秸秆还田对甘蔗地土壤优先流运动特征的影响

秸秆还田措施可改变田间土壤环境,在一定程度上影响作物生长.为探究不同秸秆还田措施对田间土壤优先流的影响,以秸秆覆盖(CM)、秸秆焚烧覆盖(BM)和无秸秆覆盖(CK)3种处理方式下的甘蔗地为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验,结合图像解析技术和生态学景观格局分析方法对广西不同秸秆还田措施下的甘蔗地土壤优先流运动特征进行研究....     

不同施肥制度甘蔗地土壤养分对微生物群落结构的影响

以广西红壤长期定位施肥甘蔗地为研究对象,探讨了不同施肥措施甘蔗地土壤微生物群落特征以及土壤养分对微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,长期优化施肥可以提高土壤微生物多样性,不施肥土壤微生物生长得到显著抑制。土壤全氮、全钾、速效钾含量与微生物群落结构密切相关,可采取适当增加钾肥用量以增加微生物多样性,提高土壤肥力。土壤中磷素含量与微生物群落结构无显著相关,红壤甘蔗地中磷肥用量应适当,不宜过量施用。     

耕作深度对蔗地土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量的影响

探讨蔗地机械化耕作深度对耕层土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量构成因子的影响,阐明深松作业的针对性土壤区位和障碍因子,可为甘蔗良好耕层的构建和土壤改良策略的制定提供科学依据.本研究设置3种深松作业深度(35、40和45 cm),以不深松为对照,对蔗地土壤物理性状(紧实度、容重、含水率、孔隙度、三相容积率)和甘蔗产量构成因素及蔗茎产量等指标进行研究.结果表明: 耕作作业深度与蔗地土壤结构特性及甘蔗产量的改善提升效应呈显著正相关.深松能够打破犁底层,显著降低土壤紧实度和容重,减小机械作业相应的贯入阻力和抗剪强度,尤其对20～30 cm土层的上述因子具有显著改善效应,对甘蔗高产意义重大.深松显著提高了30 cm以内土层的液相容积率,增大了土壤水分库容,使10～30 cm土层的水分指标显著改善.10～30 cm土层是深松对耕层土壤固相容积率改善效应最显著的区位.耕作深度的增加对甘蔗有效茎数、株高、蔗茎产量及蔗糖含量具有显著的促进效应.鉴于蔗区当前较普遍的机具装备水平,我国适宜蔗区实施机械化深松的作业深度标准应不小于40 cm.     

甘蔗花生间作对甘蔗地土壤杂草种子萌发特性的影响

为明确间作对杂草种子库特征的影响,比较研究了自然恢复、花生单作、甘蔗单作和甘蔗花生间作下杂草种子库的特征。结果表明:与花生单作田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作土壤杂草种子库种类和密度分别降低了44.4%和34.0%;与甘蔗单作田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作土壤杂草种子库种类和密度分别降低了37.5%和22.7%。与播种前和自然恢复田土壤相比,甘蔗花生间作田杂草种子库优势杂草种类数量显著增加,而种子库密度显著降低。甘蔗花生间作田杂草实际出草量分别占自然恢复田的33.7%、花生单作田的40.9%、甘蔗单作田的55.8%。间作系统影响土壤杂草种子库种类和密度的机制,可能是间作作物与杂草竞争资源及其产生的化感作用抑制杂草。     

元素硫和双氰胺对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

采用温室盆栽淋洗试验,以NH₄HCO₃为氮肥源,研究了元素硫(S₀)和双氰胺（DCD）对种葱和不种作物土壤NO₃^--N淋失量和NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N浓度的影响.结果表明,在12周试验期间,与对照相比,S₀+DCD和S₀处理NO₃^--N淋失量分别低83%～86%和83%;NH₄⁺-N淋失量分别高16.8～21.0 mg·盆^-1和20.4～25.0 mg·盆^-1;而同期无机氮（NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N）淋失量则低60%.试验结束后,,S₀+DCD和S₀处理土壤无机氮含量分别比对照高79.9%～85.4%和74.9%～82.6%,以NH₄⁺-N为主.S₀+DCD处理无机氮淋失量比S₀和DCD处理分别低4.6%～14.4%和15.4%～30.1%;试验结束后土壤无机氮分别高6.1%和16.8～36.0%.在Na₂S₂O₃+DCD、Na₂S₂O₃和DCD处理中也发现类似结果.可见S₀施入土壤具有与DCD同样的氨稳定和硝化抑制作用.S₀与DCD配合施用可使DCD的硝化抑制性增强,其作用机理是S₀氧化中间体S₂O₃^2-、S₄O₆^2-,具有抑制硝化和DCD降解作用,延缓DCD硝化抑制效果.S0与DCD配合施用可用于延缓太湖流域蔬菜地土壤NH₄⁺-N向NO₃^--N转化,减少氮向水体迁移风险.     

夏套棉对棉花生态环境及生长发育影响的研究

研究了夏套棉的环境因子及其对棉株生长发育的影响 .结果表明 ,麦棉共生期 ,麦田畦埂棉苗冠层光照强度为单作棉苗的 30 %左右 ,麦套棉行棉苗大部分时间处在光补偿点以下 ,光照是影响夏套棉生长发育诸因子中的首要因子 ;0、5、1 0、1 5、2 0cm深度土壤的日平均温度 ,麦田畦埂比单作棉田分别降低 5.1、4.0、4.6、5.0、4.9℃ ,比麦套棉行分别提高 2 .1、1 .8、1 .1、0 .6、0 .6℃ ;其它环境因子 ,麦田畦埂一般均优于麦套棉行而次于单作棉田 .棉株性状 ,麦田畦埂的优于麦套棉行次于单作夏棉 ;生育期 ,麦田畦埂的早于麦套棉行晚于单作夏棉 ;经济性状 ,麦田畦埂的好于麦套棉行次于单作夏棉 .     

地木耳对蕃茄生长的影响

地木耳是蓝藻门植物,具有生物固氮作用,分别以地表施加、土中施加、浸泡材料与酶提取液的方式在番茄的营养生长期和花蕾期施加,均有增肥效应。地表施加效果最好,且营养生长期施加的作用大于花蕾期;地木耳的用量随每一植株生活的环境不同而异。只要使地木耳保持活力,白天进行光合作用,夜间便可进行固氮作用,它可以持续地进行生物固氮,且具有累加效应。     

稀土对生物和生态环境的影响

稀土对生物和生态环境的影响邓艳东（湖北大学生态学研究所武汉４３００６２）我国稀土资源十分丰富，其储量占世界总量的８０％。稀土金用及其化合物具有特殊的性能和广泛的用途，因而稀土的开发利用，近年来有了很大发展，特别是在石化和农用微肥的应用上发展最为迅速。...     

铜胁迫对甘蔗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

甘蔗是重要的糖能兼用植物,同时也是潜在的重金属土壤修复植物。为了探明甘蔗对铜胁迫的生理响应,该研究采用营养液培养的方法分析了铜胁迫对甘蔗生长、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量及根系抗氧化酶活性等的影响。结果表明:甘蔗地上部分生物、叶绿素含量随铜浓度增加而下降,地上部分铜含量和叶片的相对电导率则随铜浓度增加而提高。根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫24h开始发生显著的变化,在400μmol·L^-1铜处理下比对照显著增加了25.5%,随着胁迫时间的延长,丙二醛含量增加幅度上升。到胁迫72h,100μmol·L^-1铜处理的MDA含量也显著的提高。根系SOD、POD和CAT酶活性在胁迫24h开始发生显著的变化,但不同酶活性变化存在差异。SOD酶活性除了在胁迫的72h随铜浓度增加而提高,其他时间表现为在100μmol·L^-1铜处理下活性下降,随着铜浓度继续增加SOD酶活性提高,到400μmol·L^-1铜处理SOD酶活性又出现下降。POD酶活性在处理的24、48和72h表现为随浓度增加先提高后下降的趋势,但在处理7d时随铜浓度增加而提高。CAT酶活性随着浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长而下降,到了胁迫的第7天,三个铜处理下CAT酶活性分别下降了89.98%、96.88%和98.50%。由此可见,铜胁迫严重影响甘蔗的生长,较短时间的处理就已经引起了甘蔗根系的氧化胁迫,根系中SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的变化在甘蔗对抗铜引起的氧化胁迫中起到重要作用。     

两种间种对油茶林地土壤养分含量的影响

为研究油茶Camellia oleifera幼林间种豆科植物对土壤养分含量的影响,在油茶林地分别间种大豆Glycine max和花生Arachis hypogaea两种作物,连续测定花生和大豆生长到收获期间每个月土壤全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量变化情况。结果表明,间种2种作物均能改善林地土壤,与对照组相比,间种组土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量均有显著提高,但有机质与有机磷含量无明显变化;2种豆科植物均可作为油茶间种作物。间种大豆组土壤各养分含量均高于花生组,表明大豆更适合用于油茶林间种。     

甘蔗不同部位的固氮酶活性检测

比较巴西2个固氮甘蔗品种‘B1’、‘B8’的叶片、主脉、叶鞘、茎、根和根际周围固氮酶活性的结果表明:茎、根、根际周围的固氮酶活性较高。     

Expression of the Grifola frondosa Trehalose Synthase Gene and Improvement of Drought-Tolerance in Sugarcane （Saccharum officinarum L.）

Trehalose Is a nonreduclng dlsaccharlde of glucose that functions as a protectant In the stabilization of blologlcal structures and enhances stress tolerance to abiotic stresses in organisms. We report here the expression of a Grlfola frondosa trehalose synthase （TSase） gene for Improving drought tolerance In sugarcane （Saccharum offlclnarum L.）. The expression of the transgene was under the control of two tandem copies of the CaMV35S promoter and transferred Into sugarcane by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. The transgenlc plants accumulated high levels of trehalose, up to 8.805-12.863 mg/g fresh weight, whereas It was present at undetectable level in nontransgenlc plants. It has been reported that transgenlc plants transformed with Escherlchla coil TPS （trehalose-6-phosphatesynthase） and/or TPP （trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase） are severely stunted and have root morphologlc alterations. Interestingly, our transgenlc sugarcane plants had no obvious morphological changes and no growth Inhibition in the field. Trehalose accumulation in 35S-35S：TSase plants resulted In In- creased drought tolerance, as shown by the drought and the drought physiological Indexes, such as the rate of bound water/free water, plasma membrane permeability, malondlaldehyde content, chlorophyll a and b contents, and activity of SOD and POD of the excised leaves. These results suggest that transgenlc plants transformed with the TSase gene can accumulate high levels of trehalose and have enhanced tolerance to drought.     

甘蔗杂交后代蔗汁品质性状的遗传分析

以4×3不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)选配的12个杂交组合后代为材料,对蔗汁锤度、旋光读数、转光度、蔗汁蔗糖分、视纯度和重力纯度等6个品质性状进行配合力和遗传力分析。结果表明,品质性状的遗传主要由基因加性效应引起,其中蔗汁锤度、旋光读数、转光度、蔗汁蔗糖分主要由父本基因加性效应引起。CP72-330、HoCP93-750、桂糖91-116和粤糖92-1287等4个亲本的品质性状一般配合力(gca)为正值且较大,是配合力较好的高糖亲本。CP72-330×桂糖91-116及HoCP93-750×粤糖92-1287的品质性状特殊配合力(sca)相对效应值均为正值且较大,杂交后代品质性状平均值也较高,为较好的高糖杂交组合。品质性状父本gca方差大于母本gca方差,亲本gca方差为组合sca方差的7-28倍,广义遗传力(hB2)为58%-68%,狭义遗传力(hN2)为56%-60%,属于遗传能力较强的品质性状。     

甘蔗节间蔗糖含量与和蔗糖代谢相关的4种酶活性之间的关系剖析

测定和分析2个品种甘蔗节间蔗糖含量与和蔗糖代谢相关的4种酶活性之间关系的结果表明:节间蔗糖含量与酸性转化酶活性成极显著负相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性呈显著正相关。从通径分析结果可知,4种关键酶中可溶性酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶是对蔗糖含量贡献程度最大的2个酶.     

The Response of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Cultured Cells to Anoxia and the Selection of a Tolerant Cell Line

The effect of anoxia on the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultured cells was studied in order to elaborate a technique for in vitro selection of cell lines, which would be tolerant to anaerobic stress. Inhibitory and lethal doses of anaerobic incubation were established from the state of the mitochondrial ultrastructure during the anaerobic incubation of cells either with or without exogenous glucose, as well as from the pattern of the post-anaerobic callus growth. An intact state of the mitochondrial ultrastructure and the viability of some cells in the presence of 3% glucose were shown to be maintained for at least 14 days of anaerobic incubation, while the index of post-anaerobic growth decreased by almost 50% even after 72-hour-long anaerobiosis. In the absence of exogenous glucose, a marked destruction of mitochondria and a twofold decrease in the callus growth index were observed as early as after six-hour-long anaerobic stress. A 48-hour-long incubation under these conditions resulted in the maintenance of the intact ultrastructure only in 7–10% of cells, while a 96-hour-long anaerobiosis brought about the complete degradation of the subcellular structure and cell death. A 48-hour-long anaerobiosis without exogenous glucose was chosen for selecting the anoxia-tolerant cell lines. After three cycles of selection, the anoxia tolerance of the selected cell line exceeded the respective index of the initial callus several-fold. In selected line, about 50% of cells retained viability and could resume growth even after 96-hour-long anaerobic incubation. The experimental results obtained were used to determine the possible causes of the heterogeneity of callus cells as regards their anoxia resistance.     

Evolutionary expansion and functional divergence of sugar transporters in Saccharum (S. spontaneum and S. officinarum)

The sugar transporter (ST) family is considered to be the most important gene family for sugar accumulation, but limited information about the ST family in the important sugar-yielding crop Saccharum is available due to its complex genetic background. Here, 105 ST genes were identified and clustered into eight subfamilies in Saccharum spontaneum. Comparative genomics revealed that tandem duplication events contributed to ST gene expansions of two subfamilies, PLT and STP, in S. spontaneum, indicating an early evolutionary step towards high sugar content in Saccharum. The analyses of expression patterns were based on four large datasets with a total of 226 RNA sequencing samples from S. spontaneum and Saccharum officinarum. The results clearly demonstrated 50 ST genes had different spatiotemporal expression patterns in leaf tissues, 10 STs were specifically expressed in the stem, and 10 STs responded to the diurnal rhythm. Heterologous expression experiments in the defective yeast strain EBY.VW4000 indicated STP13, pGlcT2, VGT3, and TMT4 are the STs with most affinity for glucose/fructose and SUT1_T1 has the highest affinity to sucrose. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis suggested STP7 is a sugar starvation-induced gene and STP13 has a function in retrieving sugar in senescent tissues. PLT11, PLT11_T1, TMT3, and TMT4 contributed to breaking the limitations of the storage sink. SUT1, SUT1_T1, PLT11, TMT4, pGlcT2, and VGT3 responded for different functions in these two Saccharum species. This study demonstrated the evolutionary expansion and functional divergence of the ST gene family and will enable the further investigation of the molecular mechanism of sugar metabolism in Saccharum.     

Complete chloroplast genomes of Saccharum spontaneum,Saccharum officinarum and Miscanthus floridulus (Panicoideae: Andropogoneae) reveal the plastid view on sugarcane origins

Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid cultivar) ranks among the world's top 10 food crops and annually provides 60–70% of the sugar produced worldwide. Despite its economic importance there has been no large-scale systematics study of genus Saccharum and the existing model of sugarcane origins has remained largely unchallenged for almost 50 years. For the first time, we have assembled the complete plastid genomes of Miscanthus floridulus (first report for this genus), Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum officinarum allowing us to elucidate the phylogenetic origins of Saccharum s.s. species. We demonstrate that Saccharum s.s. is divided into four species, with S. spontaneum diverging from the remainder of the genus about 1.5 million years ago and S. robustum diverging 750,000 years ago. Two separate lineages, one leading to S. officinarum and the other leading to modern hybrid cultivars diverged from S. robustum 640,000 years ago. These findings overturn all previous hypotheses on sugarcane origins, demonstrating that sugarcane's antecedents could not have arisen by human action. All modern cultivars share a common Polynesian origin, whereas Old World canes, S. barberi and S. sinense, cluster as a distinct S. officinarum lineage. This makes modern cultivars a distinct species of genus Saccharum, and we formally propose the name Saccharum cultum for the ancestor of all lineages currently classified as Saccharum hybrid cultivars.     

连续两年UV-B辐射增强对割手密叶绿素含量的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,连续两年模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280~315 nm)增加对92-11和93-25两个割手密无性系叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,割手密92-11在UV-B辐射的影响下,叶绿素含量降低,而割手密93-25抗性很强,在增加了5 kJ/m2UV-B辐射下,其叶绿素含量增加。割手密叶绿素含量对UV-B辐射的响应具有种内差异。割手密92-11对紫外辐射的抗性在2004年比2003年强,而割手密93-25则相反。生育期中开花期受UV-B辐射影响最大,然后是分蘖期,伸长期抗性较强。