紫杉醇产生菌及其工程菌株之间的AFLP遗传差异分析

采用AFLP技术对三株紫杉醇产生菌(HQD33、HQD43、HQD54)及HQD33菌株经复合诱变后再经原生质体诱变得到的两株诱变株UL50-6和UV40-19及其融合菌株J1-3进行了分析,结果表明三株紫杉醇产生菌分属不同的种属,同时首次从分子水平上证实Z35-8,J1-3为两株不同的融合子,为下一步的基因工程育种工作中的基因定位和分子克隆提供丰富可靠的分子标记。     

培养基组成对树状多节孢(Nodulisporium sylviforme)紫杉醇产量的影响

采用正交试验法 ,研究了醋酸钠、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸对紫杉醇产生菌HQD3 3 产生紫杉醇的影响。结果表明 ,它们之间的协同作用对提高紫杉醇产量有显著影响。在改良的S - 7培养基基础上 ,再加入醋酸钠 1 0g/L、苯丙氨酸 5 0mg/L、酪氨酸 1 5mg/L、亮氨酸 6 0mg/L ,可以使紫杉醇产生菌HQD3 3 产生紫杉醇产量提高到 2 0 3 6 5 6 μg/L。     

紫杉醇产生菌HQD33的鉴定

通过对紫杉醇产生菌HQD33的群体形态和菌丝、分生孢子梗、产孢细胞、分生孢子等个体形态的研究,确定了HQD33的分类地位,为树状多节孢.     

紫杉醇高产菌株的原生质体诱变选育及其遗传变异初探

以紫杉醇产生菌NCEU_1为出发菌株,分别采用紫外线和紫外线与氯化锂复合诱变方法对其原生质体进行诱变,获得了两株高产紫杉醇的突变株———UV4 0 - 1 9和UL50 - 6 ,其紫杉醇产量从出发菌株的314 0 7μg L分别提高至376 38μg L和392 6 3μg L ;同时,又采用RAPD和同工酶技术对出发菌株NCEU_1与两高产株UV4 0 - 1 9和UL50 - 6 间的遗传差异进行了研究。结果表明,出发菌株与诱变菌株之间以及两诱变菌株之间都存在明显差异,为进一步研究与紫杉醇合成相关基因及诱变株产量提高的分子机制奠定了基础     

树状多节孢的双亲灭活原生质体融合*

以紫杉醇产生菌树状多节孢HQD33的诱发突变株UL50-6和UL40-19 为出发菌株,将收集到的出发菌株UL50-6和UL40-19的菌丝体分别用pH5.5~6.0的0.7mol/L NaCl配制的3%溶壁酶、2%蜗牛酶、1%溶菌酶组成的复合酶系,30℃恒温酶解3~5h,制备原生质体。两菌株的原生质体经纯化后分别用热和紫外线灭活,其中UL50-6的原生质体在54℃热灭活5分钟,UL40-19的原生质体在30W紫外灯下,30cm,照射85秒进行紫外灭活,双亲株的原生质体存活再生率为零。同时对融合条件进行了初步探索,以含有Ca2 和Gly的35%~40%的PEG作为融合剂,融合时间为20分钟时,融合率可以达到4.44?0-2~6.92?0-2。对融合株TPF-1与双亲株的形态学、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物同工酶进行分析,确证其为双亲株的融合子。     

紫杉醇产生菌Nodulisporium sylviforme原生质体诱变研究

对酶系组成、pH、酶解温度和酶解时间等影响树状多节孢原生质体制备和再生的因素和原生质体诱变进行了研究。结果表明 ,原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件为 :用pH5.5～ 6.0的0.7mol/LNaCl配制由 3%溶壁酶 + 3%蜗牛酶 + 1 %的溶菌酶 + 3%纤维素酶组成的复合酶系 ( 1ml酶液/2 5 0mg湿菌体 ) ,在 30℃恒温水浴条件下酶解 6h ;然后 ,将获得的原生质体过滤洗涤后 ,在含0.7mol/ LNaCl的PDA再生培养基上 ,采用双层平板培养法再生制备到的原生质体。树状多节孢紫杉醇产生菌原生质体诱变的最佳条件为 :30w紫外灯、距离 30cm、照射 5 0s;UV + 0.6%LiCl复合诱变、照射时间 40s,诱变菌株经初筛和复筛 ,选出了两株高产紫杉醇的原生质体诱变菌株———UV_40-19和UL_50-6,其产量从出发菌株紫杉醇的产量 ( 314.07μg /L)分别提高至 376.38μg/L和392.63μg/L。     

树状多节孢发酵生产紫杉醇工艺条件的初步研究*

研究了树状多节孢HQD33内生真菌融合子TPF-1摇瓶发酵工艺条件,进行了2.8L和10L通用式机械搅拌罐的发酵试验。结果表明,HQD33适宜发酵工艺条件是:发酵时间16～18d,培养基中蔗糖、苯丙氨酸、醋酸钠、酪氨酸、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和亚油酸的加量分别为10g/L、1mg/L、1.5g/L、15mg/L、5mg/L和15mg/L,摇瓶装量为150ml/500ml,在此条件下摇瓶发酵液中紫杉醇平均含量为448.52 g/L; 2.8L和10L罐发酵液中紫杉醇含量达406.95和395.12g/L(平均值)。     

产胶原蛋白酶嗜虫沙雷氏菌DL-12的紫外诱变育种

对产胶原蛋白酶的一株沙雷氏菌DL-12进行紫外诱变处理,以明胶为底物,对诱变后的菌种进行初步筛选,通过鱼皮液化实验和发酵上清液中的胶原蛋白酶活力的比较,选出紫外诱变不同剂量下产生的产酶活力有明显提高的菌株DL-12(50s)-3,DL-12(50s)-4和DL-12(55s)-5,对这3种菌的产酶稳定性进行测定和比较,其中诱变菌DL-12(50s)-4发酵上清液中酶活力平均达98.37U/m L,比出发菌提高了43.54%,且具有稳定产酶特性。由于经紫外诱变获得的诱变菌DL-12(50s)-4高产胶原蛋白酶且产酶稳定,是具有应用前景的资源菌种。     

树状多节孢发酵生产紫杉醇工艺条件的初步研究

研究了树状多节孢HQD33内生真菌融合子TPF－1瓶发酵工艺条件,进行了2．8L和10L通用式机械搅拌罐的发酵试验。结果表明,HQD33适宜发酵工艺条件是：发酵时间16－18d,培养基中蔗糖、苯丙氨酸、醋酸钠、酪氨酸,2,4-氯苯氧乙酸和亚油酸的加量分别为180g/L、1mg/L,1.5g/L,15mg/L,5mg/L和15mg/L,摇瓶装置为150ml/500ml,在此条件下摇瓶发酵液中紫杉醇平均含量为448．52μg/L;2.8L和10L罐发酵液中紫杉醇含量达406．95和395．12μg/L（平均值）。     

罗汉果雌雄株同工酶性别鉴定研究

采用电泳技术结合同工酶染色,分析了罗汉果雌雄株叶片的过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶同工酶、多酚氧化酶同工酶和过氧化氢酶同工酶。结果表明:罗汉果雌雄叶片在同工酶谱上,存在着与性别性状相关的酶带;雌雄间的差异酶带在每一种同工酶中均有一条以上,可作为罗汉果雌雄株间的性别鉴定。此外,还比较了高产、低产、不结果雌株之间同工酶的酶带和活性差别。     

Electrophoretic Survey of Proteins and Esterase Isozyme in Wheat×Maize Progenies

The analysis of soluble proteins and esterase isozyme in F2 progeny grains from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) × maize (Zea mays L. ) crosses indicated that the electrophoretic pattern of proteins and esterase isozymes was extremely different from that of their parents. Protein variation was mainly concentrated in the high-molecular-weight-Glu (HMW-Glu) zone. There were 5 kinds of protein eleetrophoretic patterns in the analyzed grains. VIZ: maternal, additional, complementary, hybrid and omission type which accounted for 22.6%, 14.3%, 15.5%, 30. 9% and 16.7% of the total tested grains respectively. In the analysis of esterase pattern, some variations in progenies were also found. The variations of electrophoretic pattern of proteins and esterase isozyme indicated that a genetic material change in wheat chromosomes could be induced in the distant hybridization.     

Will fungi be the new source of the blockbuster drug taxol?

Taxol (paclitaxel) is widely used for the treatment of various kinds of cancers. Originally, the major source of taxol was bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). However, this proved devastating to natural populations of the trees. To protect the Pacific yew, alternatives to the use of trees are sought. One solution is the use of taxol or its precursors derived from fungi. A large number of endophytic fungi that reside within healthy plants have been reported to be taxol producers. However, fungal epiphytes, pathogens and saprophytes have also been found to produce taxol. Several strains of fungi belonging to species Metarhizium anisopliae and Cladosporium cladosporioides MD2 are very promising, producing taxol at levels up to 800 μg/L. This review examines the potential for production of taxol from fungi. The biology of taxol synthesis in fungi and measures which may improve taxol yield are also discussed.     

Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the production of alkaline phosphatase isozymes.

Escherichia coli K-12 mutants showing an altered isozyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase were isolated. Whereas wild-type strains synthesized all three isozymes in a synthetic medium supplemented with Casamino Acids or arginine but synthesized only isozyme 3 in a medium without supplement, the mutant strains synthesized isozyme 1 and a small amount (if any) of isozyme 2, but no isozyme 3, under all growth conditions. The mutation responsible for the altered isozyme pattern, designated iap, was mapped by P1 transduction in the interval between cysC and srl (at about 58.5 min on the E. coli genetic map). It was cotransducible with cysC and srl at frequencies of 0.54 and 0.08, respectively. The order of the genes in this region was srl-iap-cysC-argA-thyA-lysA. Three more independent mutations were also mapped in the same locus. We purified isozymes 1' and 3' from iap and iap+ strains and analyzed the sequences of four amino acids from the amino terminus of each polypeptide. They were Arg-Thr-Pro-Glu (or Gln) in isozyme 1' and Thr-Pro-Glu (or gln)-Met in isozyme 3', which were identical with those of corresponding isozymes produced by the wild-type phoA+ strain (P.M. Kelley, P.A. Neumann, K. Schriefer, F. Cancedda, M.J. Schlesinger, and R.A. Bradshaw, Biochemistry 12:3499-3503, 1973; M.J. Schlesinger, W. Bloch, and P.M. Kelley, p. 333-342, in Isozymes, Academic Press Inc., 1975). These results indicate that the different mobilities of isozymes 1, 2, and 3 are determined by the presence or absence of amino-terminal arginine residues in polypeptides.     

Enhancement of taxol production and release in Taxus chinensis cell cultures by ultrasound,methyl jasmonate and in situ solvent extraction

This study evaluates the use of a novel mechanical stimulus, ultrasound (US), and a putative chemical elicitor, methyl jasmonate (MJ), combined with in situ solvent extraction (two-phase culture), to enhance taxol production by Taxus chinensis cells in suspension culture. The volumetric taxol yield was increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold with 2 min US treatment once or twice during a 4-week culture period, about 5-fold with 60-120 microM MJ, and 7- to 9-fold by in situ solvent extraction of taxol with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (11% v/v). The percent of extracellular taxol or taxol release was also significantly increased. The combined use of US (day 5 or 9) and MJ treatment (day 7) resulted in taxol yields 20-50% higher than each of the treatments used alone. The most favorable strategy for taxol production was the application of US or MJ treatment, followed by in situ solvent extraction, giving rise to a taxol yield of 33-35 mg/l, about 17-fold higher than the control, at 1.9 mg/l. It was found that the organic solvent DBP, as well as US and MJ, stimulated the enzyme activity of secondary metabolic pathways, which was partially responsible for the enhanced taxol production.     

Inter-allelic prion propagation reveals conformational relationships among a multitude of [PSI] strains

Immense diversity of prion strains is observed, but its underlying mechanism is less clear. Three [PSI] prion strains--named VH, VK, and VL--were previously isolated in the wild-type yeast genetic background. Here we report the generation and characterization of eight new [PSI] isolates, obtained by propagating the wild-type strains with Sup35 proteins containing single amino-acid alterations. The VH strain splits into two distinct strains when propagated in each of the three genetic backgrounds, harboring respectively single mutations of N21L, R28P, and Gi47 (i.e. insertion of a glycine residue at position 47) on the Sup35 N-terminal prion-forming segment. The six new strains exhibit complex inter-conversion patterns, and one of them continuously mutates into another. However, when they are introduced back into the wild-type background, all 6 strains revert to the VH strain. We obtain two more [PSI] isolates by propagating VK and VL with the Gi47 and N21L backgrounds, respectively. The two isolates do not transmit to other mutant backgrounds but revert to their parental strains in the wild-type background. Our data indicate that a large number of [PSI] strains can be built on three basic Sup35 amyloid structures. It is proposed that the three basic structures differ by chain folding topologies, and sub-strains with the same topology differ in distinct ways by local structural adjustments. This "large number of variations on a small number of basic themes" may also be operative in generating strain diversities in other prion elements. It thus suggests a possible general scheme to classify a multitude of prion strains.     

云南红豆杉天然群体内同工酶遗传变异的研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术,对分布于金沙江流域的云南红豆杉天然群体的10种酶系统同工酶的遗传变异进行了研究。在谱带遗传分析的基础上确定了15个酶基因座及其等位基因。其中有14个酶基因座属多态,只有一个单态基因座（ME－3）。14个多态基因座中,4个基因座遗传变异小,对该天然群体的遗传变异贡献不大,其余10个基因座遗传变异丰富,对该天然群体的遗传变异贡献大。该天然群体具有明显丰富的遗传变异性,多态基因座比率P=0.933,等位基因平均数A=2.90,平均期望杂合度He=0.290。紫杉醇含量与群体遗传变异有着密切的关系。 Abstract：Genetic variation of ten isoenzymes was studied within population of Taxus yun nanensis Cheng et L. K. Fu in the Jinsha River Valley using the method of hor izo ntal starch gel electrophoresis.On the basis of banding analysis,eight enzyme sy stems , presumablly coded by fifteen isoenzyme loci and their alleles were score d , and fourteen were polymorphic with only one monomorphic locus（ME－3）. Amon g them , four polymorphic loci with inevident genetic variation made little cont ribution to genetic variation of this population and other ten polymorphic loci with evident genetic variation made great contribution to genetic variation of this population . Isoenzyme data indicated high level of genetic variability in this population with P=0.933,A=2.90,He=0.290 . The taxol content had close r elation to genetic variation of population.     

Genetic background determines metabolic phenotypes in the mouse

To evaluate the contribution of genetic background to phenotypic variation, we compared a large range of biochemical and metabolic parameters at different ages of four inbred mice strains, C57BL/6J, 129SvPas, C3HeB/FeJ, and Balb/cByJ. Our results demonstrate that important metabolic, hematologic, and biochemical differences exist between these different inbred strains. Most of these differences are gender independent and are maintained or accentuated throughout life. It is therefore imperative that the genetic background is carefully defined in phenotypic studies. Our results also argue that certain backgrounds are more suited to study a given physiologic phenomenon, as distinct mouse strains have a different propensity to develop particular biochemical, hematologic, and metabolic abnormalities. These genetic differences can furthermore be exploited to identify new genes/proteins that contribute to phenotypic abnormalities. The choice of the genetic background in which to generate and analyze genetically engineered mutant mice is important as it is, together with environmental factors, one of the most important contributors to the variability of phenotypic results.