绒毛细胞与新生儿脐带血和成人外周血染色体断裂和裂隙的比较

绒毛用直接法制片,新生儿脐带血和成人外周血用半微量全血法制片。对绒毛、脐带血和外周血染色体的断裂和裂隙进行比较。结果表明,绒毛细胞的染色体断裂和裂隙比新生儿脐带血和成人外周血的显著增高,而新生儿脐带血和成人外周血之间则无明显差异。 Abstract:Chromosome breaks and gaps in chorionic villus cells and lymphocytes from newborn and abult were compared.The number of chromosome breaks and gaps in chorionic villus cells was higher than that in newborn and adult lymphocytes,This might be one of the reasons for higher chromosome aberration rate in chorionic villus.     

黑麂Y染色体的鉴别和Sry基因的克隆及定位

以流式细胞仪分离小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)Y染色体和黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)Y1,Y2,X+4和1号染色体,利用DOP-PCR技术富集了分离的各单条染色体。然后,将小麂的Y染色体的DOP-PCR产物经Cy3标记后直接作为涂染探针,应用染色体涂染技术与雌雄黑麂的核型标本进行杂交,确认了黑麂真正的Y染色体为Y2染色体。再以黑麂的Y1,Y2,X+4和1号染色体的DOP-PCR产物为模板,用人的特异性的SRY（sex determining region of the Y chromosome）基因引物对其进行扩增,结果表明黑麂只有Y2染色体出现了SRY扩增片段。然后扩增产物克隆和测序,比较它与人的同源性,初步把黑麂的Sry基因定位在Y2染色体上。最后提取雄性黑麂的基因组DNA,并用同一对引物对其进行扩增,亦得到Sry基因的片段,对此扩增片段进行克隆,测序,结果表明其与Y2染色体得到的Sry基因片段完全一样,与人SRY基因的同源性均为83%。 Abstract：The single Y chromosome of Muntiacus reevesi and Y1,Y2 ,X+4,1 chromosome of Muntiacus crinifrons were obtained by flow-sorting ,then they were amplified through DOP-PCR . After that, the metaphase karyotype of Muntiacus crinifrons were painted by using the product of the DOP-PCR of the Y chromosome of Muntiacus reevesi as a special probe and the result showed that Y2 chromosome was the real Y chromosome of Muntiacus crinifrons. Secondly the product of the DOP-PCR of Y1,Y2,X+4,1 chromosome of Muntiacus crinifrons were used as the templates of the next amplification using the special primer devised according to the human SRY gene .One band was obtained only from Y2 chromosome, then it was cloned to the T-vector and sequenced. The Sry gene sequence of Muntiacus crinifrons was acquired and the conclution was that there are 83% homology between the human and Muntiacus crinifrons. It was testified that in all mammal Sry gene is consertive. On the other side the Sry gene was located to the Y2 chromosome of the Muntiacus crinifrons.     

羊驼染色体核型及其G分带的研究

为了从选种、杂交改良、疾病诊断以及性别决定的遗传机制等方面为羊驼的繁育与推广提供更为有效的细胞遗传学资料,本试验采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法及胰酶-EDTA法分析了23只胡阿基亚型羊驼（Huacaya alpaca,雌20只,雄3只）的染色体核型及其G-分带,结果表明：羊驼二倍体染色体数目为2n=74,雄性羊驼核型为74,XY;雌性羊驼核型为74,XX。其中,1～20对常染色体为亚端着丝粒染色体,21～36对常染色体为亚中着丝粒染色体和中着丝粒染色体,X为中着丝粒染色体,Y为端着丝粒染色体。G-带分析表明,羊驼G带明暗相间,显现出不同的带纹,且羊驼每对染色体都有其独特的带纹特征,其带纹数目和精细程度随着染色体长度的增加而增加。Abstract: Blood samples from 23 Huacaya alpacas, 3 males and 20 females, were used to study chromosomes and karyotypes, so as to provide some effective cytogenetic bases for the selection, improvement by crossing, disease diagnosis of alpacas, and genetic mechanisms of sex determination. Peripheral blood lymphocyte culture was used to prepare chromosome. A method of trypase-EDTA was used for G-banding. The results showed as follows: The number of diploid chromosomes was 2n=74, with the karyotype 74, XY and 74, XX for males and females respectively. Thirty-six homologous pairs of chromosomes were autosomes, in which chromosomes pairs No.1 to No.20 were acrocentric-subterminal and No.21 to No.36 metacentric-submetacentric. And X chromosome was metacentric, Y chromosome telocentric. The analysis of G-bands showed that bright and dark bands appeared by turn. It showed different bands. And every pair of chromosomes had its distinct band, and the longer the chromosomes, the more the number of bands, and the more clear the bands.     

黄鳝激素敏感性脂肪酶基因Hsl染色体原位杂交定位

动物脂肪组织中的甘油三酯在数量上是最重要的储存能源。Hsl基因所编码的激素敏感性脂肪酶是一种多功能酶。它通过催化水解储存在脂肪组织中的甘油三酯,以及卵巢、肾上腺、睾丸和胎盘中的胆固醇酯,在机体能量供应和类固醇生成作用中发挥重要作用。本研究以放射性同位素和地高辛标记重组质粒pBS中所含猪Hsl基因作为探针,分别与Pst Ⅰ酶切的黄鳝基因组总DNA和有丝分裂染色体标本进行Southern杂交和荧光原位杂交(FISH)。结果显示,Southern杂交呈现一条带,片段长度约为11.5kb。同时,应用FISH定位Hsl基因于黄鳝5号染色体,相对着丝粒距离为78.35±1.26。该定位结果与应用“特定染色体DNA池”定位黄鳝Hsl基因结果相符,且定位结果更为精细。表明在淡水鱼类黄鳝基因组中存在Hsl基因,另一方面也首次提供黄鳝5号染色体上FISH杂交信息,从而为增加黄鳝染色体组中已知的遗传标记和建立高精度遗传图谱奠定基础。 Abstract:Adipose tissue triacylglycerols are the quantitatively most important source of stored energy in animals.Hormone-sensitive lipase encoded by hormone-sensitive lipase gene (Hsl) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol stored in adipose tissue and cholesterol esters in the adrenals,ovaries,testes and macrophages.Using pig Hsl gene inserted into pBS labeled by the radioactive isotope and the digoxigenin as the probes respectively,one band,11.5kb,has been shown to hybridized with total DNA of rice field eel digested with Pst Ⅰby Southern blotting and Hsl gene has been assigned to metaphase chromosome 5,at the position of 78.35±1.26 from the c entromere in rice field eel by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).The mapping results are corresponding to that of “specific-chromosomal DNA pool”obtained by chromosome microisolation used to map gene and the mapping result is more accurate.The results of the study further illustrate the importance of the presence of Hsl gene in rice field eel genome and provide the first FISH mapping data for rice field eel chromosome 5.The current studies would advance the addition of known genetic markers and the construction of high resolution genetic map in rice field eel genome.     

Characters of DNA constitution in the rye B chromosome

We have used chromosome microdissection and microcloning to construct a DNA library of the entire B chromosome （B） of rye. New rye B-specific sequences have been screened from this pool, blasted with other sequences and analyzed to elucidate the characters of DNA constitution and the possible pathway of the origin of the rye B chromosome. We report the discovery of a new sequence that is specific to the rye B centromere.     

染色体微切割、微分离、微克隆技术及其研究进展

自1981年染色体微切割及微克隆技术创建以来,该技术已广泛应用于人类及动植物遗传学、医学、进化学等研究领域,主要包括构建特定染色体或染色体区域的DNA文库、制备染色体描绘探针池以研究染色体重排和染色体进化等。本文对该技术的产生、发展及某些研究进展作一综述。 Abstract: Since chromosome microdissection and microcloning technique was developed in 1981,it has been wide ly used in genetics,medicine,evolution and other fields,mainly in establishing chromosome or chromosone specific region DNA libraries,preparing chromosome painting probe pools to study chromosome rearrangement and evolution.In the paper,the development and research progress of the technique are discussed.     

一种改良的鱼类染色体富集制片方法

运用淋巴细胞分离液处理黄鳝肾细胞悬浮液后,成功地分离了其中红细胞和淋巴细胞,以富集的淋巴细胞进行染色体制片,可避免有核红细胞的影响,获得高分裂指数的黄鳝染色体标本,该方法简便,结果稳定,亦适用于其他鱼类,两栖类和鸟类的染色体制片。     

栽培稻×大颖野生稻F~2 多倍现象的细胞遗传学研究

A栽培稻(Oryza sativa)×大颖野生稻(Oryza grandiglumis)F2经细胞学鉴定为2n=4x=48, 即已由杂种F1的ACD异源三倍体变成了异源四倍体。研究了从粗线期到末期Ⅱ的染色体行为,结果表明,F2的染色体构型为异源节段异段类型,且异常染色体频率极高,合计为87.13%。各类异常染色体频率变化按比例大小依次为: 单价体,染色体拖曳,落后染色体,多价体,邻接型易位,不均等分离,桥,不分离和松散配对等。邻接型易位是本研究的中心论题。因邻接型易位的存在是F2花粉不育的一个重要原因, 也是产生节段异段染色体构型的重要原因;因邻接型易位带来相互易位,可供育种利用。 Abstract:The chromosome number in F2 of O.sativa×O.grandiglumis were 2n=4x=48.This showed that the allotriploid of hybrid F1 had been changed into allotetraploid in F2.The chromosome constitution of this allotetraploid remained to be determined.The chromosome behavior was studied during meiosis from pachytene to telophase II.Results showed that the chromosome configuration of F2 belonged to the type of the nodal section-allosection,and possessed very high rate of anomalous chromosome,the total rate of anomalous chromosome accounting for 87.13%.The frequency of anomalous chromosome were ranked as follows:univalent,chromosome straggling,lagging chromosome,polyvalent,adjoin translocation,unequal division,chromosome bridge,non-disjunction and loose pairing in descent order.The adjoin translocation was the topic in this study.With this translocation,no vitality gamentes were produced in F2.However,this is a mutual translocation,hence that is very useful for breeding.     

YR-黏和染色体模型初探(上)

30nm螺线管是如何形成300nm染色线的?高度重复序列占人类第22号染色体DNA量的41.9％［1］,它们的功能是什么?全身着丝粒或弥散型着丝粒染色体是怎样形成的? 姐妹染色体由前期到中期为什么不分开?同源染色体联会是怎样形成的?联会复合体的中央区是什么?为什么通过花粉管会导入外源遗传物质?高等生命是怎样从原始生命进化而来的?在此,我们给出一个新的五级染色体模型：YR－黏和染色体模型。它不仅能解释以上问题,同时能解释多线染色体、灯刷染色体 以及一些经典遗传现象。 Abstract:How is the 300nm(nanometer)chromonema compacted with 30nm solenoid?What are the functions of repeat family sequence?How does the holocentromere or polycentromere chromosome form?What is the reason that non?separation of sister chromatid occur from prophase to metaphase?How do the synaptonemal complex(SC)occur?What are the compositions in the central region of SC?How to explain the transmission of heterologous?DNA by pollen tube pathway?How did the higher organism evolve from primitive forms?Hereon we provide a new five degree chromosome model-YR-cohesion chromosome model which will give a better answer to the questions above,as well as polytene chromosome,puff,and lampbrush chromosome and many other genetic phenomena.     

Molecular Mechanisms of Homologous Chromosome Pairing and Segregation in Plants

In most eukaryotic species, three basic steps of pairing, recombination and synapsis occur during prophase of meiosis I. Homologous chromosomal pairing and recombination are essential for accurate segregation of chromosomes. In contrast to the well-studied processes such as recombination and synapsis, many aspects of chromosome pairing are still obscure. Recent progress in several species indicates that the telomere bouquet formation can facilitate homologous chromosome pairing by bringing chromosome ends into close proximity, but the sole presence of telomere clustering is not sufficient for recognizing homologous pairs. On the other hand, accurate segregation of the genetic material from parent to offspring during meiosis is dependent on the segregation of homologs in the reductional meiotic division （MI） with sister kinetochores exhibiting mono-orientation from the same pole, and the segregation of sister chromatids during the equational meiotic division （MII） with kinetochores showing bi-orientation from the two poles. The underlying mechanism of orientation and segregation is still unclear. Here we focus on recent studies in plants and other species that provide insight into how chromosomes find their partners and mechanisms mediating chromosomal segregation.