度限制在16人·min-1以下,以减少对鲇鹿日活动影响.     

笼底类型对肉仔鸡行为的影响及其与胸囊肿发生率的关系

为研究笼养肉仔鸡胸囊肿发生的行为学机制,观察比较3种盒式笼(笼底分别由铁丝网、塑料片和竹竿组成)中肉仔鸡从3至6周龄的行为,以及胸囊肿发生率的差异。结果表明6周龄时,肉仔鸡在3种笼底上的伏卧行为虽无显著差异,但在行为格局中其比例最高(均在70%以上),而站立、行走和晃动3种行为之和仅占10%左右;竹竿笼底上的肉仔鸡行走频次、晃动频次和比例均显著高于铁丝和塑料笼底上的(均P<0.05),而竹竿笼底上的肉仔鸡胸囊肿发生率显著低于铁丝笼底上的(P<0.05);随着周龄增长,铁丝笼中肉仔鸡行走和晃动频次均减少,伏卧时间延长,胸骨承受的重量增大,这增加了胸部与铁丝网笼底接触及摩擦的几率和时间。实验结果说明,笼养肉仔鸡行为格局趋向静态单一化(动态行为频次降低,静态行为比例占优势)与其胸囊肿发病率的变化相一致,提示两者存在某种内在联系。这验证了我们提出的假设,即依赖于笼底类型和周龄的肉仔鸡行为趋向静态性是胸囊肿形成的必经环节。     

笼底类型对肉仔鸡行为的影响及其与胸囊肿发生率的关系

为研究笼养肉仔鸡胸囊肿发生的行为学机制，观察比较3种盒式笼（笼底分别由铁丝网、塑料片和竹竿组成）中肉仔鸡从3至6周龄的行为, 以及胸囊肿发生率的差异。结果表明：6周龄时，肉仔鸡在3种笼底上的伏卧行为虽无显著差异，但在行为格局中其比例最高(均在70%以上)，而站立、行走和晃动3种行为之和仅占10%左右；竹竿笼底上的肉仔鸡行走频次、晃动频次和比例均显著高于铁丝和塑料笼底上的（均P<0.05），而竹竿笼底上的肉仔鸡胸囊肿发生率显著低于铁丝笼底上的（P<0.05）；随着周龄增长，铁丝笼中肉仔鸡行走和晃动频次均减少，伏卧时间延长，胸骨承受的重量增大，这增加了胸部与铁丝网笼底接触及摩擦的几率和时间。实验结果说明，笼养肉仔鸡行为格局趋向静态单一化（动态行为频次降低，静态行为比例占优势）与其胸囊肿发病率的变化相一致，提示两者存在某种内在联系。这验证了我们提出的假设，即依赖于笼底类型和周龄的肉仔鸡行为趋向静态性是胸囊肿形成的必经环节。     

增温与放牧对矮嵩草草甸4种植物气孔密度和气孔长度的影响

设计增温和放牧耦合试验研究增温和放牧对高寒植物气孔密度和气孔长度的影响,选择矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、高山唐松草（Thalictrum aplinum）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）和麻花艽（Gentiana straminea）作为试验材料。结果表明增温与放牧分别影响这4个物种气孔形态参数的不同方面：温度使4个物种气孔长度一致性地变小（P<005）,放牧使气孔密度和潜在气孔导度指数（PCI）一致性地上升（P<0.05）。气孔密度对增温的响应趋势和气孔长度对放牧的响应趋势在不同物种间存在差异。气孔长度减小可能是对增温引起的水分胁迫的响应,气孔密度和潜在气孔导度指数上升反映出四种植物在本研究相应的放牧强度下存在补偿性生长的可能。     

酸性环境下铝对斑马鱼运动行为和学习记忆能力的影响暨与阿尔海默茨症的相互关系

运用行为学方法通过金属离子诱发神经毒性,建立阿尔海默茨症动物模型。通过运动行为观察、应激回避条件模型检测在pH值为7.8、6.8、5.8条件下暴露铝离子24h和96h后铝离子对成年斑马鱼运动行为和学习记忆能力的作用,探讨金属元素在酸性环境下诱发神经毒性导致阿尔海默茨症与运动行为、学习记忆的关系。结果表明,pH5.8铝离子组暴露96h的运动行为活性和学习记忆能力与pH7.8铝离子组和pH6.8铝离子组相比有较显著变化。同时,pH5.8铝离子组暴露96h运动行为活性和学习记忆能力与pH5.8铝离子组暴露24h相比出现明显降低。这些都表明,铝在酸性环境下,与pH相互作用影响斑马鱼的运动行为与学习记忆能力,可能造成斑马鱼大脑关于记忆功能区域出现损伤,诱发神经毒性产生类似阿尔海默茨症发病症状。     

The Influence of the Chemical Composition of Typha Domingensis and Nymphaea Ampla Detritus on Invertebrate Colonization During Decomposition in a Brazilian Coastal Lagoon

The aims of this study were to investigate the structure and composition of the invertebrate community during the detritus decomposition (colonization features) of the two most abundant aquatic macrophytes Typha domingensis Pers. and Nymphaea ampla in Jurubatiba Lagoon and verify if the chemical composition of the substratum has any influence on invertebrate colonization and which are the functional groups possibly affected by these compounds. The substratum T. domingensis had higher percentages of cell wall fraction (F= 108.33; p < 0.0001) and organic matter (F= 225.77; p < 0.0001), while nitrogen (F= 408.61; p < 0.0001) and phosphorus (F= 224.59; p < 0.0001) contents were higher in N. ampla. These differences in the chemical composition of the substrata influenced the decomposition rate, and the detritus of N. ampla(4.37% DW day^–1) decomposed approximately 26 times faster than the T. domingensis(0.17% DW day^–1) detritus. The main groups of invertebrates that colonized both substrate were Chironomidae, with more than 50% of the total, followed by Oligochaeta, Nematoda, Copepoda and Cladocera. The results showed that the slow breakdown rate of T. domingensis detritus provided a higher probability for colonization and that the main driving force structuring the invertebrates' community was degradative ecological succession (DES).     

The Influence of Previous Irradiance on Photosynthetic Induction in Three Species Grown in the Gap and Understory of a Fagus Crenata Forest

Photosynthetic induction responses to a sudden increase in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) from lower background PPFD (0, 25, 50, and 100 mol m^–2 s^–1) to 1 000 mol m^–2 s^–1 were measured in leaves of Fagus crenata, Acer rufinerve Siebold & Zucc., and Viburnum furcatum growing in a gap and understory of a F. crenata forest in the Naeba mountains. In the gap, A. rufinerve exhibited more than 1.2-fold higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) than F. crenata and V. furcatum. Meanwhile, in the understory F. crenata exhibited the highest P _Nmax among the three species. The photosynthetic induction period required to reach P _Nmax was 3–41 min. The photosynthetic responses to increase in PPFD depended on the background PPFD before increase in PPFD. The induction period required to reach P _Nmax was 2.5–6.5-fold longer when PPFD increased from darkness than when PPFD increased from 100 mol m^–2 s^–1. The induction period was correlated with initial P _N and stomatal conductance (g _s) relative to maximum values before increase in PPFD. The relationship was similar between the gap and the understory. As the background PPFD increased, the initial P _N and g _s increased, indicating that the degrees of biochemical and stomata limitations to dynamic photosynthetic performance decreased. Therefore, photosynthetic induction responses to increase in PPFD became faster with the increasing background PPFD. The differences in time required to reach induction between species, as well as between gap and understory, were mainly due to the varying of relative initial induction states in P _N and g _s at the same background PPFD.