福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素变化特征

采用野外调查和室内分析的方法对福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素动态进行研究,以揭示红壤侵蚀区不同侵蚀强度对马尾松林地土壤营养元素的影响.结果表明:除速效磷以外,侵蚀强度显著改变了土壤有机质、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾的含量以及土壤pH.土壤有机质和碱解氮在中度侵蚀马尾松林地含量最高,随着侵蚀强度的增加植被覆盖减少,土壤有机质和碱解氮显著降低.土壤全钾和速效钾含量随着侵蚀强度的增加而显著增加,土壤速效磷随着侵蚀强度的增加没有显著的变化.土壤pH值随着土壤侵蚀强度和土壤深度的增加而显著增加.皮尔逊相关关系分析表明:有机质与碱解氮、全钾和pH显著相关.灰色关联度分析表明:除侵蚀强度对营养元素和pH有显著影响外,坡度对土壤营养元素和pH影响较大;覆盖度对有机质、碱解氮和速效磷影响较大.因此,植被恢复和植被生境的综合治理是红壤侵蚀区生态恢复与重建的有效途径.     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

海南东北部4 种典型人工林土壤化学性质研究

选取大叶相思、木麻黄、桉树和湿加松四个海南东北部沿海平原地带典型的人工林树种进行土壤取样和分析,研究土壤pH 值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾以及有机碳和全氮的比值(C/N 比)在四种类型林分中的差异, 同时对不同深度的土壤养分进行比较分析。结果显示该区森林土壤呈强酸性, 土壤有机质含量低、土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均处于中度到中度贫瘠的水平。由于小枝单宁含量高, 阻碍木麻黄凋落物分解和养分归还进行, 除有效磷外, 其它土壤养分元素含量均低于另外三种类型人工林, 过熟阶段的桉树林的有机质、全氮、C/N比高于其他三种林分。除了桉树林土壤C/N 比外, 土壤养分含量随土层深度增加总体上表现为不断减少的趋势, 最后本研究给出提高土壤质量的一些经营建议。     

天然胡杨林龄对营养元素空间分配格局的影响

为了解胡杨林生长过程对主要营养元素在土壤全库、有效库及植被库之间运移规律的影响,以新疆轮台县轮南镇5个不同林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林)典型天然胡杨林为研究对象,采用时空替代方法,分析林下土壤和植被中C、N、P、K的空间分配特征。结果表明:(1)总体而言,土壤营养元素全库中全钾含量较富积,有机质、全氮、全磷相对缺乏。土壤有机质及全量养分受林龄影响较显著。土壤全氮量随着林龄的增长显著升高,至近熟林时达到最大值,然后下降。幼龄林土壤有机质、全钾含量较低,中龄林和近熟林含量较高。幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林土壤全磷含量相对较高。土壤垂直层中,土壤有机质、全钾含量深层土壤>浅层土壤,而全氮含量随着土壤深度的增加呈现下降趋势。全磷含量受土壤垂直层影响较小。(2)土壤有效养分库中碱解氮、速效磷含量较低,速效钾含量较高。土壤速效养分受林龄影响较大,碱解氮含量随着林龄的发育,呈现先显著升高到近熟林达到最大值,然后下降的趋势。速效钾、速效磷含量均呈现幼龄林和中龄林显著低于其它龄林。不同土壤垂直层显示,碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷含量均呈现浅层>深层土壤。速效钾、速效磷有明显的表层聚集现象...     

黔中喀斯特山区村级尺度土壤养分空间变异性及其与水稻产量的关系

以贵州省安顺市西秀区旧州镇文星村为研究区域,采用地统计学方法,研究了黔中喀斯特山区土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰和水稻产量的空间变异规律及其相互关系.结果表明: 土壤pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全磷、有效铜及水稻产量构成因素的C₀/(C₀+C)<25%,表现为强烈的空间相关性,有机质、全氮、全钾、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰及水稻产量的C₀/(C₀+C)为25%~75%,具有中等空间相关性.土壤速效钾含量与水稻产量关系最为密切,偏相关系数达到极显著水平(r=0.4669,P<0.0001),土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷对有效穗数和千粒重的直接通径系数均为正值,其大小顺序与偏相关分析结果一致.克里金插值结果表明,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、有效铜、有效锌的含量在研究区均存在从西南向东北逐渐递减的趋势;产量在西北部及东南部较高.     

西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间变异特征

基于网格(20 m×20 m)取样,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究了西南峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分含量为中等和强变异,变异性大小顺序为:速效磷全钾有机质碱解氮全氮全磷速效钾,pH值表现为弱变异,有机质表现为中等程度的变异;不同土壤养分具有良好的空间自相关性,其自相关函数均表现出由正相关向负相关方向发展,拐点为80~100 m,其中全钾和速效磷的Moran I较小,其他指标较大;不同土壤养分的空间变异特征不同,全钾和速效磷最佳拟合模型为指数模型,块金值与基台值的比值[C0/(C0+C)]和变程(A)很小,分形维数(D)较高,空间相关性强烈;其他土壤养分指标的最佳拟合模型均为球状模型,C0/(C0+C)、A和D均呈中等程度的空间相关;Kriging分析表明,pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮呈凹型分布,速效磷和速效钾呈斑块状分布.植被、地形、人为干扰和高异质性的微生境是造成峡谷型喀斯特坡地土壤养分格局差异的主要因素.     

黔南山地植烟土壤主要养分空间变异和管理分区

利用地统计学和模糊c-均值聚类算法,对贵州省黔南州山地植烟土壤主要养分的空间变异特征和管理分区进行研究.结果表明:研究区土壤有机质含量适中,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量丰富;4种土壤养分都具有中等强度变异,服从对数正态分布;有机质与碱解氮、有效磷与速效钾含量呈中度相关.土壤有机质和碱解氮的半方差函数为高斯模型,有效磷和速效钾为指数模型;4种土壤养分都具有中等的空间自相关性,滞后距离差异较大.研究区绝大部分土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量处于适中至很丰富水平,含量缺乏的面积比例分别为0.93%、0.53%、0.24%和7.91%.研究区可划分为2个管理分区,分区1和分区2的面积比例分别为69.8%和30.2%,分区1土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量极显著低于分区2.     

长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响

利用沈阳农业大学蔬菜长期定位施肥试验田,研究了长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥或有机肥与氮肥配合施用可明显提高土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量,改善土壤物理性状,增强土壤转化酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性;而长期单施氮肥造成土壤pH值和土壤酶活性降低.土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,转化酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮和速效磷含量呈显著正相关;中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈显著正相关;脱氢酶活性与土壤各养分因子均无明显相关性.     

江西省茶园土壤肥力特征及其影响因子

为探明江西省典型茶园土壤养分状况和肥力特征,选取江西省21个地区372个典型茶园,分析茶园土壤养分的差异性、空间性、相关性及与地形、土壤类型、海拔和建园时间的关联性。结果表明: 江西省茶园土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷和全钾分别达到优质高效高产茶园土壤营养指标的53.9%、60.1%、56.1%、22.9%、38.5%、43.7%、11.1%和95.5%,其中速效磷为强变异;有效铜、锌、铁、锰和硼达到土壤微量元素含量分级一级标准的占比分别为76.3%、74.2%、96.8%、73.1%和0.0%。江西茶园土壤养分以赣中地区最高,其次是赣东北和赣西北地区,赣南地区最低。除全钾外,土壤pH与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮和全磷均呈显著正相关。不同地形土壤养分以平地最高,高山次之,山地和丘陵最低;不同土壤类型土壤养分以水稻土、砂壤和山地黄棕壤较高,其次是黄壤、红黄壤和紫色土,红壤最低;土壤pH、有机质和全钾随海拔上升而递增,而速效磷随海拔上升而递减;土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮、速效磷和全磷随建园时间的增加而递增,而土壤pH随建园时间的增加而递减。综上,江西省茶园土壤肥力总体水平良好,有机质、全钾、有效铜、锌、铁和锰均较丰富,但土壤偏酸,速效磷和全磷偏低,有效硼严重缺乏。赣中应提高土壤pH和钾肥,赣东北增加钾和氮肥,赣西北增加有机质和磷肥,赣南应增加氮磷钾肥并配施有机肥;高山茶园补充速效磷和钾肥,山地茶园提高氮和磷肥;红黄壤茶园提高土壤pH和全钾,红壤茶园应提高氮磷钾肥并配施有机肥,黄壤和山地黄棕壤茶园需要增施磷肥,紫色土茶园需提高土壤有机质;茶园需要逐年增加白云石粉、生理碱性肥料和有机肥等,防治茶园土壤酸化。     

广西典型土壤上不同林分的土壤肥力分析与综合评价

通过对广西山地黄壤、棕色石灰性土、赤红壤3种类型土壤上不同林分林下0—30cm土层土壤的pH值,有机质,全量N、P、K,速效N、P、K及CEC(阳离子交换量)等肥力因子的比较和综合评价,研究了3种类型土壤不同林分下的肥力演变状况。结果表明:不同林分对土壤肥力状况影响不同,山地黄壤上松木林和成年桦林土壤有机质含量分别是自然林的2.55和3.16倍,而新植桦林土壤速效养分明显高于自然林;棕色石灰性土上任豆林的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和CEC含量均为较高,而枇杷林的pH值明显比另外3种林分的低;赤红壤上种植第2代的速生桉林碱解氮含量明显比马尾松针阔叶自然林低,而有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾均略高于自然林。不同类型土壤的综合评价结果表明,山地黄壤上自然林松林西南桦林;棕色石灰性土4种林分土壤的综合评价是任豆林≈竹林枇杷林=银合欢;赤红壤上马尾松针阔叶自然林≈第2代速生桉林。     

New Genera and Higher Taxa of Septate Gregarines (Protozoa,Apicomplexa)*

SYNOPSIS The following new taxa of septate gregarines are established: METAMERIDAE fam. nov. includes genera Metamera Duke, Deutomera Bhatia & Setna, and Cognettia gen. n., the last with the type and only species C. legeri (Cognetti de Martiis); family GREGARINIDAE Labbé includes Degiustia gen. n. with the type and only species D. hyallela (Batten & DeGiusti); Cirrigregarina gen. n., with the type species C. spissa (Henry) and another species, C. kamenote (Hoshide); and Molluskocystis gen. n., with the type and only species M. pterotracheae (Stuart). Family HIRMOCYSTIDAE (Grassé) includes Arachnocystis gen. n., with the type species A. arachnoidea (Devdhar & Gourishankar) and 3 other species A. nitida (Geus), A. oribatidae (Geus), A. scutovertexi (Erhardová). Family ACTINOCEPHALIDAE (Léger), subfamily Actinocephalinae (Léger), includes Chilogregarina gen. n., with the type species C. striata (Léger & Duboscq) and 3 other species C. brasiliensis (Pinto), C. dujardini (Schneider), and C. stella (Léger).     

胡葱与洋葱、葱亲缘关系初探

Allium ascalonicum L,在我国的邦名比较混乱,而且它与洋葱、葱的亲缘关系不清。作者认为,它在我国的邦名应规范为胡葱,同时,从性状比较的角度研究胡葱与洋葱、葱之间的亲缘关系。结果表明,胡葱的植物学特征和生物学特性介于洋葱和葱之间。     

Micropropagation of four Gentiana species (G. lutea, G. cruciata, G. purpurea and G. acaulis)

The growth of axillary shoots was initiated on nodal stem segments, excised from aseptically grown seedlings of Gentiana acaulis L., G. cruciata L., G. lutea L. and G. purpurea L. In later subcultures, a basal callus tissue developed on the shoots, giving rise to de novo formed buds. Optimum benzyladenine and indoleacetic acid combinations for shoot development were established. They were slightly different in the four species. From 35-70% of shoots rooted spontaneously, except in G. lutea, in which adventitious roots were induced by applying naphthaleneacetic acid. It was conduded that the four Gentiana species were amenable to propagation in vitro. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isolation and Identification of the Characteristic Sweet-aroma Compounds in Refinery Final Molasses

The characteristic sweet-aroma components in refinery final molasses were isolated by using a combination of sensory evaluation, column chromatography and gas chromatography, and were identified by infrared spectrometry, mass spectrometry and color reactions. Identified were ethyl n-hexanoate, ethyl phenylacetate, phenylacetic acid, n-butyl benzoate, isopropyl benzoate, l(+)-pantolactone, benzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, β-phenylpropionic acid, succinic anhydride, maltol, isomaltol, and 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-ethyl-γ-pyrone.

The aroma of the mixture of these compounds and vanillin and vanillic acid was similar to that of refinery molasses by sensory evaluation. The results indicate that these compounds are important in producing of sweet molasses aroma.     

Regulatory light-chains and scallop myosin. Full dissociation, reversibility and co-operative effects

Lambda duplication phages grown for several rounds on Escherichia coli strains containing arl mutations were recombined at elevated frequencies (3 to 6-fold higher) in subsequent test infections. Enhanced recombination of Arl^? phages (grown on arl bacteria) was demonstrable by assays for altered genetic linkages as well as by the standard assay, which measures the conversion of duplication phages (EDTA-sensitive) to single-copy phages (EDTA-resistant). The accumulated potential for enhanced recombination was lost during subsequent growth of the phages on arl⁺ bacteria. Arl^? phages had the same mutation frequencies, at a variety of loci, as control phages; arl bacteria themselves exhibited normal mutation rates. Arl^? phages had normal plating efficiencies and buoyant densities. DNA extracted from Arl^? phages exhibited the same frequency of strand interruption, the same superhelical density (when circularized in vivo), and the same thermal denaturation profile as DNA from phages grown on arl⁺ bacteria. Recombination of Arl^? phages in the presence of λ repressor was very low, as is the case for normal phages. The recombination frequency of ultraviolet light irradiated (80 J/m²) Arl^? phages was more than twice the sum of the frequencies for unirradiated Arl^? phages and irradiated control phages. Substantially increased recombination of Arl^? phages was observed when either the E. coli RecBC, or RecE (but not RecF) pathway was active.     

缬草属一些存疑种的考订

本文对缬草属的3个存疑种进行了考证和确定,它们是:鞭枝缬草Valeriana flagellifera Bet.;全叶缬草V.hiemalis Graebn.;毛口缬草V.trichostoma Hand.-Mazz.     

Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y and adrenergic transmitters on LH release and food intake in male rats

In view of the recent demonstrations that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adrenergic transmitters coexist in neurons of the rat brain, we have compared the effects of intraventricular (Ivt) injections of NPY and catecholamines on LH release and food intake in intact male rats. Of the three catecholamines, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), only E (5.3 micrograms or 15.9 micrograms/rat) significantly stimulated LH release, although NE and E (5.3 micrograms/rat) were equally effective in eliciting food intake in satiated rats. Ivt administration of 10 micrograms NPY significantly stimulated LH release, whereas either lower (0.5 or 2 micrograms/rat) or higher (25 micrograms/rat) doses were ineffective. In contrast, NPY at doses of 0.5 - 10 micrograms/rat increased cumulative food intake in a dose-related fashion. These findings present preliminary evidence of the physiological correlates of the neuronal coexistence of adrenergic transmitters and NPY in the brain and raise the possibility that NPY may normally act either independently, in concert with or via adrenergic systems to evoke LH release and feeding responses in the rat.     

金丝小枣的加工研究与分析

本文探讨了利用生产枣肉干过程中挑选出的等外枣和去除的枣核加工枣粉和枣核粉的工艺,并对其营养成分进行了分析。     

A revision of Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. is revised. Seventy-two species and 15 varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and in most cases illustrated, and are classified into six subsections. Of them, one series, five species, and two v     

基于Cyt b基因和形态学的鼠兔属系统发育研究及鼠兔属1新亚属5新种描述

本研究扩增了169号鼠兔属样本的cyt b序列,代表13个种11亚种及5个未分类单元,下载了66条分类地位确定而完整的Cyt b序列,包括25种及9个亚种。构建了Bayesian系统发育树,计算了遗传距离,开展了物种界定分析;对13个种4亚种及5个未分类单元174号完整头骨和外形的20个形态学量度数据开展了主成分分析、判别分析和T检验;对头骨和身体外部特征进行了比较研究。结果显示：鼠兔属包含5个亚属,分别是Ochotona, Conothoa, Pika, Lagotona 和一新亚属;5个亚属间的遗传距离在12.8%-16.0%之间;高黎贡鼠兔（Ochotona gaoligongensis）是灰颈鼠兔（O. forresti）的亚种;喜马拉雅鼠兔(O. himalayana)是灰鼠兔(O. roylei)的亚种;木里鼠兔(O. muliensis)是川西鼠兔(O. gloveri)的亚种;宁夏鼠兔(O. argentata)应为蒙古鼠兔(O. pallasi)的亚种;西伯利亚鼠兔（O. turuchanensis） 为高山鼠兔(O. alpina)的同物异名。藏鼠兔循化亚种（O. thibetana xunhuaensis）应提升为种：循化鼠兔(O. xunhuaensis);东北鼠兔长白山亚种(O. hyperborea coreana)应该提升为种：长白山鼠兔(O. coreana);藏鼠兔峨眉亚种（O. thibetana sacraria）应提升为种：峨眉鼠兔（O. sacraria）; 藏鼠兔锡金亚种（O. thibetana sikimaria）应提升为种：锡金鼠兔（O. sikimaria）。通过分子系统学和形态学研究,发现了鼠兔属1 新亚属和5个新种。新亚属命名为异耳鼠兔亚属(Alienauroa subgen. n.),属模为黄龙鼠兔（O. huanglongensis sp. n.）,成员包括黄龙鼠兔新种、峨眉鼠兔、循化鼠兔,以及在龙门山和大巴山发现的2个新种,共计5个种。新亚属的鉴定特征是：耳上前缘内侧有一个密被短毛的异耳屏（Congenial tragus）;头骨扁平,颅面平直;眼小,眼眶长和眼眶宽均小于其他亚属;被毛粗长而无光泽;腹毛多为灰白色。5个新种分别发现于四川黄龙自然保护区、四川北部龙门山、四川北部大巴山、四川西部邛崃山、西藏雅鲁藏布江中游的朗县。我们分别将其命名为黄龙鼠兔（Ochotona huanglongensis sp. n.）,扁颅鼠兔（Ochotona flatcalvariam sp.n.）,大巴山鼠兔（Ochotona dabashanensis sp. n.）,雅鲁藏布鼠兔（Ochotona yarlungensis sp. n.）和邛崃鼠兔（Ochotona qionglaiensis sp. n.）。黄龙鼠兔的鉴定特征是：门齿孔前段平行;脑颅扁平,颅高为颅全长的33.5%;耳大,平均20mm以上（不含耳基部的管）,异耳屏三角形,但顶端圆形;毛长而粗糙,无光泽,背部毛长约20mm;腹面毛色以灰白为主;前后足背面灰白色,腹面黑灰色,指（趾）垫大,橘黄色,露出毛外,爪黄白色半透明。扁颅鼠兔的鉴定特征是：脑颅异常扁平,颅高约11mm,颅高仅为颅全长的31%;眼眶很小,平均6.7mm×5.6mm;个体小,体长140mm以下;体毛长而粗糙无光泽,背部毛长22mm;耳小,平均17mm左右,异耳屏阔圆型,相对较小;背毛沙黄色,腹毛黄白。大巴山鼠兔的鉴定特征是：异耳屏镰刀状;耳相对较小,均在17mm以下,和峨眉鼠兔、扁颅鼠兔差不多,比该亚属循化鼠兔和黄龙鼠兔小。颅高相对较大,颅面更隆突,颅高平均12.45mm, 眼眶相对较大,平均8.52mm×7.13mm。雅鲁藏布鼠兔的鉴定特征是：与黑唇鼠兔（O. curzoniae）和努布拉克鼠兔拉萨亚种（O. nubrica lhasaensis）有很近的亲缘关系;唇缘有很窄的深灰色圈,深灰色圈外侧为灰白色;前后足底部毛浓密,趾端毛多而长,趾垫和爪隐于毛中;个体中等,体长150mm左右,比黑唇鼠兔和努布拉克鼠兔拉萨亚种小得多;颅面较隆突,但与黑唇鼠兔相比,颅面相对平直;被毛黑褐色。邛崃鼠兔的鉴定特征是：大小及头骨和藏鼠兔很相似,但该种和藏鼠兔的显著不同是眶间宽狭窄,平均4.05mm（3.64-4.19mm）,而藏鼠兔眶间宽一般超过4.2mm,平均为4.45mm;该种毛色为沙色带黄色调,毛粗长;藏鼠兔为黑褐色调,毛相对较短;邛崃鼠兔前后足背面为显著的草黄色,而藏鼠兔前后足背面黄白色。