Esterase. XXII. Cellular and subcellular localisation of the Es-9 esterase in mouse kidney.

Among the various esterases of the mouse kidney the Es-9 esterase is outstanding in that it is fully repressed in the cortical proximal tubulus in the absence of testosterone but is constitutive in the terminal parts of the proximal tubulus. Thus, this enzyme is regulated in a different way in closely neighboured sections of the tubular system. Comparing the disc electrophoretic patterns of the kidney esterases with the distribution of esterases in ultrathin sections as revealed by electron microscopy it is concluded that the Es-9 esterase is located in the mitochondria.     

Biochemical genetics of Es-14 (formerly Es-Si) and a new esterase variation,Es-15, of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus): Biochemistry,tissue expression,and linkage to Es-1 in linkage group V

The segregation of rat esterases controlled by loci residing in linkage group V (LGV) has been studied in two backcross series, (LEW/Han × BN/Han)F₁ × LEW/Han and (LEW/Han × LE/Han)F₁ × LEW/Han. Es-14 (formerly Es-Si) was shown to be closely linked to Es-1. A new esterase locus, Es-15, was described which codes for a liver isozyme. The distribution pattern of three alleles at the Es-15 locus is presented for 52 independent inbred strains. Close linkage of Es-15 to Es-14 and to Es-1 was established, proposing the following gene order: [Es-2, Es-10]—[ES-1, ES-14, ES-15]. The esterase loci on LGV are thus separated into two gene clusters, cluster 1 and cluster 2. These conclusions are supported by the strain distribution patterns of the two RI strain series, LXB and DXE.Otto von Deimling was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (De 315/2-1, communication No. 56).     

A new variant of the Es-1 locus in the rat

A new prealbumin plasma esterase was demonstrated by the use of miniaturized polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Genetic analysis indicated that the new variant is controlled by the Es-1 locus and this gene was designated Es-1c. Among 11 rat strains only one strain, WJ, possessed the gene. Two random-bred stocks, Jcl:Wistar and Jcl:SD, also maintained it in their populations. Miniaturized polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis showed that the ES-1 band consisted of two close bands with the cathodal one staining darker.     

Esterase-6 (Es-6) in laboratory mice: Hormone-influenced expression and linkage relationship to oligosyndactylism (Os), esterase-1 (Es-1), and esterase-2 (Es-2) in chromosome 8

Allelic differences at an esterase locus designated Es-6 exist between mouse strain C57 BL/6J and a laboratory stock of M.m. molossinus. Strain C57BL/6J has been assigned the allele Es-6a and M. m. molossinus the alternate allele Es-6b. Kidney expression of the electrophoretic esterase band controlled by the Es-6 locus is sex influenced, with increased activity apparently induced by testosterone. A four-point test cross established the gene order Os-Es-1-Es-6-Es-2 within a 10-cM segment on chromosome 8.     

Esterase-30 (ES-30) of the house mouse: Biochemical characterization and genetics of a new carboxylesterase isozyme linked to cluster-2 loci on chromosome 8

A new carboxylesterase isozyme (EC 3.1.1.1), designated ES-30, is described in mouse liver. Two phenotypes were distinguished, ES-30A, a possible null type, was found in SPE/Pas and in other lines derived fromMus spretus, and ES-30B was found in BALB/cJ and other laboratory inbred strains. ES-30B is characterized by a distinct electrophoretic band when stained using 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as the substrate. After isolation and purification from other esterases by ion-exchange chromatography and molecular sieving, the molecular mass was estimated by two independent methods to be 62 and 64 kDa, respectively. The activity of ES-30B is higher in adult males than in females and can be stimulatedin vivo by testosterone. The distribution of phenotypes on the progeny of a backcross series suggests a separate locus,Es-30, with the allele a for absence andb for presence of the isozyme. LocusEs-30 is shown to be closely linked toEs-2 and toEs-7 of cluster-2 on chromosome 8. The gene orderEs-9—Got-2—(Es-2, Es-7, Es-30) is suggested. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. This is communication No. 72 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

A fourth allele in the plasma esterase-1 (Es-1) system of the domestic fowl

Plasma samples of fowl were analysed by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 9.0). Evidence was presented for the subdivision of an earlier reported esterase-1 allele (Es-1A) into two alleles designated Es-1A1 and Es-1A2. Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the Es-1 phenotypes were controlled by four codominant, autosomal alleles Es-1C, Es-1A1, Es-1A2 and Es-1B). The White Leghorn samples showed high frequency of Es-1A1 (about 0.7) and also had considerable frequency of Es-1A2 (0.2) and of Es-1B (0.1). The three meat-type breeds studied (White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire) showed a very high frequency of Es-1B (0.8-1.0).     

Esterases in the house fly. Polymorphisms and inheritance patterns.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to examine the variability and inheritance of esterases in five strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Individual zymograms exhibited 8 to 15 bands that could be assigned to one of five zones designated as A through E from anode to cathode. Correlations of P1-F1 banding patterns indicated the existence of at least 3 different loci in zone A. 2 each in zones B and C, and 4 in zone D; no clear inheritance patterns were discernable for the bands of zone E. Only the Es-5 locus of zone C was monomorphic in all of the strains studied. Eight loci possessed null alleles and codominant alleles were detected at six loci. The results suggest that esterases should prove useful for measuring relationships among fly populations or for various studies of population dynamics.     

Genetic control of liver esterase forms in chickens

Six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI were resolved from liver extracts of chickens by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. These esterases were further characterized on the basis of their substrate affinities and differential responses to various inhibitors.
Genetic variation was found in esterases of region VI which appeared to be ali-esterase. Four phenotypes, A, B, AB and O, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Es-3 , with alleles Es-3 ^A, Es-3 ^B and Es-3 ^O. This locus is not closely linked to the blood group loci A and B , serum alkaline phosphatase ( Ap ), liver acid phosphatase ( Acp-2 ) and serum esterase ( Es-1 ) loci.     

Esterase-25(Es-25): Identification and characterization of a new kidney arylesterase of the house mouse,genetically linked toLy-18 on chromosome 12

Genetic variation of a codominantly inherited kidney esterase, designated ES-25, has been discovered in the house mouse using disc electrophoresis. The ES-25A phenotype was found in A strains, AKR, and BALB/c. ES-25B was found in C57BL strains and several other laboratory strains. The enzyme was shown to be controlled by a presumed structural locus, Es-25. The high concordance in 48 RI strains of Es-25 with Ly-18 indicated the location of Es-25 on chromosome 12. The gene order Es-25-Ly-18-D12Nyul-Pre-1 was proposed.     

Heterogeneity of Es-1 esterases in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Analysis of the Es-1 system in the rabbit with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed a high degree of individual variation. In the liver the number of esterase bands found in the Es-1 region of the gels ranged from 2 to 16. The results indicate that one locus with three alleles is responsible for all of the esterase bands in the Es-1 region. The most plausible explanation for the observed heterogeneity is that each of the alleles codes for a protein (MW 65,000±2000) that is changed by posttranslational modifications, thus giving rise to two to five monomeric enzymes with esterase activity. Polymerization of these monomers then results in 1–11 dimers. Based on similarities with mouse Es-9, chromosomal homology between rabbit Es-1 and mouse Es-9 is proposed.     

Genetic control of urea resistant esterase of liver extracts in chicken

Starch gel electrophoresis according to Okada & Sasaki (1970) revealed six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI. Further genetic variation was found in esterase region III in this study. Two phenotypes, A and O, were observed by means of urea denaturation of chicken liver extracts. These were genetically controlled by an autosomal locus, designated as Es-9 , with a completely dominant ( Es-9 ^A) and a completely recessive ( Es-9 °) alleles.
Es-9 ^A was the most frequent allele in White Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire and Australorp strains and rare in White Leghorn strains.     

Genetic characterization of esterase 28 (ES-28) of the house mouse

The genetics of esterase-28, the major esterase of cauda epididymidis of the house mouse, has been studied after separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Four phenotypes are distinguished. Segregation ofEs-28 in two backcross series indicated linkage to Es-1, Es-9, and Es-22. The Es-28 locus was placed into esterase cluster 1 on chromosome 8.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.This is communication No. 69 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Kidney esterases of Mus musculus: Further polymorphism of esterase-6, esterase-9, and a new esterase,esterase-20

The comparison of results obtained by different separation and staining techniques permits the definition of esterase-6 in comparison with esterase-9 and a new esterase, esterase-20. Alleles of Es-6 affect the product's ability to aggregate. Esterase-20 may be an aggregated product of Es-9. The close linkage of Es-6 and Es-9 is confirmed. Homology of esterase-6 with esterases from other mammalian species is also suggested.HRN was supported by the Medical Research Council. This is communication No. 32 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Es-6, a further polymorphic esterase in the rat

A further polymorphic rat esterase with broad tissue expression and restricted substrate specificity is described and tentatively called Es-6. Inbred rat strains have either fixed allele Es-6^F or fixed allele Es-6^S. Es-6 is not linked to the established esterase cluster consisting of the eight esterase loci Es-1, Es-2, Es-3M, Es-4M, Es-4W, Es-5 (=Es-3W), Es-7, and Es-8 in LG V of the rat or to RT1, Gc, c, a, and h. Esterases with apparently identical biochemical and genetical characteristics are Es-17 of the mouse and Es-A4 of humans.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Be 352/13 and Gu 105).     

Esterase

Summary Among the various esterases of the mouse kidney the Es-9 esterase is out-standing in that it is fully repressed in the cortical proximal tubulus in the absence of testosterone but is constitutive in the terminal parts of the proximal tubulus. Thus, this enzyme is regulated in a different way in closely neighboured sections of the tubular system. Comparing the disc electrophoretic patterns of the kidney esterases with the distribution of esterases in ultrathin sections as revealed by electron microscopy it is concluded that the Es-9 esterase is located in the mitochondria. This investigation was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Identification of a new allele of Es-1 segregating in an inbred strain of mice

A new allele of Es-1, designated Es-1 ^e, has been identified in the mouse. This allele was discovered segregating among the progeny of a strain DBA/2J male and is apparently the result of a spontaneous mutation within this strain. Genetic analyses have shown that this mutation is heritable and, further, that both heterozygous and homozygous progeny are viable and fertile. To date, no discernible deleterious effects have been identified as associated with this mutation.     

Genetic variation and biochemical properties of esterase-18 (ES-18) in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus): A new locus of esterase cluster 2 in linkage group V

A new liver-specific rat carboxylesterase isozyme (EC 3.1.1.1) designated esterase-18 (ES-18) is described. Genetic variation of ES-18 was examined in 93 inbred strains and substrains and a structural locusEs-18 was suggested, coding for either the presence (Es-18 ^a) or the absence (Es-18 ^b) of the isozyme. Linkage studies involving two backcross series revealed thatEs-18 resides in cluster 2 of LGV. No recombination betweenEs-18 and other cluster 2 loci was found in 19 lines of two RI strain sets or in the backcross series.R. K. was supported by the Sonderforschungsbereich 146 (Versuchstierforschung). O.D. was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (De 315/2). This is communication No. 65 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, regulation, and genetics of nonspecific esterases.     

Genetic variation of pancreatic esterase isozyme in Japanese quail

A genetic variation was found in pancreatic esterases of Japanese quail which appeared to be arylesterase. It was found on the cathode side in the agar gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated as Es-4 , with co-dominant alleles Es-4^A and Es-4^B.
Es-4 esterase isozymes were detected in all the individuals from about 4 days of age, but the activity was very weak. However, it gradually increased to reach a level almost the same as that of a mature quail from about 15 days of age.     

Esterase. XXIII. Electron microscopical demonstration of non-specific esterases in the jejunum of the mouse (Mus musc.) with two quinoline derivatives.

The intracellular distribution of non specific esterases in various villous cells of mouse jejunum was investigated using two substrates, 8-acetoxiquinoline (Q-O-2) and 8-acetyl mercaptoquinoline (Q-S-2) respectively. With the more selectively staining Q-S-2 a uniform reaction was demonstrated in all enterocytes which was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. Possibly it is a matter of a single enzyme being hardly detachable from the membranes. With the non selectively staining Q-O-2 several esterases were demonstrated Es-2, adn Es-9 among them. The main reaction was found in columnar and Goblet cells, in both at all cellular membranes and in the mitochondrial matrix, additionally in cisterns and vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus and at lipid droplets of the former, finally at mucous droplets of the latter. An extracellular reaction was found in the intercellular cleft and between the microvilli of the brush border.     

Serum esterase genetics in rats: Two new alleles at Es-2, a new esterase regulated by hormonal factors,and linkage of these loci to the Ag-C blood group locus

Two new alleles at the Es-2 locus are described which determine electrophoretic variants of serum esterases of rats. A new esterase protein is described which is detectable in sera of sexually mature females of the appropriate genotype. Evidence is presented for genetic linkage between the Ag-C blood group locus and Es-1, Es-2, and the locus controlling the sex-influenced protein. Since the Ea-1 blood group locus of mice is linked to four esterase loci, it is suggested that Ag-C is the rat homologue of the mouse Ea-1 locus.This work was supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grants AI-09275, CA-15146, and CA-10097.