接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

 喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种, 因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而备受关注。通过温室盆栽接种试验, 观察了3属6种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)、地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)、透光球囊霉(G. diaphanum)、蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、光壁无梗囊霉(A. laevis)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa)对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明, 除地表球囊霉外, 其余菌根幼苗生物量显著高于无菌根幼苗, 蜜色无梗囊霉、弯丝硬囊霉和透光球囊霉的菌根幼苗生物量分别达到无菌根幼苗的1.6倍、1.4倍和1.3倍。与无菌根幼苗相比, 蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均有显著提高, 而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)与气孔限制值(L_s)则变化不明显。接种透光球囊霉、蜜色无梗囊霉、光壁无梗囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于无菌根幼苗, 而叶绿素b含量只有木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗显著高于无菌根幼苗。接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数影响较小, 只有透光球囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 接种木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗的PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(EQY)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗的光化学淬灭(qP)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则显著低于无菌根幼苗。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PIGMENTS OF TWO STRAINS OF THE PICOPLANKTONIC ALGA PELAGOCOCCUS SUBVIRIDIS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1

The organelle ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigments of a new isolate of the picoplanktonic alga Pelagococcus subviridis Norris from the East Australian Current was compared with the North Pacific Ocean type species. No differences in the ultrastructure of the two isolates were observed. Mitosis was studied in detail in the Australian strain, and showed two unusual features: the de novo appearance of centrioles prior to mitosis, and the formation of a small, extra-nuclear spindle. The major carotenoids in both strains were fucoxanthin and a 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin-like pigment, with diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin as secondary pigments. Several minor carotenoids have not yet been identified. In addition to chlorophylls a and c₂, a new chlorophyll c derivative (chlorophyll c₃), present in both strains, was separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The Australian isolate, unlike the type material, showed no evidence of chlorophyllase activity during cell harvest and extraction. While the pigment composition suggests affinities with certain newly examined prymnesiophytes, organelle ultrastructure indicates Pelagococcus to be a member of the Chrysophyceae. Mitosis is, however, atypical of both Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, and if this picoplanktonic alga is to be retained in the Chrysophyceae it must be seen as a most unusual member.     

叶绿素缺失和异养生长对蓝藻Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803藻胆蛋白含量的影响

通过遮黑培养缺失ｆｒｘＣ基因的蓝藻Ｓｙｎｅｃｈｏｃｙｓｔｉｓｓｐ．ＰＣＣ６８０３突变工程株,获得了叶绿素缺失的藻细胞,吸收光谱测定及数学计算表明,藻细胞中叶绿素缺失后藻胆蛋白含量增加,藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量分别为相同条件下野生株对照组的４倍和６倍。野生株遮黑培养时,细胞进行异养生长,藻胆蛋白含量下降,藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量分别为光照培养条件下自养生长的野生株细胞的３４．５％和２５３％。另外,缺失ａｐｃＥ基因的突变工程株细胞的藻胆蛋白含量也少于对照野生株,表明ａｐｃＥ基因的编码蛋白ＬＣＭ与藻胆蛋白的含量相关。     

叶绿素寡聚体的光化学性质及其水悬浮液在光下的pH变化

单体叶绿素α在含水的石油醚中形成叶绿素α-水寡聚体,在含二氧六圜的石油醚中形成叶绿素α-二氧六圜寡聚体。两者除吸收光谱有所不同外,其光化学性质也有明显区别:叶绿素α-二氧六圜寡聚体的延迟发光强度比叶绿素α-水寡聚体的大一个数量级;叶绿素α-二氧六圜寡聚体带有负电荷,电镀时趋向正极,叶绿素α-水寡聚体带正电荷,电镀时趋向负极;两种寡聚体电镀所成的膜在光下产生相反的光电位。叶绿素α-水寡聚体水悬浮液在照光时有pH值变化,变化幅度0.2—0.3pH单位,停止照光pH恢复原值。     

高山植物唐古特山莨菪和唐古特大黄对强太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性

以西宁地区人工栽培的唐古特山莨菪(Anisodus tanguticus)和唐古特大黄(Rheum tanguticum)为材料,比较研究了两典型高山植物对青藏高原强太阳辐射光能的利用和耗散特性。PSⅡ反应中心的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光合功能的相对限制(L_(PDF))的分析表明,强太阳辐射会导致光合作用的光抑制,但并不造成PSⅡ反应中心的不可逆破坏。猝灭分析表明,唐古特山莨菪的光化学猝灭系数(q_P)显著小于唐古特大黄,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)和(q_N)则相反(p<0.05),意味着唐古特山莨菪将PSⅡ反应中心吸收的过剩光能以热耗散等非光化学过程消耗的能力大于唐古特大黄,因而降低了用于光化学反应的份额。q_N的3组分中,q_Nf所占比例较大;尽管相对份额很小,中午强光下两高山植物的q_Nm都有增大趋势,表明它在过剩光能的非光化学耗散中也起重要作用。NPQ_S和q_Ns的日变化趋势很相似;同样,NPQ_F为NPQ的主要组分,且唐古特山莨菪的NPQ_F和q_Nf都显著大于唐古特大黄(p<0.05)。唐古特山莨菪PSⅡ天线色素吸收光能中分配于光化学反应的相对份额(P)始终低于唐古特大黄,而用于天线热能耗散的相对份额(D)则大于唐古特大黄,两者都具有极显著差异(p<0.01)。以上结果表明,唐古特山莨菪的Φ_PSⅡ较唐古特大黄小是因为PSⅡ天线色素吸收的光能中分配于光化学反应的相对份额或光化学猝灭的比例较小,而分配于天线热耗散的相对份额或非光化学过程的比例较大的缘故。唐古特山莨菪的NPQ和q_N较大,与NPQ_F和q_Nf以及NPQ_S和q_Ns都显著大于唐古特大黄有关(p<0.05)。     

大血藤叶的生长及光合生理生态特性研究

对大血藤叶的生长及光合生理生态特性进行了研究,结果表明:大血藤叶的长度、面积和干重的增加有共同的趋势,即在叶的生长早期增长很快,以后逐渐降低,叶长度、面积约在7月中旬达到最大值,叶干重8月初达到最大值。随着叶的生长,叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活力逐渐增加,至8月达到最大值,以后逐渐下降。春、夏期间的光补偿点低于秋季,而光饱和点则高于秋季。叶的光合日进程在春季呈"单峰"曲线;在夏、秋季则呈"双峰"型,有明显的"午休"现象。日均净光合速率在整个生长季节的变化是随着叶的生长,先是上升,至8月初达到最大值,然后逐渐下降。夏季,大血藤日均净光合速率比常绿阔叶树种低,比落叶阔叶树种高。     

DETECTION OF CHLOROPHYLLS c1, c2 AND c3 IN PIGMENT EXTRACTS OF PRYMNESIUM PARWM (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1

Three chlorophyll c-type pigments were separated by reversed-phase high Performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography from pigment extracts of the prymnesiophyte, Prymnesium parvum Carter. Based on spectral characteristics, retention times, and comparison with reference pigments isolated from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, two of these pigments were identijied as chlorophyll c₁ and c₂. The other pigment was identified by its absorption spectrum and thin-layer chromatography retention times as the newly described chlorophyll c₃. However, in other prymnesiophytes so far examined, chlorophyll c₁ and chlorophyll c₃ were present with no chlorophyll c_l. The discovery of chlorophyll c₃ with chlorophyll c₁ and chlorophyll c₃ in Prymnesium parvum therefore represents the first report of this combination of pigments in prymnesiophytes.     

EFFECT OF SPECTRAL QUALITY ON GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION OF PICOCYANOBACTERIA1

The influence of spectral quality on growth and pigmentation was compared among five strains of marine and freshwater picocyanobacteria grown under the same photon flux density (28 μE · m^?2·s^?1). Growth and phycoerythrin (PE) concentration per unit carbon increased when marine Synechococcus WH7803 was grown under green light as compared to red light, but no change in phycocyanin concentration occurred. Marine Synechococcus strain 48B66 also showed greater levels of PE when grown under green light than under red light, but no concomitant growth increase occurred. Both strains thus exhibited Group II chromatic adaptation. Additionally, strain 48B66 increased the relative level of phycourobilin compared to phycoerythrobilin when grown under red light. In contrast, both marine and freshwater Synechococcus strains containing no PE showed decreased growth under green light. Chlorophyll a concentrations were greatest or among the greatest in all strains grown under green light. These results suggest that light quality, through its effects on growth rate, may be an important factor controlling the distribution and abundance of the various pigment types of Synechococcus.     

VARIABILITY IN RATIOS OF PHYTOPLANKTON CARBON AND RNA TO ATP AND CHLOROPHYLL A IN BATCH AND CONTINUOUS CULTURES1,2

The feasibility of estimating phytoplankton carbon and RNA concentrations from measurements of ATP and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations was studied using chemostat populations of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) Fryxell & Hasle (= T. fluviatilis Hustedt). C:ATP and RNA:ATP ratios were studied for six additional marine species in batch culture representing five classes of phytoplankton. Statistical analyses revealed that both the growth rate and the factor limiting growth (NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, PO₄^3- or light) could alter C:ATP, RNA: ATP, C:chl a and RNA:chl a ratios by amounts which were large compared to measurement error. An analysis of variance of the batch culture results indicated that both species and the source of inorganic nitrogen (NO₃^-, or NH₄⁺) had a significant effect on C:ATP and RNA:ATP ratios. Light had less of an influence on C:ATP and RNA:ATP ratios than on C:chl a and RNA:chl a ratios, and for this reason we feel that phytoplankton C and RNA concentrations can be estimated with greater reliability from ATP than from chl a measurements. The range of C:ATP and RNA:ATP values found for T. weissflogii under a variety of growth conditions was similar to that for the six additional species grown in batch culture, suggesting that this range of values is indicative of the extremes likely to occur in living cells. Our results and additional data in the literature indicate that phytoplankton C and RNA concentrations can be estimated to within a factor of two by multiplying ATP concentrations by 311 and 35, respectively, in N limited systems, and by 341 and 36, respectively in PO₄^3- limited systems.     

玉米不同叶位叶片叶绿体超微结构与光合性能的研究

对玉米植株基部（第3叶）,中部（果穗叶）和上部（倒2叶）叶位叶片,进行叶绿体超微结构的观察,并测定了叶绿素含量和光合强度,结果表明,不同叶位叶片叶肉细胞中叶绿体的超微结构,随叶位上升而渐趋复杂化,果穗叶最为显著,向上又趋简单,具体表现为基粒片层的数目随叶位上升而增多基质片层和基质也随之增加,果穗叶最多,向上又趋减少,不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合强度,果穗叶高于其它叶位。     

THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND NITROGEN ON GROWTH,PIGMENT CONTENT,AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRACILARIA FOLIIFERA V. ANGUSTISSIMA (GIGARTINALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

The combined effects of light intensity and nitrogen (NO₃^?) on growth rate, pigment content, and biochemical composition of Gracilaria foliifera v. angustissima (Harvey) Taylor was investigated using outdoor continuous cultures. Growth of Gracilaria increased linearly with increasing light to 0.43 doublings d^?1 at high light levels (383 ly d^?1 of in situ light), suggesting that light may often limit growth of this plant in nature. Chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin contents were inversely proportional to light level and growth rate. However, pigment content did not affect the growth capacity of Gracilaria. There was no increase in growth or pigment content with increasing additions of nitrogen. The low nitrogen treatment was unenriched seawater that had higher NO₃^? levels than most coastal waters (influent = 8.61 μM; residual = 0.94 μM). When growing near its maximum rate under high light intensities, Gracilaria had a significantly (P < 0.001) lower phycoerythrin: chlorophyll a ratio (phyco: Chl a) than did Gracilaria growing more slowly under lower light (Phyco:Chl a of 2.8 ± 0.2 vs. 3.8 ± 0.3). Faster growing plants also had C:N ratios above 10, indicating N- limitation. In addition to harvesting light the phycobiliproteins of Gracilaria may store nitrogen. Growth rates of Gracilaria correlated negatively with ash (r =–0.85) and positively with the carbon: phycoerythrin ratio (r = 0.85), suggesting that these two indices can be used to estimate growth in the field.     

龙须菜对海水氮磷富营养化的响应

龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)是红藻门江蓠属大型海藻,已从山东青岛引种到广东省南澳岛等地栽培多年。深入了解其光合作用与环境条件的关系,对龙须菜的合理栽培及其在环境生态中的生物学作用和扩大其开发利用价值,具有重要的理论和现实意义。该文利用人为配置的不同程度N、P污染海水处理龙须菜,研究其生理生态特性对海水氮磷富营养化的响应。结果表明: 处理6 d后,龙须菜叶绿素a及3种藻胆蛋白含量和总抗氧化能力在轻度P(P 0.2 mg·L^-1)及重度N、P复合污染(P 10 mg·L^-1,N 55 mg·L^-1)情况下降低。叶绿素荧光参数的变化也表明上述处理对叶绿体PSⅡ造成不利影响,而在轻度N(N 0.9 mg·L^-1)和轻度N、P复合污染(P 0.2 mg·L^-1,N 0.9 mg·L^-1)海水中上述参数则变化不大,表现出龙须菜对轻度N及轻度N、P复合污染的耐受性。该实验条件下,轻度污染处理后,藻体中不因环境N、P浓度升高而富集N、P。表明龙须菜可以作为轻度富营养化海水水体的净化藻类。     

PIGMENT AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF OSCILLATORIA AGARDHII (CYANOPHYTA) TO PHOTON FLUX DENSITY AND SPECTRAL QUALITY1

The effects of photon flux density (PFD) and spectral quality on biomass, pigment content and composition, and the photosynthetic activity of Oscillatoria agardhii Gomont were investigated in steady-state populations. For alterations of PFD, chemostat populations were exposed to 50, 130 and 230 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1 of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Decreases in biomass, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and c-phycocyanin (CPC) contents, and CPC: Chl a and CPC: carotenoid content was not altered. Increases in the relative abundances of myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin and deceases in the relative abundances of echinenone and β-carotene within the carotenoid pigments coincided with increasing PFD. Increases in Chl a-specific photosynthetic rates and maxima and decreases in biomass-specific photosynthetic rates and maxima with increasing PFD were attributed to increased light harvesting by carotenoids per unit Chl a and reduction in total pigment content, respectively. Responses to spectral quality were tested by exposing chemostat populations to a gradient of spectral transmissions at 50 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1 PAR. Biomass differences among populations were likely attributable to the distinct absorption of the PAR spectrum by Chl a, CPC, and carotenoids. Although pigment contents were not altered by spectral quality, relative abundances of zeaxanthin and echinenone in the carotenoid pigments increased in populations exposed to high-wavelength PAR. The population adapted to green light possessed a greater photosynthetic maximum than populations adapted to other spectral qualities.     

甲基紫精抑制水稻种子活力和幼苗生长

5－10μmol／L的甲基紫精（MV）处理末吸涨或已萌动的杂交水稻种子1d后,种子发芽率与对照差异不大,但活力指数和钟长生长受到显著抑制,尤其胚根的生长受抑更甚,使胚芽／胚根长度比值提高1．4-11．0倍。组织的电解质渗漏率增大,胚芽鞘不能转绿,仅含少量或几乎不含叶绿素,随后逐步死亡．MV处理三叶期叶片切段或完整幼苗根部皆引起膜渗漏,叶绿素降解,光合速率下降和呼吸速率上升。杂交稻"代杂"对MV的敏感性稍低于父本"七桂早"和母本"Lemont",与"Lemont"较接近．MV既可降解已形成的叶绿素又可抑制叶绿素的形成。     

THE RELATIONSHIP OF LIPIDS WITH LIGHT AND CHLOROPHYLL MEASUREMENTS IN FRESHWATER ALGAE AND PERIPHYTON1

Lipid content and lipid class composition were determined in stream periphyton and the filamentous green algae Cladophora sp. and Spirogyra sp, Sterols and phospholipids were compared to chlorophyll a (chl a) as predictors of biomass for stream periphyton and algae. Chlorophyll a, phospholipids, and sterols were each highly correlated with ash-free dry mass (AFDM) (r² > 0.98). Stream periphyton exposed naturally to high light (HL) and low light (LL) had chl a concentrations (μg chl a-mg^?1AFDM) of 7.9± 0.7 and 12.4 ± 2.9, respectively, while the sterol concentrations of these HL and LL stream periphyton (1.6 ± 0.4) were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Periphyton exposed to an irradiance of 300 μmol photons·m^?2s^?1 in the laboratory for 60 h had 5.6 ± 0.55 μg chl a·mg^?1 AFDM, but the same periphyton exposed to 2% incident light for the same amount of time had 11.0 ± 0.56 μg chl a·mg^?1 AFDM. Sterol concentrations in these periphyton communities remained unchanged (1.5 ± 0.3 μg·mg^?1AFDM), Similar results (i.e. changes in chl a but stability of sterol concentrations in response to irradiance changes) were also found for Cladophora and Spirogyra in laboratory experiments. Sterols can be quantified rapidly from a few milligrams of algae and appear to be a useful predictor of eukaryote biomass, whereas cellular levels of chl a vary substantially with light conditions. Phospholipids (or phospholipid fatty acids) are considered to be a reliable measure of viable microbial biomass. Nevertheless, phospholipid content varied substantially and unpredictably among algae and periphyton under different light regimes. Irradiance also had a significant effect on storage lipids: HL Cladophora and HL periphyton had 2 × and 5 × greater concentrations of triacylglycerols, respectively, compared to their LL forms. HL and LL algae also differed in the concentration of several major fatty acids. These light-induced changes in algal lipids and fatty acids have important implications for grazers.     

薇甘菊叶和茎的光合特性

薇甘菊(Mikania micranth)是世界性的入侵有害植物,对其入侵特性的理解将有助于我们更进一步揭示入侵机理和开展植物入侵的防治工作。叶片的光合作用是入侵植物薇甘菊入侵特性的研究内容之一,但到目前为止,仍没有开展对薇甘菊非同化器官茎的同化特性的研究。该文采取对比的研究方法,使用LICOR-6400气体交换系统和荧光系统对其幼嫩的绿色茎和成熟叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性进行测定,并对测定结果进行了对比分析,同时应用激光共聚焦显微镜对薇甘菊茎中叶绿体分布进行观察。使用叶绿素荧光系统测量瞬时叶绿素荧光特性表明,茎和叶的电子传输速率(Electron transport rate, ETR)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)存在较好的正比例关系,相关系数达到0.97,说明茎中存在和叶中类似的光合结构。但在应用LICOR-6400气体交换系统测量稳定状态下的CO₂的气体交换速率时,观察到叶的气体交换速率稳定性较好,而茎的气体交换速率出现较大的波动,这可能是由于茎的气孔因素引起。综合来看,在相同面积和饱合光强下(光通量密度(Photosynthetic photo flux density, PPFD)=2 000 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1),叶的ETR为42.44 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,茎的ETR为30.32 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1。在相同面积和低光强(PPFD=10 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1)下,叶的Φ_PSⅡ为0.69;茎的Φ_PSⅡ为0.57。在单位SPAD下,茎中ETR是每单位SPAD 4.24 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,是叶的2.3倍,实际光化学量子产量是每单位SPAD 0.08,是叶的3倍。在比较茎和叶ETR中观察到茎比叶有更强的强光适应能力。激光共聚焦图像观察到薇甘菊茎的叶绿体主要分布在两个区域:皮层区和维管束周围。对照以往关于茎中叶绿体功能的研究表明,可能分布在两个区域中的叶绿体功能上存在差别。如上,薇甘菊茎中存在一定的光合作用能力,且在叶绿体的光能利用瞬时效率上茎明显强于叶,但在茎中这些光合作用的具体作用仍不清楚。     

PHOSPHORUS,NITROGEN AND THE GROWTH OF ALGAE IN LAKE KINNERET1

The intracellular concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Lake Kinneret were determined from 1969 to 1973. The ratios C:P, C:N, chlorophyll a:P, chlorophyll a:N of the algae showed fluctuations which could be related to the nutrient conditions that influence the annual pattern of phytoplankton development, especially in respect to the dinoflagellate bloom of Peridinium cinctum (OFM) Ehr. f. westii (Lemm.) Lef. Relatively high intracellurar P values at the start of the bloom indicated adequate availability of this nutrient and luxury consumption over a short period of time. Later, Peridinium continued to grow despite unusually high C:P ratios (> 300:1). In most years, phosphorus may have eventually limited growth, however, in 1970, the bloom censed despite comparatively high intracellular P concentrations. These observations, together with supplementary evidence from nutrient addition experiments and determinations of specific alkaline phosphatase levels, indicated that, for most of the growth phase of the bloom, Peridinium cells were not directly limited by P. The decline of the bloom usually, but not always (e.g., in 1970), was marked by very high C:P ratios. Thus, a shortage of P may often be a contributory factor to the cessation of the Peridinium bloom and may be limiting phytoplankton growth in the fall. Over the years 1969–73, possibly due to an overall drop in salinity, there appears to be a trend to lower levels of biologically bound phosphorus in Lake Kinneret, without a concomitant decrease in carbon biomass.