植物数量性状遗传体系的分离分析方法研究

在传统的数量性状多基因遗传模型基础上提出主基因-多基因遗传模型具普遍性,纯主基因或纯多基因遗传模型只是其特例。由此初步建立了植物数量性状遗传体系分离分析方法。目前该方法可以检验2～3个主基因的个别遗传效应、多基因整体的遗传效应和两者的遗传率。本文介绍这种分离分析方法的研究经过、主要进展及应用效果,并以实例说明其分析步骤、方法和效果。     

烤烟叶数、叶面积的遗传分析

以叶数较少、叶面积较小的烤烟品种丸叶为母本(P1),以叶数较多、叶面积较大的烤烟品种Coker319为父本,构建了6个世代分离群体,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型的联合分离分析方法,分析烤烟杂交组合丸叶×Co-ker319叶数、叶面积的遗传效应。结果表明:烤烟的叶数和叶面积均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E0)控制,其中叶数遗传以加性效应及显性×显性上位性效应为主,叶面积几种遗传效应差不多,其上位性效应>加性效应>显性效应,叶数和叶面积在B1世代的主基因遗传率分别为36.91%和2.13%,多基因遗传率分别为31.00%和19.53%,B2世代的主基因遗传率分别为51.60%和50.92%,多基因遗传率分别为16.84%和13.26%,F2世代的主基因遗传率分别为42.63%和30.32%,多基因遗传率分别为42.08%和12.18%,叶数和叶面积的主基因遗传率较高,适合在早代选择。     

甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化及多重PCR检测

通过多基因遗传转化策略,水稻、玉米等农作物实现了一次多个性状的遗传改良,为探索甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化的可行性,用一个多基因植物表达载体,对甘蔗进行遗传转化。通过多重PCR法对4个外源基因在各个转基因株系内的整合与缺失进行检测。结果证明,甘蔗一次多基因遗传转化是可行的,但因插入的DNA片段较大,会发生基因丢失现象。因此,一次多基因遗传转化需要在转化的过程中获得相对较多的转化株系,才能从中筛选到有应用价值的株系。     

羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状遗传分析

以羽衣甘蓝圆叶自交系‘0835’和裂叶自交系‘0819’为亲本,调查P1、P2、F1、F2群体莲座期4个裂叶相关性状表型数据,运用‘四世代主基因+多基因’遗传模型,对叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶缘缺刻数4个叶形相关性状进行遗传分析,探讨羽衣甘蓝裂叶相关性状的遗传规律,为羽衣甘蓝裂叶性状遗传、QTL定位及新品种选育奠定基础。结果表明:(1)4个性状均存在一定的杂种优势,其中叶缘缺刻数中亲优势达显著水平,4个性状均存在负向超亲优势。(2)叶长和叶宽均符合E-4模型,即由2对等加性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制;叶长主基因遗传率为83.80%,多基因遗传率为1.05%;叶宽主基因遗传率为22.28%,多基因遗传率为61.92%。(3)叶形指数和叶缘缺刻数均符合E-1模型,即由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;叶形指数主基因遗传率为93.73%,多基因遗传率为2.59%;叶缘缺刻数主基因决定了表型变异的91.18%。     

黄瓜霜霉病抗性遗传分析

通过2个抗感杂交组合,采用多世代联合的分离分析方法研究了黄瓜霜霉病抗性的遗传机制.结果显示,2个组合的最适遗传模型分别是2对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因模型和2对等加性主基因 加性-显性多基因模型.组合I最优模型的主基因遗传率是56.84%~87.16%,多基因遗传率是0~34.93%;2个主基因的加性效应均为-15.191,加性效应较强,显性效应较弱,它们之间的加性与加性和加性与显性上位性效应较强.组合Ⅱ最优模型的主基因和多基因遗传率分别为48.92%和42.11%;2个主基因的加性效应皆为-13.505,显性效性均为0,它们之间不存在互作效应.结果表明,黄瓜霜霉病抗性,以加性效应为主,主基因遗传力较高,但是微效多基因效应也占相当的比重,所以,在霜霉病抗性育种中,要重视主基因,同时兼顾多基因效应.     

水稻主基因-多基因混合遗传控制白叶枯病抗性的基因效应分析

利用主基因－多基因混合遗传模型分析了５个抗感交组合对水稻白叶枯病菌抗性的基因效应,结果表明５个组合中的３个主基因抗性遗传符合德尔分离比的前提下存在多基因抗性,而且这３个组合彼此间抗病基因的加性效应,主基因和多基因遗传方差及其遗传率存在变异。说明水稻白叶枯病抗性虽以主基因作用为主,但考虑到抗性的持久性,建议在水稻白叶枯病育种中构建主基因－多基因混合遗传体系,以有效抑制白枯病菌群体中小种的波动。     

玉米株型性状多世代联合遗传分析

本文采用P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2多世代联合遗传分析方法,研究了玉米株高、穗位高、穗三叶面积、雄穗分枝数和叶形系数等5个株型性状遗传模型,并进行了混合模型参数估计.结果表明：株高、叶面积、雄穗分枝数符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,表现为负向超显性;穗位高、叶形系数符合一对加性主基因＋加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,主基因无显性,多基因无上位性.穗位高在B2世代主基因遗传率最大（46.51%）,在B1世代多基因遗传率最大（46.71%）;叶形系数在F2世代主基因遗传率最大（36.76%）,在B1世代多基因遗传率最大（26.31%）.     

辣椒株高遗传分析

以辣椒矮秆自交系B9431（P1）和高秆自交系‘吉林长椒’（P2）为双亲,构建P1、F1、P1、B1、B2和F2 6个家系世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型对该6个世代群体株高进行多世代联合分析,结果显示：株高遗传符合1对主基因＋多基因遗传模型,高秆对矮秆表现为不完全显性,F1代株高的势能比值为0．39,显性程度为0．91。B1、B2和F2群体主基因遗传率分别为20．35％、17．20％和35．29％,多基因遗传率分别为5．08％、19．75％和0;主基因效应表现为负向加性效应,其值为-6．43,显性效应为0;多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-8．89和9．77。研究还表明,主基因与多基因间的基因效应存在一定差异,主基因加性效应值相当于多基因加性效应值的72．33％,主基因无显性效应,显性效应是由多基因控制遗传。     

隐性遗传与禁止近亲结婚

人类遗传病分单基因、染色体和多基因遗传病三大类。单基因遗传病又分常染色体显性、隐性和伴性遗传三种方式,其中伴性遗传也有显、隐性之分。伴性遗传依基因位于哪条性染色体上,分X和Y连锁遗传。由于Y染色体过短小,上面只有少数基因,这类遗传病故很少见。     

不结球白菜叶子重量性状遗传模型分析

应用主基因+多基因6个世代联合分离分析方法, 对不结球白菜SI×秋017组合的叶片重和叶柄重性状进行了分析。结果表明, SI×秋017组合的叶片重性状遗传受1对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-4)控制, 主基因加性效应为1.8991, 显性效应为-1.8991; 多基因加性效应为-1.2934, 显性效应为1.7933; 势能比值为-1.3865, 显性度为-1.0000; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的主基因遗传率分别为6.98%、4.33% 和36.08%; B1、B2和F2世代群体叶片重的多基因遗传率为16.03%、7.39%和23.96%。叶柄重的遗传受1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因(D-2)控制, 主基因加性效应为-1.1457, 显性效应为0; 多基因加性效应为1.3472, 多基因显性效应为2.5788; 势能比值为1.9142, 显性度为0。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的主基因遗传率分别为31.72%、5.27%和57.94%。B1、B2和F2世代群体叶柄重的多基因遗传率分别为0.42%、4.59%和4.80%。对SI×秋017组合叶片重性状的改良要在晚代选择; 对叶柄重的改良要以主基因为主, 可在早代选择。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.