5—HT能纤维向猫脊髓膈神经核及延髓膈肌前运动神经元的投射

实验在6只成年猫上进行,将WGA－HRP微量注入C5膈神经核内,通过逆行追踪及5－HT免疫组织化学FITC荧光双重标记方法,研究了中缝核5－HT能神经元向脊髓膈神经核的投射,同时观察了延髓膈肌产运动神经元接受5－HT能纤维投射的情况,结果在中缝苍白核观察到较多的HRP－5－HT双标记神经元,在中缝大核,中缝隐核观察到少数散在的双标记神经元,在延髓疑核,孤束核腹外侧区域的HRP单核记神经元（即膈肌前运动神经元）周围观察到5－HT能轴突末梢,结构表明：发自中缝苍白核5－HT能神经元的传出纤维可投射到脊髓膈神经核,延髓膈肌前运动神经元接受5－HT能纤维的传入投射。     

心血管生理的进展——参加第三十届国际生理科学大会札记

在这次大会上,有关心血管生理的内容较多,现就较重要的几个方面,作一简介。一、心血管活动的神经调节腹外侧延髓在心血管活动调节中的作用,近年来已日益引起重视。Caver-son 等观察到,腹外侧延髓头端的加压区神经元,直接投射到脊髓内的交感区,并接受下丘脑和外周心血管感受器来的传入信息,从而参与循环控制的整合机制。在腹外侧延髓已找到一些单位,其轴突直达孤束     

控制蟾蜍舌肌运动神经元的视顶盖神经元的分布和形态

本实验把辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）注射到蟾蜍舌下神经核背内侧核（ｄｏｒｓｏｍｅｄｉａｌｎ．ＸＩＩ,ＤＭＮ）和视顶盖（ＯＴ）,利用逆行和顺行标记技术,研究了控制舌肌运动神经元活动的视顶盖神经元的分布和形态。结果表明,视顶盖神经元直接控制舌肌运动神经元,它们主要分布在视顶盖的腹外侧部。这些神经元在形态上可分为三大类：梨形神经元、锥形神经元和神经节神经元,与Ｇｏｌｇｉ浸染法描述的两栖类视顶盖细胞类型相似。这表明视顶盖虽有功能分区,但很难在细胞形态与其生理性质之间建立联系。     

猫脊髓背索双投射神经元轴突分叉部位的电生理学研究

猫腰骶髓背角神经元对同侧颈髓背索和背外侧索的逆向刺激发生反应。这些神经元对刺激背索抑或背外侧索的逆向反应,在C_7-T_4节段的背索和背外侧索被分隔开时消失。其中,以背索刺激引起的逆向反应的消失机率居多。背索刺激的阈强度、不应期和逆向反应潜伏期等参数多高于背外侧索的有关参数。结果提示,脊髓背角脊颈束-背索突触后神经元轴突在下颈上胸节段分叉;分叉后的背外侧索分支的直径多粗于背索分支。     

心外膜应用腺苷时c—fos在脊髓延髓和丘脑中的表达

在１２只切断两侧缓冲神经和迷走神经的麻醉大鼠,观察了心外膜应用腺苷对脊髓,延髓和丘脑ｃ－ｆｏｓ原部基因表达的影响。结果显示：心外膜应用腺苷组大鼠,动脉血压和心率无明显变化;脊髓Ｔ３节段背角,延髓巨细胞旁外侧核以及丘脑的腹后外侧核,后核,中央外侧核和束旁核等部位Ｆｏｓ蛋白样免疫阳性反应神经元显著增加;而在溶剂对照组大鼠,仅见少数ＦＬＩ细胞。     

大鼠中脑、内脏和躯体传入在旁巨细胞外侧核神经元的聚合

用细胞外记录的方法观察大鼠巨细胞旁外侧核（ＰＧＬ）对刺激中脑导水管周围背侧部（ｄＰＡＧ）及腹外侧部（ｖＰＡＧ）、腓深神经（ＤＰＮ）、正中神经（ＭＮ）和内脏大神经（ＧＳＰＬ）的反应。这些神经元不仅对某一处刺激部位起反应,而且倾向于对其它任一刺激部位也起反应。８９％（７３／８２）的神经元接受两处或两处以上来源的汇聚投射。６０％（２１／３５）的神经元由于具有压力敏感性,并且其下行投射到脊髓的轴突具有慢的     

大鼠延髓至下丘脑腹内侧核的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的Fos表达

本实验用ＨＲＰ注入下丘脑腹内侧核结合逆行追踪与抗ＦＯＳ蛋白和抗酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）抗血清双重免疫细胞化学相结合的三重标记方法,对大鼠孤束核和延髓腹外侧区至下丘脑腹内侧核的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达进行了观察。本文发现孤束核和延髓腹外侧区有七种不同的标记细胞：ＨＲＰ、Ｆｏｓ、ＴＨ单标细胞Ｆｏｓ／ＨＲＰ、Ｆｏｓ／ＴＨ、ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ双标细胞和Ｆｏｓ／ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ三标细胞。上述七种标记细胞主要分布在延髓中段和尾段孤束核的内侧亚核和延髓腹外侧区以及两者之间的网状结构。ＨＲＰ标记细胞以注射侧为主,对侧有少量分布。本文结果证明,大鼠孤束核、延髓腹外侧区和网状结构内儿茶酚胺能神经元有些至下丘脑腹内侧核的投射,其中一部分儿茶酚胺能神经元参与了胃伤害性刺激的传导和调控。     

囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布

目的观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布。方法首先采用免疫荧光三重标记I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布;接着注射四甲基罗达明人下颌舌骨肌神经逆行标记三叉神经运动核开口神经元,再采用免疫荧光双重标记I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核开口神经元区和闭口神经元区内的分布差异。结果I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维仅在三叉神经运动核背外侧部分布,而Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在整个三叉神经运动核内分布;开口神经元区未观察到I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性终末。结论闭口神经元接受I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配,开口神经元仅仅接受Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配。     

鸟类顶盖的解剖组织结构

鸟类具有两条独立的视系统投射到端脑 :1)顶盖传出 (tectofugal)系统 ,即视网膜 -顶盖 -丘脑圆核 -外纹状体 ,与哺乳动物的视网膜 -上丘 -丘脑 -纹区皮层系统同源 ;2 )丘脑传出 (thalam ofugal)系统 ,即视网膜 -丘脑背外侧核 -上纹状体 ,与哺乳动物的视网模 -膝状体 -纹状皮层系统同源。鸟类顶盖与哺乳动物上丘为同源器官 ,是鸟类视觉系统中的一个接替站 ,也是鸟类视觉中枢中最大和最明显的核团 ,在此处进行视觉信息的初步处理。破坏顶盖能够削弱鸽对视觉图象和强度的分辨能力 ,而破坏其他视核团 ,如背部丘脑或纹状体 ,却不影响这种能力。可…     

延髓腹外侧区在降压反射中的作用

在各种心血管反射中,降压反射是最主要的,延髓腹外侧区在降压反射中起重要作用。目前认为降压反射中枢通路中至少有四种成分是最基本的：（１）孤束核中的神经元;（２）延髓腹外侧头端的交感前运动细胞;（３）延髓腹外侧尾端;（４）疑核或和迷走神经背运动核。此外,兴奋性与抑制性氨基酸受体和抑制性神经元也是中枢通路的关键成分。下丘脑视上核与室旁核的升压素分泌细胞也有一定作用     

Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

Horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies of afferent and efferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of chondrostean fishes revealed medial, descending and ascending projections. Entering fibers of the trigeminal sensory root project medially to terminate in the medial trigeminal nucleus, located along the medial wall of the rostral medulla. Other entering sensory fibers turn caudally within the medulla, forming the trigeminal spinal tract, and terminate within the descending trigeminal nucleus. The descending trigeminal nucleus consists of dorsal (DTNd) and ventral (DTNv) components. Fibers of the trigeminal spinal tract descend through the lateral alar medulla and into the dorsolateral cervical spinal cord. Fibers exit the spinal tract throughout its length, projecting to the ventral descending trigeminal nucleus (DTNv) in the medulla and to the funicular nucleus at the obex. Retrograde transport of HRP through sensory root fibers also revealed an ascending bundle of fibers that constitutes the neurites of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, cell bodies of which are located in the rostral optic tectum. Retrograde transport of HRP through motor root fibers labeled ipsilateral cells of the trigeminal motor nucleus, located in the rostral branchiomeric motor column.     

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the trigeminal sensory nuclei of an infrared-sensitive snake,Agkistrodon blomhoffi

Summary With the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method we ascertained the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in fibers and cell bodies of the trigeminal sensory system of the pit viper, Agkistrodon blomhoffi. There are a few SPLI fibers each in the principal sensory nucleus and the main neuropil of the lateral descending nucleus (i.e., the infrared sensory nucleus); a moderate number in the descending nucleus; and a large number in the caudal subnucleus, the medial edges of the interpolar subnucleus, and the marginal neuropil of the lateral descending nucleus. About 30% of the cell bodies in the ophthalmic and maxillo-mandibular ganglia show SPLI, and of the two craniocervical ganglia, the proximal ganglion has many more cells with SPLI than the distal ganglion. The SPLI distribution in the common trigeminal sensory system is similar to that of mammals, and suggests that the function of this system is also similar. In the infrared sensory system, the differing distribution in the main and marginal neuropils suggests separate functions for these two structures in the system.     

Selective Labeling of [3H]2-Deoxy-d-Glucose in the Snake Trigeminal System: Basal and Infrared-Stimulated Conditions

[³H]2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) and high-resolution autoradiography were employed to investigate labeling patterns of the trigeminal and infrared sensory system in acrotaline snake, the pit viper (Trimeresurus flavoviridis). Following intracardiac injection of 9.25 MBq [³H]2-DG, neurons in the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (LTTD), nucleus reticularis caloris (RC), nucleus trigemini mesencephalicus, nucleus trigemini motorius, and trigeminal ganglia were labeled in various degrees after the pit organ had been removed (basal condition). This revealed that a higher rate of glucose utilization occurred in these nuclei than in the common sensory trigeminal nuclei, which lacked labeling entirely. When a pit was stimulated periodically with an infrared stimulus for 45 min, the difference in percentage of labeled cells was ipsilaterally increased by 12.84% in large cells of the LITD and by 7.55% in the RC, as compared with the contralateral, basal-condition side. These slight changes indicate a small increase of glucose consumption during infrared reception. On the other hand, the small cells in the LTTD showed labeling that did not change with stimulation, suggesting that 2-DG uptake in inhibitory interneurons is relatively constant.     

Projections of the optic tectum and the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the tegu lizard (Tupinambis nigropunctatus)

Summary Fibers undergoing Wallerian degeneration following tectal lesions were demonstrated with the Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods and traced to their termination. Four of the five distinct fiber paths originating in the optic tectum appear related to vision, while one is related to the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminus. The latter component of the tectal efferents distributes fibers to 1) the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminus, 2) the motor nucleus of the trigeminus, 3) the nucleus of tractus solitarius, and 4) the intermediate gray of the cervical spinal cord.The principal ascending bundle projects to the nucleus rotundus, three components of the ventral geniculate nucleus and the nucleus ventromedialis anterior ipsilaterally, before it crosses in the supraoptic commissure and terminates in the contralateral nucleus rotundus, ventral geniculate nucleus and a hitherto unnamed region dorsal to the nucleus of the posterior accessory optic tract.Fibers leaving the tectum dorso-medially terminate in the posterodorsal nucleus ipsilaterally and the stratum griseum periventriculare of the contralateral tectum. The descending fiber paths terminate in medial reticular cell groups and the rostral spinal cord contralaterally and in the torus and the lateral reticular regions ipsilaterally. The ipsilateral fascicle also issues fibers to the magnocellular nucleus isthmi.     

The sensory trigeminal system in birds: input, organization and effects of peripheral damage. A review.

The primary sensory trigeminal system in birds comprises the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and the trigeminal ganglion with projections to the principal sensory nucleus (PrV) and the descending tract with its subnuclei. Other cranial nerves can contribute to PrV and the descending system that together form the somatosensory system of the head. There is also a proprioceptive component. The somatosensory system comprises a component serving tactile sense and a nociceptive component. The former processes information from many mechanoreceptors in beak and tongue; both PrV and subnuclei of the descending system are involved. The nociceptive component consists of small ganglion cells projecting presumably to layers I and II of the caudal subnucleus of the descending trigeminal system and cervical dorsal horn; this is the only trigeminal region showing immunoreactivity for substance P. The effects of amputation of the tips of the beak of chickens (debeaking) are estimated by fiber counts in electron microscopic preparations of the trigeminal branches innervating that area, and by cell counts in Nissl stained sections of the trigeminal ganglion. Our data indicate that debeaking causes a loss of exteroceptive units, but not of nociceptive units. Comparison of sections stained for the presence of substance P (immunohistochemistry) did not reveal a long-term effect on the nociceptive system suggestive of the occurrence of chronic pain.     

Reduced performance of prey targeting in pit vipers with contralaterally occluded infrared and visual senses

Both visual and infrared (IR) senses are utilized in prey targeting by pit vipers. Visual and IR inputs project to the contralateral optic tectum where they activate both multimodal and bimodal neurons. A series of ocular and pit organ occlusion experiments using the short-tailed pit viper (Gloydius brevicaudus) were conducted to investigate the role of visual and IR information during prey targeting. Compared with unoccluded controls, snakes with either both eyes or pit organs occluded performed more poorly in hunting prey although such subjects still captured prey on 75% of trials. Subjects with one eye and one pit occluded on the same side of the face performed as well as those with bilateral occlusion although these subjects showed a significant targeting angle bias toward the unoccluded side. Performance was significantly poorer when only a single eye or pit was available. Interestingly, when one eye and one pit organ were occluded on opposite sides of the face, performance was poorest, the snakes striking prey on no more than half the trials. These results indicate that, visual and infrared information are both effective in prey targeting in this species, although interference between the two modalities occurs if visual and IR information is restricted to opposite sides of the brain.     

Corpuscular bodies in the palate of the rat. 2. Innervation and central projection.

The source of innervation of the corpuscular bodies in the palate and the central projections of the afferent fibres of the entire palate was studied in rats by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and with substance P (SP) immunohistochemistry. WGA-HRP injected into the incisal papilla was taken up by the nerve fibres that terminated in the corpuscles. Retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the trigeminal ganglion as well as anterogradely labelled terminals in the dorsolateral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the lateral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract. No labelling could be found in the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve and the hypoglossal nucleus. Following WGA-HRP injection in the intermolar area and in the soft palate, labelling was only restricted to the trigeminal ganglion. The lamina propria of the entire palate and the corpuscle-enriched area of the incisal papilla and the soft palate were richly innervated by SP-containing fibres. Numerous SP-containing fibres were also observed in the nerve plexus at the base of the corpuscle. In addition, SP-positive neurons were identified in the trigeminal ganglion and SP-labelled terminals in the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and in the solitary tract nucleus. On the basis of our morphological observations we conclude that the palatal corpuscular bodies are involved in taste perception which is of trigeminal origin.     

Retinofugal projections in the eel,Anguilla anguilla L. (Teleostei), visualized by the cobalt-filling technique

The retinofugal projections in the eel were studied by use of the cobalt-filling technique. The optic tract projects contralaterally to the hypothalamic optic nucleus, the anterior periventricular nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the dorsomedial optic nucleus, four pretectal recipient areas, the optic tectum, and the tegmentum. Small ipsilateral projections were demonstrated in the hypothalamic optic nucleus, the dorsomedial optic nucleus, and the optic tectum.     

Spatio-temporal evolution of optic tract regeneration in Rutilus rutilus

Regeneration of the different components of the optic tract of Rutilus takes place at a variable rate and follows a relatively precise pattern. The first optic centres to be reinnervated belong to the lateral thalamo-pretectal group (5 weeks at 14 degrees C after section of the optic nerve), followed by the anterior optic tectum and lateral geniculate nucleus (8 weeks after section), the central regions of the tectum, the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the nucleus of the basal optic root (10-15 weeks after section), and finally the medial thalamo-pretectal nuclei and the caudal regions of the optic tectum (16-25 weeks after section).     

A crossed projection from the optic tectum to craniocervical premotor areas in the brainstem reticular formation. An anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.)

The optic tectum in birds receives visual information from the contralateral retina. This information is passed through to other brain areas via the deep layers of the optic tectum. In the present study the crossed tectobulbar pathway is described in detail. This pathway forms the connection between the optic tectum and the premotor area of craniocervical muscles in the contralateral paramedian reticular formation. It originates predominantly from neurons in the ventromedial part of stratum griseum centrale and to a lesser extent from stratum album centrale. The fibers leave the tectum as a horizontal fiber bundle, and cross the midline through the caudal radix oculomotorius and rostral nucleus oculomotorius. On the contralateral side fibers turn to ventral and descend caudally in the contralateral paramedian reticular formation to the level of the obex. Labeled terminals are found in the ipsilateral medial mesencephalic reticular formation lateral to the radix and motor nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, and in the contralateral paramedian reticular formation, along the descending tract. Neurons in the medial mesencephalic reticular formation in turn project to the paramedian reticular formation. Through the crossed tectobulbar pathway visual information can influence the activity of craniocervical muscles via reticular premotor neurons.