利用不同家域计算方法对野骆驼栖息地空间利用的比较

<正>卫星追踪定位技术(Satellite tracking and positioning technology)对于野生动物监测和管理来说具有高效、便利、可靠等多方面的优点,基于卫星追踪定位可以获取大量的野生动物时空分布数据,用于目标物种的家域计算、生境选择和迁移模式研究等(Kranstauber et al., 2012; Byrne et al.,     

The efficacy of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) in synchronizing the follicular wave in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) to synchronize the follicular wave in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during the breeding season through ovarian monitoring, evaluating sexual receptivity, and measuring progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) levels during and after CIDR treatment. Sixteen camels received a new CIDR containing 1.9 g of P4 for 14 days. Ultrasound ovarian monitoring was performed on the day of insertion and every 3 days until the CIDR was withdrawn. Ultrasound examinations were continued day in day out after the CIDR was withdrawn for 10 days. According to the ultrasound examinations, the percentages of camels in the breeding (follicles: 12–18 mm) and nonbreeding phases were calculated. Blood samples were collected day after day during the experimental period (24 days) from the day that the CIDR was inserted. The serum P4 and E2 concentrations were analyzed using ELISA kits. The sexual receptivity of the camels was tested daily during the course of the experiment. The results revealed that 2 and 4 days after the CIDR was withdrawn, the percentage of camels in the breeding phase (68.75% and 75.00%, respectively) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the nonbreeding phase (31.25% and 25.00%, respectively). The percentage of camels that were abstinent during CIDR treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that observed for those who were incompletely receptive or completely receptive. The P4 levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) 2 days after CIDR insertion (1.73 ng/mL) and reached maximum values (2.94 ng/mL) at Day 12. Significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the P4 levels were observed 2 to 4 days after CIDR withdrawal (1.01 and 0.80 ng/mL, respectively). The P4 levels reached minimum values (0.18–0.22 ng/mL) at Day 20 through the end of the experiment. The E2 levels differed insignificantly during and after CIDR treatment in dromedary camels. In conclusion, the treatment of dromedary camels with CIDR produced a uniform increase in serum concentrations of P4 that could completely prevent sexual receptivity but could not suppress the follicular wave. After CIDR withdrawal, the P4 levels fell and induced the emergence of a new follicular wave, and most of the camels were in the breeding (ovulatory) phase 2 to 4 days after withdrawal. Therefore, CIDR can be used to synchronize the follicular wave in dromedary camels.     

Hydatidosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their potential role in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran

Hydatid cysts were recovered from 35.2% (233/661) of camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in five different regions of Iran. The degree of prevalence between males (34.4%) and females (36.6%) was not statistically significant. The highest rate of infection (59.3%) was found in the Isfahan region (in the central part of Iran) while the lowest (25.7%) was found in Kerman province. The organ distribution of cysts was 49.4% in lungs alone, 30.0% in both liver and lungs, 14.6% in liver only and 6.0% in other organs. Therefore, the lungs were the predominant sites of the hydatid cyst. The range in the number of cysts was 1-48 in infected animals. The majority of the camels had 1-5 cysts, with 21.9%, 11.6% and 5.6% of infected camels having 6-10, 11-20 and 21 or more cysts respectively. There was a direct relationship between the rate and intensity of infection and host age. The fertility rate of lung cysts (69.7%) was higher than that of liver cysts (58.7%) and other organs (50.0%) whilst the viability rate of protoscoleces of liver fertile cysts (80.3%) was significantly higher than that of lung cysts (55.8%) and other organs (57.1%). The role of camels in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran is discussed.     

A comparative study of glycosylated haemoglobin level in the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) during different seasons

1. The extent of haemoglobin glycosylation from 60 camels has been determined (4.39%) in blood samples drawn during winter. 2. Phosphate (9.45 mg/dl), DPG (2.9 mumol/ml) and glucose (138 mg/dl) levels were also recorded. 3. In addition the P50 at pH 7.4 was measured (22.8 Torrs). 4. The data obtained compared with human blood levels and with levels reported for camels during summer sampling. 5. Despite the fact that camels have higher blood glucose levels than humans, the extent of glycosylation is much less in camel blood than in human blood.     

Countrywide Survey for MERS-Coronavirus Antibodies in Dromedaries and Humans in Pakistan

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the MERS-CoV infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. Through surveillance in Pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050)samples were collected from camels between November 2015 and February 2018. Samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. An in-house ELISA was developed to detect IgG against MERS-CoV. A total of 794 camels were found seropositive for MERS-CoV. Prevalence increased with the age and the highest seroprevalence was recorded in camels aged [ 10 years (81.37%) followed by those aged 3.1–10 years (78.65%) and B 3 years (58.19%).Higher prevalence was observed in female (78.13%) as compared to male (70.70%). Of the camel nasal swabs, 22 were found to be positive by RT-qPCR though with high Ct values. Moreover, 2,409 human serum samples were also collected from four provinces of Pakistan during 2016–2017. Among the sampled population, 840 humans were camel herders.Although we found a high rate of MERS-CoV antibody positive dromedaries (75.62%) in Pakistan, no neutralizing antibodies were detected in humans with and without contact to camels.     

Energy expenditure during level locomotion in large desert ungulates: the one-humped camel and the domestic donkey

This study sought to quantify the rate of energy expenditure (     ), the total cost of transport (COT_tot) and the net cost of transport (COT_net) in camels Camelus dromedaries and donkeys Equus asinus during level locomotion.     of camels and domestic donkeys were measured at exercise speeds between 0 and 4.17 m s⁻¹. Resting     for camels was significantly ( P <0.05) lower than predicted, while donkeys exhibited resting values similar to mammals of the same body mass. In both camels and donkeys     increased in a nearly linear fashion over the range of exercise speeds. The minimum COT_tot of camels in the walking and pacing gaits were not significantly different ( P =0.27). Similarly, donkeys exhibited no significant difference ( P =0.09) in the minimum COT_tot while walking and trotting. In both camels and donkeys, the minimum COT_tot was significantly ( P <0.05) lower than the predicted COT_tot for mammals of the same body mass. The COT_net in both camels and donkeys was determined to be gait dependent and significantly ( P <0.05) lower than the predicted minimum COT_net values for walking and running. The low COT seen in camels and donkeys results in energy and water savings.     

Microscopic and molecular detection of Deraiophoronema evansi (Lewis, 1882) in domestic Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of Mongolia

Cameline filarosis is an important parasitic disease having an economic impact on the camel industry around the world. However, there has been no study on filarosis in Bactrian camels of Mongolia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to detect and identify microfilariae of Deraiophoronema evansi (D. evansi) in Bactrian camels from three provinces, located in southern and southwestern Mongolia. Blood samples were obtained from 400 healthy two-humped camels of different ages and both sexes. All blood samples were analysed using a variety of diagnostic techniques. Microfilariae were detected in 30 Bactrian camels (7.5%) by the Knott technique, while 13 Bactrian camels (3.3%) tested positive in a direct smear test. D. evansi was detected in 18 Bactrian camels (4.5%) by PCR assay. Prevalence was shown to be high among Bactrian camels in the age group up to 5 years, while the lowest positive results were obtained for Bactrian camels in the 5–10-year age group and the over 10-year age group. To confirm the morphological identification, D. evansi–COI gene sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. The D. evansi–COI gene sequences from Mongolian two-humped camels were identical to sequences from Iranian one-humped camels and were clustered together with these sequences in the phylogeny. This is the first report of molecular detection and identification of microfilariae of D. evansi in Bactrian camels of Mongolia.     

利用卫星追踪颈圈对圈养野生双峰驼野化放归的监测

2012-2014年,通过对甘肃敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区野化放归的两峰野生双峰驼（Camelus ferus）佩带卫星追踪颈圈进行跟踪监测,利用最小凸多边形法和内核法开展了放归生境中野骆驼的活动范围和空间利用研究。研究期间,分别进行了22个月(ID:108444)和9个月(ID:108445)的跟踪监测,获得了3403个(ID:108444) 和1573个(ID:108445)定位成功的GPS位点。野骆驼放归后的前两个月仍存在一定的对圈养环境的依赖,两个月后野骆驼的活动范围开始向外扩展,直至四个月后,基本扩展至整个放养的围栏,活动范围分别从9.5109 km²增加到19.3694 km2 (ID:108444),8.8943 km² 增加到19.4192 km² (ID:108445)。整个监测期间,95% Kernel活动范围分别为7.7181km² (ID:108444) 和 3.0321 km² (ID:108445)。从整个监测期间(ID:108444)的50% Kernel活动范围（0.2811 km²）来看,野骆驼整个放归期间仍然比较依赖原先的圈养环境;野骆驼存在对胡杨疏林的偏好;同时,放归的野骆驼仍然保持了对人的亲近行为。从2013年整年来看,放归野骆驼实际生境利用,春、秋两季范围大,夏、冬两季范围较小。放归的野骆驼不同季节对主要生境的利用也有所不同,最为明显的是夏季,野骆驼活动范围集中在荒漠地区,避开植被多的区域以避免蚊虫叮咬。本研究进一步了解了野骆驼的行为习性及其适应环境的行为对策,为野骆驼圈养种群的科学管理和进一步野化放归提供了理论依据。     

Induction of sexual activity in female camels during the nonbreeding season

Sixteen anestrous adult female camels (Camelus dromedarius ) in good health and with inactive ovaries were selected from the herd during the month of June (non-breeding season). The camels were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. To induce ovarian activity, camels in Groups I,II and III were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate followed by 1000 IU eCG on days 2 and 3 of treatment. The camels were mated on Day 5 after the last eCG injection. Ovulation in Groups II and III was induced by intravenous administration of 3000 IU hCG and 40 mcg GnRH, respectively. Group IV was administered saline and served as the control. Periodic examinations per rectum were performed to explore the status of the ovaries. Blood samples were collected at 8 different stages and sera were analyzed for estradiol 17-B and progesterone using specific RIA kits. All camels in the control and treated groups were mated successfully. Levels of estradiol 17-B did not exhibit any particular trend. Blood progesterone levels suggested ovulation in 2 camels (50%) in Group I and in 3 camels (75%) in each of Groups of II and III. This was confirmed by presence of CL in the ovary during per rectum examination. No camel ovulated in the control group. One camel conceived in each of Groups I and III.     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-like infection in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of northwestern Iran

Cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous enteropathogen protozoan infection affecting livestock worldwide. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in different age groups of dromedary camels in northwestern Iran from November 2009 to July 2010. A total number of 170 fecal samples were collected and examined using modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining under light microscope. Examination of stained fecal smears revealed that 17 camels (10%) were positive for Cryptosporidium-like. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium-like was significantly higher in camel calves (< 1 years old) (20%) than other age groups, in which the diarrhoeic calves had the prevalence of 16%. In adult camels the prevalence was 6.5%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium-like between male and female camels. It is concluded that Cryptosporidium infection is a problem in camel husbandry and could be of public health concern in the region.     

Comparative study of copper and zinc metabolism in cattle and camel

At an experimental farm, five camels and five cows were fed a similar basal diet for 6 mo. They received oral trace element supplementation for 3 mo (day 22–112). This supplementation included zinc, copper, selenium, managanese, iodine, and cobalt, and corresponded to twice the requirements generally recommended for cows. Plasma copper and zinc concentrations were significantly lower in the camels (61 μg/100 mL for copper and 38 μg/100 mL for zinc) than in the cows (111 and 83, respectively). The supplementation had no effect on plasma zinc concentration in the camels in spite of the low observed values in this species. Liver copper concentration at the beginning of the trial was lower in the camels (9 ppm) than in the cows (35 ppm), and stayed at lower levels during the entire supplementation period. There was no clear difference in fecal excretion of copper and zinc between the camels and the cows. The results suggested that trace element requirements are lower in camels than in cows and that camels regulate their plasma zinc concentration at a very low level (<40 μg/100 mL).     

甘肃安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区野骆驼利用人工水源点特征分析

人工水源点是荒漠地区野生动物补充水分的途径之一,对于荒漠地区珍稀濒危物种保护具有重要意义。为揭示人工水源点的野生动物利用特征,本研究分析了2020年8月至2021年8月甘肃安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区一处人工水源点的视频监测数据。监测期间共获得533条视频记录,其中独立记录299条,分析表明：(1)多种野生动物利用人工水源点,共记录兽类7种,鸟类7种;(2)保护区的主要保护对象野骆驼(Camelus ferus)共有205条记录,占独立总记录数67%。野骆驼在人工水源点的平均群体大小为6.82±7.01,平均停留时长为(15.66±15.35) min,在人工水源点停留时长与群体大小有显著的相关性(P <0.001),而群体大小则受季节性影响(P <0.005);(3)野骆驼对人工水源点的利用夏季强度最高,春季最低,利用人工水源点的日活动节律呈明显的单峰型,活动的最高峰出现在12:00。研究表明人工水源点能够被野骆驼等野生动物充分利用,研究结果可为进一步揭示野骆驼行为生态习性以及促进人工措施对野生动物保育管理提供有益参考。     

Semen collection,cryopreservation and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel

Collection of semen with a bovine artificial vagina (AV) was attempted with each of 14 camels over a period of 2 years. Semen samples were evaluated, extended and cryopreserved. Frozen thawed semen, diluted cooled semen or whole semen was used to inseminate some female camels which were induced to ovulate with hCG. Males ejaculated semen into the AV in 74.6% collection attempts. The male copulated for at least 200s in 62.9% attempts. The remaining copulations were of shorter duration. Similarly, 49.3% ejaculates were at least 3ml of semen. Libido and donation of semen improved from December onwards and reached a peak after mid January with peak performance persisting until April. It declined during May. The majority of camels had lost libido and refuse to donate semen by the end of May. Camel semen is in gel form. While 35.9% of 203 semen samples exhibited no individual sperm motility, 28.5% exhibited low to fair grade individual sperm motility and only 35.4% exhibited >50% sperm motility. Differences existed between animals (P<0.01) and months (P<0.05) of collection, while effect of copulation time was not significant. Mass motility was not observed in camel semen. Individual sperm motility develops after liquefaction of semen. Addition of caffeine but not chymotrypsin improved the individual motility. The mean live percent sperm count and normal acrosome were 73.3+/-1.0 and 92.0+/-0.5, respectively. Only 51.1% of 45 semen samples with pre-freeze motility of >50% and 25% of 16 semen samples from low pre-freeze motility group with an overall success of 44.2% of 61 semen samples were successfully preserved. Wide variation was observed in the freezability of semen from different males. Attempts to impregnate female camels with liquid semen, frozen thawed semen and whole semen after hCG induced ovulation resulted in 0/10, 1/13 and 4/10 pregnancies.     

Ultrasonographic fetometry and prenatal fetal sex assessment in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The aims of this study were to determine the developmental patterns of some fetal parts to achieve a high accuracy level in the assessment of gestational age and to assess the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasonic prenatal fetal sex assessment in camels. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were carried out on seven pregnant dromedary camels. A total of 329 ultrasonographic examinations were conducted between the second and the 54th weeks of pregnancy. Intrauterine fluid accumulation was detected between the second and third weeks of pregnancy. The embryo proper was noticed between the third and fourth weeks. Organization of the embryo was first observed between the sixth and seventh weeks. Ossification was first detected between the seventh and ninth weeks. The accessibility during the total gestational period was 35/329 (10.6%) for crown-rump length, 35/329 (10.6%) for biparietal diameter, 42/329 (12.8%) for abdominal diameter, 42/329 (12.8%) for ruminal length, and 126/329 (38.3%) for eyeball diameter. A high correlation was found between gestational age and each of the studied parameters (P < 0.0001). The highest correlation was found with the crown-rump length and the biparietal diameter during the first trimester and with the eyeball diameter during the third trimester of pregnancy. The overall accuracy of the ultrasonic prenatal fetal sex assessment was 91.7%. The best window was found during the 11th week of pregnancy. It was concluded that sonographic fetometry can be useful for the evaluation of fetal development, the estimation of gestational age, and the prediction of prenatal fetal sex in camels.     

Ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (Camelus dromedarius): clinical findings, histopathology and fertility after unilateral surgical ablation

This study was undertaken to verify the clinical signs, incidence, location, etiology and pathology of ovarian hydrobursitis in infertile female camels and estimate the fertility after unilateral surgical ablation. Genital organs (n = 124) were examined in camels slaughtered at Makkah abattoir during Hajj of 2009. Infertile female camels (n = 142) presented for management to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, were clinically examined and ultrasound-scanned for the diagnosis of genital abnormalities. Twenty eight camels diagnosed with ovarian hydrobursitis were further investigated for the effect of unilateral surgical ablation on breeding outcomes. Surgical ablation was carried on 14 cases (treated group), the remaining 14 cases were followed as controls (control group). Both groups were observed for breeding results: 90 days non-return rate (90d NRR) and calving rate (CR). Removed bursae were sent to the laboratory for histopathological investigation. Results showed that the incidence of ovarian hydrobursitis was 6.5% in slaughtered camels and 33.8% in infertile females. Camels with hydrobursitis were concurrently affected with pyometra, uterine and vaginal adhesions or purulent endometritis. Histopathology reported degeneration and hyperplasia of the lining epithelium, mononuclear cells infiltration, focal aggregation of inflammatory cells, cystic dilatation of multi-acinal structures, tiny hemorrhages, and presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages. The 90d NRR and CR of the surgically-treated cases were 64.3% and 50%, respectively. None of the untreated cases conceived. These results confirmed that ovarian hydrobursitis causes infertility in dromedary female camels and is associated with inflammatory genital conditions and surgical ablation in unilaterally affected animals presents a potential treatment.     

Seasonality and the melatonin signal in relation to age as correlated to the sexual cycle of the one-humped male camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Heparinized blood samples were taken from male immature and mature camels of the Sha'alah breed, housed at the University Animal farm, during the rutting and non-rutting period. Other blood samples were also collected from camels slaughtered at defined seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) and from the Buraydah slaughter-house. In addition, specimens from the testes were also taken to confirm the difference between the immature and the mature animals during the non-rutting and rutting seasons. The plasma obtained from the collected blood samples was used for estimation of the following hormones, Melatonin (MLT), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH), Testosterone and Prolactin (PRL) using the radioimmunoassay technique. Specimens of testes tissue were fixed in calcium formol, processed for histological examination using standard procedures and stained with H&E. The results clearly differentiated the samples as immature and mature during the non-rutting and rutting seasons. Commercially available human radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits for MLT, FSH, LH, testosterone and PRL were adapted for quantitation of these hormones in serum from the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Serum samples from 40 camels were assayed in order to determine possible differences between various groups in the concentrations of MLT, FSH, LH, testosterone and PRL in these animals. Among the camels, serum concentrations of melatonin, FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin reflected age and seasonal differences. Immature camels had overall significantly lower levels in MLT, FSH, LH, testosterone and PRL. Mean FSH and LH levels from confirmed non-rutting (sexually inactive) camels were 0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.37 ± 0.18 ng/mL, respectively. Although rutting (sexually active) camels had higher FSH and LH levels, the differences were not statistically significant (P less than 0.07). Our observations indicate that these RIAs can reliably detect serum MLT, FSH, LH, testosterone and PLT from camels and represent the first quantitation of melatonin in Camilidae in correlation with FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin.     

Age-related changes in plasma testosterone concentrations and genital organs content of bulk and trace elements in the male dromedary camel

There is a paucity of information regarding the influence of plasma testosterone concentrations and inorganic cations secreted in the different seminal fractions on the spermatozoon activity throughout the reproductive life of the one-humped camels. To demonstrate these relationships, the genital organs of 12 prepubertal (<3 years), 9 peripubertal (3-<5 years), 16 mature (5-<15 years) and 15 aged (>/=15 years) camels were collected from the Buraidah slaughter house (Al-Qassim Province, Saudi Arabia) during two consecutive breeding seasons (November-April) over 2 years. Plasma testosterone concentrations (mean+/-S.E.) did not exceed 1.4 ng/ml in prepubertal animals with a 3-4 fold increase in peripubertal (3.2+/-0.4 ng/ml) and mature (4.8+/-0.6 ng/ml) camels followed by about 50% decrease (2.6+/-0.3 ng/ml) in aged ones. These hormonal changes were correlated significantly with concentrations of certain elements in the testes (highest Na, Ca and Cu contents), epididymides (highest P and Fe contents), prostate (highest Zn content), and bulbo-urethral glands (highest K and Mg contents). The significance of some interrelationships among the different cations and their biological effects on sperm production and metabolic activity were discussed.     

库木塔格沙漠地区野骆驼活动节律与家域特征

野生双峰驼(Camelus ferus)生存于中亚沙漠腹地, 是国家I级重点保护野生动物。为探究野骆驼活动节律和家域状况, 了解其时间和空间尺度上的活动模式, 为其有效保护管理提供支持。本研究于2012年5月至2013年7月利用GPS跟踪项圈先后对库木塔格沙漠地区7峰野骆驼进行轨迹跟踪。利用跟踪数据对野骆驼活动节律进行分析, 并采用布朗桥模型对野骆驼家域进行分析。结果表明: (1)野骆驼日活动节律呈现明显双峰模式, 属晨昏活动类型, 活动高峰期主要出现于上午6:00-9:00及下午15:00-20:00。(2)野骆驼晨昏活动高峰存在明显的季节性变动, 双峰从暖季到冷季向中午移动, 按间隔时间长短排序为: 夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季。(3)野骆驼日活动强度有明显的季节性差异, 大小关系为: 夏季 > 秋季 > 春季和冬季, 春季和冬季间差异不显著。(4)野骆驼为核心家域利用类型, 且存在多个核心家域, 一些野骆驼家域分布于沙漠南北两侧, 意味着其具有横跨沙漠的运动能力。(5)野骆驼个体间家域面积差异显著, 性别间家域面积差异不显著。季节间家域面积差异显著, 从大到小排序为: 夏季(1,256.27 ± 427.45 km²) > 春季(556.90 ± 259.35 km²) > 秋季(396.77 ± 82.31 km²) > 冬季(250.83 ± 99.64 km²)。     

罗布泊野骆驼的家域特征及其意义

野双峰骆驼(Camelus ferus)生活在荒漠戈壁, 种群数量稀少, 栖息地地形复杂多样, 且有长距离迁徙习性, 目前对其家域面积和重要栖息地范围的研究只有定性描述。本研究于2012年5月至2013年7月, 在阿奇克谷地和阿尔金山北麓捕捉了8峰野骆驼并安装GPS卫星跟踪项圈, 分别获得了12-423天的13,748个GPS位点记录。研究结果表明, 8峰野骆驼的100%最小凸多边形(minimum convex polygons, MCP)家域面积分别为1,775-11,768 km², 总家域面积为32,821 km², 占罗布泊野骆驼分布区面积的23.1%, 平均家域面积为7,349 ± 1,323 km²。野骆驼个体家域面积季节间差异显著, 秋季最大, 其次是冬季和夏季, 春季最小, 秋季是春季的4.4倍。野骆驼在繁殖季节的家域平均面积为879 ± 320 km², 非繁殖季节为998 ± 106 km², 二者间无显著差异。除了项圈编码为135号的野骆驼和其他7峰野骆驼的家域没有重叠外, 其余7峰野骆驼的家域都有重叠。这7峰野骆驼的家域总面积是24,910 km², 占罗布泊野骆驼分布区总面积的17.5%, 重叠区面积是515 km²。鉴于野骆驼主要分布在阿奇克谷地及以南区域、阿尔金山北麓, 建议将罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区位于阿奇克谷地北山以北的核心区部分区域、磁海低地以南的山区和阿尔金山西部原为实验区的部分区域调整为缓冲区, 而将阿尔金山北麓至库姆塔格沙漠之间的戈壁地带原为缓冲区的部分区域调整为核心区。