国家濒危物种红色名录的生物多样性保护意义

IUCN濒危物种红色名录与国家濒危物种红色名录都是物种灭绝风险的测度, 前者是全球性评估, 后者则是国别研究。IUCN濒危物种红色名录预警了全球物种的濒危状况, 为全球生物多样性研究提供了大数据; 国别红色名录确定了各国物种受威胁状况, 填补了前者的知识空缺, 两份名录互为补充。目前对国家濒危物种红色名录重视不够。基于如下原因, 应当重视国别濒危物种红色名录的意义: (1)国家是濒危物种保护的行为主体, 物种在一个国家的生存状况是确定其保护级别、开展濒危物种保育的依据; (2)对于仅分布于一个国家的特有物种来说, 其国别濒危物种红色名录等级即是其全球濒危等级; (3)对于跨国境分布的物种来说, 国别濒危物种红色名录等级则确定了该物种在本国的生存状况; (4)结合IUCN濒危物种红色名录, 国别濒危物种红色名录为建立跨国保护地、保护迁徙物种的栖息地与跨国迁徙洄游通道提供依据; (5)国别濒危物种红色名录所特有的“区域灭绝”等级, 反映了一个物种边缘种群在该国的区域灭绝, 恢复“区域灭绝”物种是该物种原分布国重引入保育工作的重点; (6)国别濒危物种红色名录提供了该国物种编目、分类、分布和生存状况的最新信息。然而, 国别濒危物种红色名录的重要性在许多情况下被忽视了。目前正值全球新冠肺炎大流行, 人们正在重新审视人与野生动物的关系。我国将修订有关野生动物保护与防疫法法律以及《国家重点保护野生动物名录》, 防控新的人与野生动物共患疾病再次暴发。对于确定国家重点保护野生动物物种名录来言, 物种受威胁程度是物种列为国家重点保护物种的特征之一。重视国别红色名录有特别的意义。     

钱江源国家公园古田山珍稀濒危植物资源现状及分析

在钱江源国家公园古田山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物系统调查的基础上,对该地区珍稀濒危植物的种类组成、保护价值、地理区系特征及分布现状进行了系统研究。结果显示：古田山地区共有省级及以上野生珍稀濒危种子植物32科55属63种,其中被《国家重点保护野生植物名录》（第一批）收录的Ⅰ级保护植物1种、Ⅱ级保护植物15种,被《中国植物红皮书》收录的有15种,浙江省重点野生保护植物19种,其余物种分别被《中国物种红色名录》和《中国高等植物受威胁物种名录》收录;保护区内的多数珍稀濒危植物分布区狭窄,除少数保护植物如野大豆Glycine soja Siebold&Zucc.、野含笑Michelia skinneriana Dunn、杨桐Cleyera japonica Thunb.等种类的种群较大外,其他种类的种群较小;长序榆Ulmus elongata L.K.Fu&C.S.Ding、香果树Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.、榧树Torreya grandis Fortune ex Lindl.、三小叶山豆根Euchresta japonica Benth.ex Oliv.、金刚大Croomia japonica Miq.等种类零星分布于核心保护区,有少量珍稀植物如南方红豆杉Taxus wallichiana Zucc.var. mairei（Lemée&H.Lév.）L.K.Fu&Nan Li、花榈木Ormosia henryi Prain等位于缓冲区或试验区;保护区珍稀濒危植物属的区系成分较丰富,温带成分相对较多,中国特有属的濒危度较高,急需采取相应保护措施。     

本底资源不清严重制约我国杜鹃花属植物的生物多样性保护

中国杜鹃花属植物已超过600种,是世界杜鹃花属的现代分布中心和分化中心之一。本文以杜鹃花红色名录、中国高等植物红色名录以及中国高等植物受威胁物种名录为基础,对我国杜鹃花的濒危现状进行分析,并根据极度濒危杜鹃花的最新调查结果,结合IUCN红色名录和极小种群野生植物标准对它们进行重新评估。评估结果认为,杜鹃花属12个极度濒危物种中,有4个物种降低了极度濒危的等级,1个物种数据缺乏,1个物种灭绝。我国杜鹃花属植物濒危种类近20%,数据缺乏的种类近1/3,资源本底不清,严重威胁我国杜鹃花的生物多样性保护。未来应加强对杜鹃花本底资源的普查,开展极度濒危物种和极小种群物种的“抢救性保护”、加强园林应用与基础研究。     

Measuring progress in US endangered species conservation

Since passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, over 1300 endangered and threatened species have been protected in the USA and its territories. Most species continue to face a significant risk of extinction, but the status of many species is improving. Here we present analyses of federal agency reports to the United States Congress (1988–2002) that describe differences in species status and show which variables are correlated with improving or declining status. We found that 52% of species showed repeated improvements or were not declining over this time. Species status improves over time, with only 35% still declining 13 years or more after protection. Taxonomy, funding by US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and agency assessment of risk of extinction and potential to recover were significantly correlated with status.     

湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

2002年6～9月对湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区的两栖、爬行动物资源进行了调查,结合文献资料,该保护区现已知有两栖、爬行动物80种,其中两栖动物38种,隶属2目9科22属;爬行动物42种,隶属2目11科31属.国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物大鲵Andrias davidianus、虎纹蛙Hoplobatrachus rugulosus 2种;湖北省重点保护动物35种,占湖北省重点保护两栖爬行动物的75%.被列入<中国濒危动物红皮书>的两栖、爬行动物有21种(极危物种1种,濒危物种6种,易危物种11种,依赖保护物种1种,需予关注物种2种).对两栖爬行动物的种类组成和区系进行了分析,并提出了保护措施.     

内蒙古珍稀濒危植物濒危现状及优先保护评估

以《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》、《中国植物红皮书》、《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》、《中国物种红色名录》、《中国生物多样性红色名录(高等植物卷)》、《内蒙古珍稀濒危保护植物名录》和《内蒙古珍稀濒危植物图谱》中127种内蒙古珍稀濒危植物为研究对象,通过资料收集及专家咨询,构建了内蒙古珍稀濒危植物受威胁等级、优先保护评估体系.建立了濒危系数、遗传价值系数、利用价值系数、生境系数、繁殖系数5项准则,准则下共设17个指标;运用层次分析法确定指标体系权重,计算出珍稀濒危植物濒危等级及优先保护级别.结果表明: 极危种2种、濒危种13种、易危种37种、近危种44种、无危种31种,分别占总数的1.6%、10.2%、29.1%、34.7%、24.4%.其中,受威胁种(极危、濒危和易危种)共52种,占总种数的40.9%.一级保护植物35种、二级保护植物72种、三级保护植物20种,分别占总数的27.6%、56.7%、15.8%.本评估结果与《中国生物多样性红色名录(高等植物卷)》、《内蒙古珍稀濒危保护植物名录》相比,有75种植物的濒危等级和62种植物的保护级别发生了变化.其中新增了9种植物的濒危等级评估和32种植物的保护级别.     

基于Cytb基因的动物检材种属鉴定在非传统领域的部分运用

传统意义上的种属鉴定主要用于法医学研究方面,然而随着科技的进步及社会发展的需要,种属鉴定在其他领域也有广泛的应用。主要以线粒体Cytb基因为切入点,简要介绍了线粒体DNA及Cytb基因的结构和特点,总结和归纳了基于Cytb基因进行种属鉴定的相关技术方法在打击动物走私、濒危物种保护、食品及动物产品或制品等的检验检疫方面的运用情况,并对存在的问题及发展趋势做一阐述。     

The future of the US endangered species act

The United States Endangered Species Act of J973 (ESA) is the strongest tool for protecting plants and animals in the US and has served as a model of species protection for many other nations. Because the goals of the Act - to conserve all endangered and threatened species in the US and the ecosystems upon which they depend - are widely supported among US environmentalists and biologists, it is commonly believed that these groups offer united support for the legislation. Within the US, however, vigorous debate ensues among conservation biologists as to the effectiveness of the species-oriented approach of the Act.     

中国濒危兽类栖息地评估与保护研究进展与展望

目前全球物种正以前所未有的速度灭绝,对野生动物栖息地开展有效的评估与科学的保护是阻止濒危物种走向灭绝,保持其可持续生存与发展的重要前提和手段。本文针对我国的食肉类、有蹄类、灵长类、小型兽类、海洋兽类5个类别的濒危兽类,综述了其栖息地评估与保护研究进展的现状和成果,对相关学术成果进行了归纳与分析,以期为栖息地的科学保护与管理梳理出系统、可供借鉴的研究方法和技术手段,并对其理论和技术的挑战进行了展望,提出了我国濒危兽类栖息地评估和保护研究应走向整体化、定量化、智能化,以及多学科交叉融合应用的“精准化”发展方向,为国家生态建设工程的有效实施提供重要技术支撑。     

Testing Surrogacy Assumptions: Can Threatened and Endangered Plants Be Grouped by Biological Similarity and Abundances?

There is renewed interest in implementing surrogate species approaches in conservation planning due to the large number of species in need of management but limited resources and data. One type of surrogate approach involves selection of one or a few species to represent a larger group of species requiring similar management actions, so that protection and persistence of the selected species would result in conservation of the group of species. However, among the criticisms of surrogate approaches is the need to test underlying assumptions, which remain rarely examined. In this study, we tested one of the fundamental assumptions underlying use of surrogate species in recovery planning: that there exist groups of threatened and endangered species that are sufficiently similar to warrant similar management or recovery criteria. Using a comprehensive database of all plant species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and tree-based random forest analysis, we found no evidence of species groups based on a set of distributional and biological traits or by abundances and patterns of decline. Our results suggested that application of surrogate approaches for endangered species recovery would be unjustified. Thus, conservation planning focused on individual species and their patterns of decline will likely be required to recover listed species.     

昆明市宠物市场爬行动物贸易调查

目的了解昆明市宠物市场上销售爬行动物的种类、数量、来源、价格及市场管理情况,为爬行类资源的保护和管理提供基础资料。方法采用观察和访谈相结合方式进行调查。结果昆明市6个宠物市场爬行动物类共有35种,其中蛇类14种,隶属3科12属;蜥蜴类6种,隶属4科5属;龟类15种,隶属6科12属。国外物种15种,占市场种类的42.9%;国内物种20种,占57.1%。依据《中国物种红色名录》(2004),1种为极危,4种为濒危,2种为易危;属于CITES(2013)附录Ⅱ有5种,附录Ⅲ有3种;属于国家重点保护的有2种。结论昆明市宠物市场爬行动物贸易缺乏相应的法制法规进行监督管理,应尽早制定规章制度加强对市场的管理,使市场更加规范有序。     

Gene trees,species and species trees in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenosaura palearis</Emphasis> clade

The growing use of molecular systematics in conservation has increased the importance of accurate resolution of taxonomic units and relationships. DNA data relate most directly to genealogies, which need not have perfect relationships with species limits and phylogenies. We used a multilocus gene tree approach to elucidate the relationships between four endangered Central American iguanas. We found support for the proposition that the described species taxa correspond to distinct evolutionary lineages warranting individual protection. We combined gene trees to estimate a phylogeny using Bayesian Estimation of Species Trees (BEST), minimizing deep coalescence, Species Trees from Average Ranks (STAR), and traditional concatenation. The estimate from concatenation conflicted with the other methods, likely owing to the disproportionate effect of mtDNA on concatenated analyses. This illustrates the importance of appropriate treatment of multilocus sequence data in phylogenetics. Our results indicate that these species have gone through recent and rapid speciation, resulting in four closely related narrow-range endemics.     

云南省国家重点保护野生植物资源的现状与评价

报道了云南省于1997年5月至2001年8月对我省90种重点保护野生植物进行的资源调查结果,其中被列入《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》的73种,国家Ⅰ级保护植物22种、国家Ⅱ级保护植物51种,其他保护植物17种。云南记录有分布而在本次调查中末找到的物种3种。从本次调查的结果可看出,云南的国家重点保护植物种质资源丰富,种类几乎为全国的一半;但资源数量偏少,有46种的占有面积不足5km^2;极危物种和濒危物种所占的比例大,极危物种48种,濒危物种37种;物种在各个地州间分布不均匀,绝大多数分布于滇东南和滇南,其中红河州38种,文山州36种;从海拔分布上看,主要分布于1000--2000m之间。此外,由于物种分布的地点不同,物种受到保护的程度不同,人为影响方式也多种多样。根据云南省野生重点保护植物资源的特点及受到威胁的情况,提出了加强生态保护意识的教育和宣传,强化植物资源管理,积极开展植物资源的开发利用和繁育技术的研究以及集约栽培、综合利用及可持续经营牛式的研究,加强法制建设等对策和建议。     

雅鲁藏布江下游地区兰科植物濒危程度和优先保护序列研究

在对雅鲁藏布江下游地区兰科（Orchidaceae）植物资源进行调查的基础上,结合资料收集和标本查阅,利用多个评价指标定量计算各濒危植物的优先保护值,确定该区域珍稀濒危兰科植物的濒危等级和优先保护序列。结果表明：对雅鲁藏布江下游地区的60属156种濒危兰科植物濒危等级进行评价,其中处于极危（CR）状态的有15种,处于濒危（EN）状态的有46种,处于易危（VU）状态的有78种,处于近危（NT）状态的有17种;优先保护范围值为0.853 9～0.416 8,其中被划分为Ⅰ级保护植物有45种,Ⅱ级保护植物有72种,Ⅲ级保护植物有39种。该研究结果与各种保护植物名录的濒危程度和优先保护级别存在较大差异,大部分兰科植物在该区受威胁程度加强,与这些兰科植物在雅鲁藏布江下游地区现实生存状态基本保持一致,对该区域兰科植物的保护迫在眉睫,应引起足够重视。     

A Statistical Comparison between Less and Common Applied Models to Estimate Geographical Distribution of Endangered Species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Felis margarita</Emphasis>) in Central Iran

Species distribution in space is important in habitat conservation and biodiversity protection, so gaining knowledge about species range would be worthwhile to rescue endangered species and plan conservation policy. This study evaluates and compares the performance of an array of Species Distribution Models (SDMs), namely RF, SVM, MaxEnt, GLMNET, and MARS, in predicting rare sand cat distribution across a large unprotected sand dune area in central Iran. Due to absence of reliable data and difficulties in recording the species itself, the SDMs were challenged by limited data including 55 absence (background) and 40 presence points as well as nine climatic and geological parameters that influence on species distribution, including humidity, maximum, minimum and mean temperature, precipitation, amount of sunshine, ground water level, aspect, and DEM. Moreover, each model was replicated 20 times and the statistics including TSS, AUC, COR and Deviance were computed. Then, based on computed statistics, the model performances were evaluated by TUKEY and ANOVA. Finally, ensemble map was obtained by weighted approach using AUC. The results of this study showed that complex machine learning methods, like SVM, RF, and MaxEnt are more outperformed to predict the distribution of rare species.     

Isolation and characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in the Korean goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus)

Microsatellites have been applied in a variety of fields, including conservation genetics. Species‐specific microsatellites are considered as more powerful genetic markers to generate an accurate genetic composition of a species itself. Accordingly, we characterized 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Korean goral, Nemorhaedus caudatus, one of the most endangered species in South Korea. The new markers should benefit future studies of the endangered species of other Asian gorals and their relatives for the study of genetic diversity and potential conservation management.     

生物多样性保护优先区对重庆苔藓植物多样性保护的重要性

生物多样性保护优先区的生物多样性十分丰富, 对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文基于野外调查数据和文献资料, 整合大巴山和武陵山两个中国生物多样性保护优先区重庆境内的苔藓植物名录, 通过分析物种丰富度、中国特有种和受威胁物种, 比较了这两个地区的苔藓植物组成特点和相似性。结果显示, 两个保护优先区重庆境内共有苔藓植物77科221属722种, 其物种数分别占重庆市和中国苔藓植物总种数的76.0%和23.9%。两个区域分布有中国特有苔藓植物56种, 占中国苔藓植物总种数的1.9%; 分布有极危苔藓植物1种、濒危4种和易危3种。科、属、种的Jaccard相似性系数分别为0.7、0.6和0.3, 表明两个区域物种组成差异较大。大巴山和武陵山两个中国生物多样性保护优先区都具有较高的苔藓植物物种多样性, 其种类组成具有一定代表性, 对重庆市和中国苔藓植物多样性保护具有重要价值。     

基于能值的陆域受威胁和濒危物种价值估算——以福建省厦门市为例

开展受威胁和濒危物种价值评估是生物多样性研究的关键问题之一。当前受威胁和濒危物种研究正处于濒危等级界定和保护优先性确定阶段,存在不同保护等级交叉管理、价值评估方法欠缺及重复性计算等多方面问题。利用IUCN濒危等级和中国特有种等级名录确定厦门市不同濒危等级物种数,在此基础上利用能值转换率和修正的中国能值/货币比率对厦门市陆域受威胁和濒危物种价值进行估算。结果显示,通过多途径整理纳入估算的厦门市陆域野生动植物物种数为1444种,其中受威胁和濒危物种数为318种;2015年厦门市物种能值价值约为3.53×10~(11)元,2010年约为3.08×10~(11)元,其中两期受威胁和濒危物种能值价值均占物种总价值的88.31%;中国特有种等级对价值贡献最大达73.25%,其次是IUCN濒危等级达23.24%。研究表明,能值评估法能够客观凸显受威胁和濒危物种价值,研究结果可为生物多样性及物种保育的管理决策提供技术支撑。     

南岳衡山珍稀濒危野生植物资源调查

2008—2010年,对南岳衡山野生植物资源进行了实地调查,调查结果表明:南岳衡山有国家重点保护野生植物17种,其中一级保护3种,二级保护14种。国家珍稀濒危植物14种。列入2007年《中国物种红色名录》中受胁威的珍稀濒危植物87种,其中极危1种,濒危13种,易危36种,近危26种,无危11种。兰科植物23属46种,且具有附生、地生和腐生各种生态类型。另外对银杏、伯乐树居群进行了分析,得出南岳衡山是银杏野生居群保存和现代分布地区之一,保存在该区的银杏,伯乐树的天然林应为原始林的残遗成分,具有古老和残遗特性。     

Conservation status of the North American fish fauna in fresh water

The status of the North American fish fauna includes 292 species of fishes in the categories of endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, and extinct. This constitutes 28% of the known fauna. The status of fishes and their habitats continues to decline, especially in the arid regions of western U.S.A. and northern Mexico. The Endangered Species Act is the most powerful tool currently available to protect rare fishes. While many fishes probably have been saved from extinction by this Act, surprisingly few have improved enough to be removed from under its protection.