山东莴苣亚族植物的修订

对山东现有的莴苣亚族的植物标本进行了研究,确定山东莴苣亚族植物有24种,分属于12个属,即：苦苣菜属(Sonchus L.)、乳苣属(mulgedium Cass.)、山柳菊属(Hieracium L.)、黄鹌菜属(Youngia Cass.)、福王草属(Prenanthes L.)、翅果菊属(Pterocypsela Shih)、莴苣属(Lactuca L.)、苦荬菜属(Ixeris Cass.)、小苦荬属(Ixeridium (A.Gray) Tzvel.)、沙苦荬属(Chorisis DC.)、黄瓜菜属(Paraixeris Nakai)和蒲公英属(Taraxacum L.)。发现1个新记录种：华蒲公英(Taraxacum borealisinense Kitam.)。     

马兰属花粉形态的研究

本文对马兰属９种３变种１变型的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察和初步比较研究。花粉粒为近球形,极面观三裂圆形。具三孔沟。外壁表面具刺状纹饰。不同种类花粉大小和外壁表面纹饰不同,可以作为区分种类的依据或参考。据此,将马形马兰上升为种,羽叶马兰和羽裂叶毡毛马兰合并,甘川紫菀和高茎紫菀划归马兰属。     

虾须草属位于紫菀族的新证据

虾须草属Sheareria (菊科Compositae)是我国特有的单型属.国内学者将其置于向日葵族Helianthereae米勒菊亚族MiUeriinae,而Robinson和Nesom则认为该属应归属于紫菀族Astereae.我们比较该属与向日葵族、紫菀族代表植物种类的微形态学、解剖学和细胞学特征.虾须草S. nana舌片近轴面细胞为线形,具横向条纹,细胞中央纵向隆起,与紫菀族代表种相同或相近,而与向日葵族的代表种中的细胞近圆形、表面具乳突存在显著区别.在舌状花子房壁横切面上维管柬(肋)间部分的结构上,5种向日葵族植物具有如下共同特征:子房壁含3-4层结构,即表皮、下皮层、小细胞区,有的还有薄壁细胞层;表皮与下皮层细胞大小和形态一致,排列整齐.虾须草与5种紫菀族植物的子房壁均只由表皮和薄壁组织组成.虾须草为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=18sm.虾须草与紫菀族的染色体基数均为x=9,而和向日葵族普遍存在的染色体基数x=10不同.所有的证据都表明虾须草属应置于紫菀族,而不是向日葵族中.     

中国紫菀属两新种

本文发表了中国紫菀属两新种:梵净山紫菀Aster fanjingshanicus Y.L.Chen et D.J.Liu, 墨脱紫菀A.motuoensis Y.L.Chen。     

中国菊科兰刺头属植物

兰刺头属(Echinops L.)是菊科兰刺头族Trib.Echinopsideae Cass的一个属,约有120-130种,主要集中分布于中亚地区;极少数种类见于北非与东亚地区。组成种类的数量增加,并非注定导致分类与鉴定的困难。国产兰刺头属的种类虽然不多,但作者在进行兰刺头属的分类与鉴定过程中,不仅觉得地处中亚的新疆地区的标本不易分类与鉴定,这里集中了我国兰刺头属种类的大多数。     

中国荨麻属订正

荨麻属Urlica是Linoaeus 1753年建立的一个属,1789年A.L,de Jussieu将此属作为模式属建立了荨麻科Urticaceac,H.A.Weddel(1856)在他的荨麻科专著中,将此属置于荨麻族Trib.Urereae中,为具刺毛的一大群中,子房与果实直立不偏斜、雌花被片排列较整齐对称、柱头为画笔头状的一群。     

胶菀属——中国菊科紫菀族的一个新归化属

报道中国东北辽宁省发现的菊科（Asteraceae）紫菀族（Astereae）一个新归化属胶菀属（Grindelia）。它在外形上接近于旋覆花属（1nula）,但区别在于胶菀属花药基部钝,花柱分枝顶端附属物呈披针形或三角形,冠毛鳞片状。依据在中国所采集的标本描述了该属在中国的唯一代表种胶菀（Grindelia squarrosa）的形态特征,并讨论了其自然分布和进入中国的可能途径。     

中国春黄菊族一些属的花粉形态研究

按照花粉外壁表面纹饰的不同,可将春黄菊族中下列各属分为两大类群：(1)明显具刺：亚菊 属Ajania Poljak., 女蒿属Hippolytia Poljak., 百花蒿属Stilpnolepis Krasch.。 (2)具退化状小刺：紊蒿属 Elachanthemum Ling et Y.R.Ling,线叶菊属Filifolium Kitam., 画笔菊属Ajaniopsis Shih,喀什菊属 Kaschgaria Poljak．),栉叶蒿属Neopallasia Poljak．,绢蒿属Seriphidium Poljak．。根据花粉形态特征,我们认为将紊蒿属和百花蒿属仍分为两个相互独立的属较为适宜。     

狗尾草亚族与蒺藜草亚族新分类群

虽然早在1823年就由O.Dumortier确定狗尾草亚族Setariinae与蒺藜草亚族Cenchrinae,但他对这两个亚族的范围,却认识不够清楚,如他将稗属(Echinochloa Beauv.)放在狗尾草亚族内,而在蒺藜草亚族内尚包括有锋芒草属(Tragus Haller)。     

三角草属和冠毛草属的系统关系与地理分布的初步研究

根据外部形态上小穗的结构特征分析了针茅族中三角草属和冠毛草属的系统发育关系,并结合地理分布和生境条件对两属植物的起源中心进行了探讨。结果表明:三角草属和冠毛草属是针茅族中亲缘关系最近的类群;冠毛草属高级于三角草属;三角草属中的三角草是两属植物中最原始的种型,它可能既派生了属内的假冠毛草,同时又派生了属外绝灭了的黑穗茅祖种,而黑穗茅祖种又在自身属内间接衍生出了冠毛草和单蕊冠毛草;冠毛草属和三角草属皆起源于我国的西藏地区,其中三角草属可能源于西藏西部,冠毛草属可能源于西藏东部。     

On Circumscription of the Genus Prenanthes L. and Notoseris Shih — A New Genus of Compositae from China

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of European, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear. The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists. With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular florests and few ribs of achenes. Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored. It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L. The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus Prenanthes L. in China, 4 of which are described as new. In the genus Nabalus Cass. only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China. As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitudinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of corollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae. Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih. The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more reminiscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend. All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.     

重庆赤车属一新种和楼梯草属二新种

描述了自重庆市江津区四面山发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种和楼梯草属二新种：（1）四面山赤车,与融安赤车近缘,区别在于新种的叶的二级脉较少,2枚雌花被片有短角状突起,以及长圆形瘦果;（2）稀柱毛楼梯草,可能与托叶楼梯草近缘,区别在于新种的叶较小,雌总苞苞片,以及雄、雌小苞片均在背面具龙骨状突起,柱头由只3~4根毛组成;（3）四面山楼梯草,与长尖楼梯草近缘,区别在于新种茎的顶端被短柔毛,雄头状花序的花序梗较短,以及雄总苞苞片呈条状船形,背面具龙骨状突起。     

有关月桂族Tribus Laureae一些问题的评述

本文为作者在研究樟科月桂族的基础上,通过对一些有关问题的讨论,阐明月桂族在樟科中的地位。假伞形花序下的苞片由螺旋状排列(互生)演变成外面的苞片增大、质地变厚变硬,并两两交互对生,可视为假伞形花序演进的重要阶段,构成了月桂族关键性的形态特征.月桂族在命名上过去延用木姜子族Tribus Litseeae Mez,因在这一族内包括有樟科Lauraceae的模式属月桂圆Laurus L.,根据现行的《国际植物命名法规》应该用月桂族Tribus Laureae的名称。     

猪毛菜属(Salsola L.)的系统与地理分布

本文论述了猪毛菜属系统分类的简史。依据该属的系统分类新资料,对我国猪毛菜属的分组系统作了进一步整理,将国产猪毛菜属植物归为6组5亚组。文中还讨论了该属的起源发生、迁移、分化以及地理分布等问题。     

广西特有和濒危的异裂菊属

<正> 异裂菊属Heteroplex Chang是我国广西稀有的特有属。自1937年张肇骞教授根据采自广西龙州上金,龙虎山至摩天岭的标本(梁向日66720号)作为一个单种属发表以来,迄今尚无人再次采获,也无人对其作过研究,近年来作者在编写中国植物志菊科的过程中,曾对该属进行了整理研究,除了原有的异裂菊H.vernonioides Chang外,另发现有小花异裂菊H.microcephala Y.L.chen.和绢叶异裂菊H.sericophylla Y.L.Chen.两新种。     

Revision of Lactuca L. and Two New Genera of Tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) on the Mainland of Asia (Cont.)

Having mixed extremely various patterns of achenes for a long time in the genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia, Lactuca L., the primary unnatural genus, becomes more nuclear in its limit. The present paper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relative genera. On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribs or striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined as Lactuca L. In view of the present concept of Lactuca L., another group of plants, embodied by Lactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side of achenes, black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evidently, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih, gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does not occur. In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih. They are P. raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.) Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.) Shih and P. formosana (Maxim.) Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district. They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner, L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb. With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets non-ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L. with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex. There seems to be no point in refusing Mu lgedium Cass. as a genus. Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes. In Hengduan moun tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum (L.) DC. discoveries its relative par tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridionale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih. Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey, dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex Maxim. (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combination of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes. Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, established by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored. It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its achenes, non-marginated. Lagedium Sojak widely distributes in temperate and frigid zone ofvnorthern hemisphere. In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the genus, restricts its northeast region. Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on Lactuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch. seems to be a distinct genus. This genus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick and beakless at its apex. Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tropic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structure in achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch. The genus Paraprenanthes Chang seems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the former in its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated achenes and 4-6 ribs on each side of it. In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia. They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Franch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P. prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicola Shih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagittiformis Shih, sp. nov.     

基于多基因分析对我国红曲霉属Monascus真菌的系统发育研究

红曲霉属Monascus具有重要的经济和生态价值,但对该属的物种识别和系统发育学研究有限。本研究首先对红曲霉属红色组内物种开展ITS和LSU序列的测定并综合分析,结合GenBank中相关物种序列及菌株的形态学特征,探讨红曲霉属的系统发育关系,鉴定出红色组3个种,弗罗里达组7个种。其次采用红曲霉色素表型控制基因簇部分基因pksKS序列进行分析,以期解决ITS和LSU等基因序列分析无法有效区分红色红曲与紫色红曲不同形态种的问题。通过分子克隆测序与直接测序结果的比较,以及对3个血红红曲菌株单核苷酸多态性的分析,解析了血红红曲种内遗传差异,首次在红曲霉属真菌中发现疑似红色红曲血红自然杂交种。最后综合ITS、LSU、pksKS序列和形态学分析的结果,统一了红曲霉属内物种的系统发育关系,确认红色组包括3个种：红色红曲M. ruber、紫色红曲M. purpureus、血红红曲M. sanguineus;发现3个变种：红色红曲发白变种M. ruber var. albidulus、紫色红曲橙色变种M. purpureus var. aurantiacus及紫色红曲火红色变种M. purpureus var. rutilus;弗罗里达组包括7个种：弗罗里达红曲M. floridanus、苍白红曲M. pallens、新月红曲M. lunisporas、阿根廷红曲M. argentinensis、累西腓红曲M. recifensis、黄色红曲M. flavipigmentosum、蜂蜜红曲M. mellicola。另外,发现1个疑似杂交种：红色红曲血红杂种M. ruber × sanguineus。结果表明,红曲霉属具有丰富的物种多样性,而且通过多基因和形态学分析可以将相近种区分开来。     

Lipochaeta and Melanthera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae subtribe Ecliptinae): establishing their natural limits and a synopsis

We restrict the genusLipochaeta to the allopolyploid species of the typical section.Lipochaeta s.str. is interpreted to be the result of an intergeneric hybridization betweenMelanthera and a presently unknown taxon, perhaps of the genusWedelia. Lipochaeta is characterized, in addition to its allopolyploidy (n=26), by having both flavonols and flavones, disk corollas with 4 lobes, achenes tuberculate at maturity, the disk achenes flattened to slightly biconvex, and ray achenes obcompressed.Lipochaeta sect.Aphanopappus andWollastonia are here reduced to synonymy underMelanthera. We transfer 14 HawaiianLipochaeta and one New Caledonian species as well as the AsianWedelia prostrata toMelanthera. These transfers, along with the species in Africa and North America, bring the number of species in the genus to 35.Melanthera is delimited by an abruptly narrowed to truncate and flattened top of the achene, (0−)1–15(−20) often unequal, ciliate or barbellate, caducous pappus bristles immediately surrounding the corolla, involucral bracts and receptacular paleae with many veins forming longitudinal striations, and n=15. The florets are 5-merous, the corollas are yellow or white, and rays are absent (in white-flowered species) or present and neutral or fertile. In dealing with species formerly placed inLipochaeta, the GalapagosL. laricifolia is here transferred from the illegitimate generic nameMacraea toTrigonopterum and the BrazilianL. goyazensis is transferred toAngelphytum. We maintain the earlier reduction ofEchinocephalum underMelanthera and reduce all three taxa originally described in it to one,M. latifolia.