Isolation of Chromobacterium spp. from foods, soil, and water.

Chromobacterium violaceum, a soil and water inhabitant, has been implicated in human disease with a high mortality rate, particularly in the southeastern United States. The psychrotrophic Chromobacterium lividum has been isolated from foods, water, and soil, but is not considered pathogenic. To determine the distribution of Chromobacterium spp. in soil, water, and foods in the Gainesville area, we evaluated Bennett, Ryalls and Moss, and Aeromonas membrane agars for their ability to recover these organisms from various samples when incubated at 25 or 35 degrees C. Bennett agar was best for the isolation of both species when incubated at 25 degrees C; however, at 35 degrees C, Aeromonas membrane agar gave the highest recoveries of C. violaceum. C. violaceum was recovered only from soil and water, whereas C. lividum was frequently recovered from foods as well as soil and water.     

Populations of the spinach wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, in the root tissues, rhizosphere, and soil in the field.

Populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae in root tissues and rhizosphere soil of diseased spinach plants were higher than in the root tissues and rhizosphere soil of healthy plants. Populations in soil rhizosphere were higher than in nonrhizosphere soil. The fungus populations were very low in the root tissues of the nonsusceptible strawberry, broccoli, chinese cabbage, and mustard grown in the infested field. The populations were low at the beginning of the season, increased, and remained high during the summer, then dropped in the fall. The fungus populations ranged from 1600 to 2600 propagules/g in the top 10 cm of soil, declined sharply between 11 and 20 cm, and were nondetectable between 41 and 60 cm.     

Effect of sorghum seedlings, and previous crop, on soil fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.

Hypotheses in which sorghum seedlings [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] of different genotypes will differentially modify soil microorganisms and will affect subsequent planting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings, were tested. Wheat cultivar Lewjain, and sorghum genotypes Redlan and RTx433, were planted into soils previously planted with wheat or sorghum in growth chamber experiments. Total culturable fungi and oomycetes, and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. numbers (cfu) were determined. Pseudomonads were screened for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production, for the presence of the phlD gene for 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol production (Phl) and for a region of the operon involved in phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) production. Pasteurized soils were inoculated with rifampicin-marked strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens then planted with Lewjain, Redlan and RTx433 to assess rhizosphere and soil colonization. Effects of plant species, sorghum genotype and previous crop on culturable fungi and oomycetes, and pseudomonad numbers (cfu g^?1 soil) were statistically significant. Soils planted with RTx433 or Lewjain had greater numbers of fungal cfu than soils planted with Redlan. When Lewjain seedlings were grown in soil previously planted with RTx433, there were greater numbers of fungal cfu than when Lewjain was planted into Redlan soil. Wheat planted into wheat soil resulted in statistically significantly fewer numbers of pseudomonads than when planted into sorghum soil. Overall, percentages of HCN-producing pseudomonads increased, especially when wheat seedlings were planted in wheat soil. For most treatments, percent of isolates with Phl declined, except when Redlan was planted into Redlan soil, which resulted in increased Phl isolates. When rifampicin-marked P. fluorescens isolates were applied to pasteurized soil, sorghum seedlings sustained rhizosphere and soil populations similar to those on wheat. Sorghum genotypes may differ in associations with soil microorganisms, suggesting that they may differentially affect numbers of fluorescent pseudomonads in cropping systems.     

Changes in Soil Properties Following 55 Years of Secondary Forest Succession at Fort Benning,Georgia, U.S.A.

We present results on changes in soil properties following land use change over an approximately 55‐year period at Fort Benning, Georgia, U.S.A. Soil cores were taken at 129 locations that were categorized as reforested (field/bare ground in 1944 and forest in 1999), disturbed (field/bare ground in 1944 and 1999), or reference forests (forest in 1944 and 1999). Soil disturbance included historic agriculture (pre‐1944) and military training (post‐1944). Density in mineral soils exhibited a historic land use legacy effect (reference < reforested < disturbed). Rates of change in bulk density decreased with depth and estimated total times to reach reference forest levels ranged from 83 (0–10 cm) to 165 (30–40 cm) years. A land use legacy effect on C stock was apparent in the O‐horizon and in 30‐ to 40‐cm soil increment (reference > reforested > disturbed). Soil C stock in all other increments and in particulate organic matter was affected by disturbance; however, no legacy was apparent (reference = reforested > disturbed). For the entire soil profile (O‐horizon to 40 cm), rate of C accrual was 28 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ (1.5%/yr). Nitrogen stocks were affected by disturbance in the O‐horizon and 0‐ to 10‐cm increment; however, no legacy effect was detected (reference = reforested > disturbed). Nitrogen accumulated at 0.56 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.6%/yr) for the entire soil profile. At Fort Benning, soil C and N stocks of reforested stands were similar to those of reference forested stands after approximately 55 years. However, soil bulk density was greater on reforested stands than reference forest stands at 55 years and may require an additional century to reach reference levels.     

Survival of, and induced stress resistance in, carbon-starved Pseudomonas fluorescens cells residing in soil.

We investigated the survival, cell length, and development of general stress resistance in populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens R2f and its rifampin-resistant mutant, R2f Rpr, following exposure to carbon starvation conditions in liquid cultures and residence in two different soils, Flevo silt loam (FSL) and Ede loamy sand (ELS). In much the same way as was recently shown for P. putida KT2442, carbon-starved P. fluorescens R2f populations revealed enhanced resistance to otherwise lethal treatments, such as exposure to ethanol, high temperature, osmotic tension, and oxidative stress. A large population of nonculturable P. fluorescens R2f Rpr cells arose shortly after their introduction into ELS soil, whereas the formation of nonculturable cells was not observed in FSL soil. Also, the inoculant cell (based on immunofluorescence) and CFU counts decreased faster in ELS soil than in FSL soil. Introduction of carbon-starved instead of exponential-growth-phase R2f Rpr cells into ELS soil did not affect bacterial survival. The inoculant cell length decreased in soil, and no large differences in cell length in the two soil types were observed. Addition of glucose to ELS soil resulted in a stable cell length of R2f Rpr cells, whereas carbon-starved cells introduced into ELS soil remained small. Exponentially growing R2f Rpr cells developed enhanced resistance to ethanol, high temperature, osmotic tension, and oxidative stress within 1 day in both soils, whereas cells introduced into ELS soil amended with glucose showed decreased resistance. Cells that were carbon starved prior to introduction into ELS soil showed unchanged stress resistance levels upon residence in soil.     

渭北旱塬农田不同耕作模式对土壤性状、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过渭北旱塬黑垆土8年定位试验,研究了秸秆还田下6种耕作方式,即连年翻耕(CT/CT)、免耕(NT/NT)、深松(ST/ST)和免耕/深松(NT/ST)、翻耕/免耕(CT/NT)、翻耕/深松(CT/ST)对土壤团聚体、有机碳、作物产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:与CT/CT相比,NT/NT、ST/ST及3种轮耕措施减小了土壤力稳性团聚体的平均质量直径;NT/NT、ST/ST和NT/ST措施增加了20～50 cm土层>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量(WR_0.25)和平均质量直径,降低了土壤团聚体结构破坏率(PAD).在0～10 cm土层,NT/ST、CT/NT、NT/NT和ST/ST处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于CT/CT处理.随着土层加深,各耕作处理土壤有机碳含量下降,但3种单一耕作处理(ST/ST、NT/NT和CT/CT)下降幅度大于3种轮耕处理(CT/NT、ST/CT和NT/ST).与CT/CT相比,其他5种耕作方式均增加了农田0～200 cm土层的土壤蓄水量、作物产量和水分利用效率,其中,NT/ST处理作物产量和WUE分别显著提高了15.1%和27.5%.相关分析表明,玉米产量、WUE与0～200 cm土层生育期和休闲期的蓄水量呈显著正相关,且生育期蓄水量与0～50 cm土层的WR_0.25呈显著正相关,与PAD呈显著负相关;其中,20～50 cm土层的WR_0.25、PAD与玉米产量、生育期蓄水量以及WUE关系最密切;生育期蓄水量和WUE还与0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量呈显著正相关.综合考虑不同耕作措施对土壤结构、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,免耕/深松是最适宜于渭北旱塬区黑垆土春玉米种植的耕作方式.     

Quantification of soil-to-plant transport of recombinant nucleopolyhedrovirus: effects of soil type and moisture, air currents, and precipitation.

Significantly more occlusion bodies (OB) of DuPont viral construct HzSNPV-LqhIT2, expressing a scorpion toxin, were transported by artificial rainfall to cotton plants from sandy soil (70:15:15 sand-silt-clay) than from silt (15:70:15) and significantly more from silt than from clay (15:15:70). The amounts transported by 5 versus 50 mm of precipitation were the same, and transport was zero when there was no precipitation. In treatments that included precipitation, the mean number of viable OB transported to entire, 25- to 35-cm-tall cotton plants ranged from 56 (clay soil, 5 mm of rain) to 226 (sandy soil, 50 mm of rain) OB/plant. In a second experiment, viral transport increased with increasing wind velocity (0, 16, and 31 km/h) and was greater in dry (-1.0 bar of matric potential) than in moist (-0.5 bar) soil. Wind transport was greater for virus in a clay soil than in silt or sand. Only 3.3 x 10(-7) (clay soil, 5 mm rain) to 1.3 x 10(-6) (sandy soil, 50 mm rain) of the OB in surrounding soil in experiment 1 or 1.1 x 10(-7) (-0.5 bar sandy soil, 16-km/h wind) to 1.3 x 10(-6) (-1.0 bar clay soil, 31-km/h wind) in experiment 2 were transported by rainfall or wind to cotton plants. This reduces the risk of environmental release of a recombinant nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), because only a very small proportion of recombinant virus in the soil reservoir is transported to vegetation, where it can be ingested by and replicate in new host insects.     

江苏省不同农业区土壤线虫群落分布特征

调查了江苏省不同农业区农田土壤线虫群落多样性,分析了土壤线虫数量和群落结构与土壤环境因子的关系,并探讨了土壤线虫对土壤健康的生物指示作用.结果表明： 农田土壤线虫共鉴定出2纲7目19科41属.6个农业区的土壤线虫的密度、群落组成均具有一定的差异性.沿海农业区的线虫数量最多(每100 g干土400条),显著高于徐淮、宁镇扬和沿江农业区(P＜0.05),而沿江农业区的土壤线虫数量最少(每100 g干土232条),这可能是由于土壤质地、年均降雨量和年均气温等因素的差异造成的.地理位置相近的农业区线虫优势属相似.相关性分析结果显示,土壤线虫数量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾和速效磷均呈显著正相关关系;RDA分析表明,土壤全氮含量、速效磷及pH对线虫群落种属组成影响较大.分析江苏省农田土壤线虫群落空间分布特征,可为农田土壤生态系统健康状况评价提供数据支撑.     

Stomatal response to drying soil in relation to changes in the xylem sap composition of Helianthus annuus. I. The concentration of cations, anions, amino acids in, and pH of, the xylem sap

Sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) were subjected to soil drying with their shoots either kept fully turgid using a Passioura-type pressure chamber or allowed to decrease in water potential. Whether the shoots were kept turgid or not, leaf conductance decreased below a certain soil water content. During the soil drying, xylem sap samples were taken from individual intact and transpiring plants. Xylem sap concentrations of nitrate and phosphate decreased with soil water content, whereas the concentrations of the other anions (SO₄² and Cl^?) remained unaltered. Calcium concentrations also decreased. Potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium concentrations stayed constant during soil drying. In contrast, the pH, the buffering capacity at a pH below 5 and the cation/anion ratio increased after soil water content was lowered below a certain threshold. Amino acid concentration of the xylem sap increased with decreasing soil water content. The effect of changes in ion concentrations in the xylem sap on leaf conductance is discussed.     

Sensitive PCR Detection of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica Extracted from Soil

We have developed a simple PCR assay protocol for detection of the root-knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica extracted from soil. Nematodes are extracted from soil using Baermann funnels and centrifugal flotation. The nematode-containing fraction is then digested with proteinase K, and a PCR assay is carried out with primers specific for this group of RKN and with universal primers spanning the ITS of rRNA genes. The presence of RKN J2 can be detected among large numbers of other plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes. The procedure was tested with several soil types and crops from different locations and was found to be sensitive and accurate. Analysis of unknowns and spiked soil samples indicated that detection sensitivity was the same as or higher than by microscopic examination.     

河南封丘县域农田土壤固碳速率空间变异特征及其影响因素

农田土壤固碳速率是评价土壤固碳效应和潜力的重要指标,精确估算区域农田土壤固碳速率对土壤地力及环境效应均具有重要意义.本研究选取黄淮海平原典型潮土区河南省封丘县为研究区域,按照土壤利用-土壤类型联合单元布点法,于2011年采集了70个耕层土样,测定了土壤有机碳含量、机械组成、容重、pH,并与全国第二次土壤普查(1981年)数据进行对比分析,结合地统计方法和GIS技术研究了该地区近30年农田土壤固碳速率的空间变异特征,利用显著性检验、回归分析、方差分析等方法定量分析了该区域农田土壤固碳速率的影响因素.结果表明: 近30年封丘县域土壤固碳速率平均值为0.33 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,变异系数为74%,属于中等变异性;土壤固碳速率的变化在东西方向上表现为西高东低、中部高南北低,呈片状分布,区域结构性因素是引起农田土壤固碳速率空间分布差异的主导因素,如土壤类型、机械组成、容重、pH,可解释空间变异的59.5%,其次是随机性因素,如秸秆还田量、施肥量,可解释空间变异的40.5%.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤养分含量的高光谱预测模型

基于高光谱数据快速准确估算土壤养分含量,可为土壤养分监测及土壤理化参数反演提供优化方法.本研究在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区选取典型样地,分析土壤养分含量与光谱反射率的定量关系,采用连续投影算法提取其光谱特征波长,利用偏最小二乘法、多元线性回归法、支持向量机法分别对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量进行预测并对比分析,构建该区域土壤养分含量的最优高光谱预测模型.结果表明: 黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤养分含量与光谱反射率在可见光区(400～760 nm)和近红外区(760～1100 nm)相关性较高,相关系数最大值均位于这两个光谱区间.4种土壤养分含量的SPA-SVM模型的普适性好且反演精度高,建模过程简单高效,适用于小数据量试验.本研究结果可为采用机器学习算法构建黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤养分含量高光谱预测模型提供参考.     

土地利用类型对千烟洲森林土壤碳矿化及其温度敏感性的影响

土壤有机质分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,它不仅受温度和水分的影响,还对土地利用变化十分敏感.以中国科学院千烟洲生态试验站的柑橘园和湿地松人工林为对象,研究不同土地利用类型、温度(5、10、15、20和25 ℃)和水分(30%、60%和90%饱和含水量)对土壤碳矿化及其温度敏感性的影响.结果表明： 土地利用类型、温度和水分对土壤碳矿化都具有显著影响,且各因素间存在显著的交互效应.柑橘园和湿地松人工林土壤碳矿化速率均与温度呈正相关,60%饱和含水量处理下土壤碳矿化速率最高.在相同的温度和水分处理下,柑橘园土壤碳矿化量显著高于湿地松林.土地利用类型和水分对土壤碳矿化温度敏感性(Q₁₀)具有显著影响.培养7和42 d,土壤碳矿化的温度敏感性随水分升高而上升;柑橘园温度敏感性高于湿地松林,且水分越高差异越明显.包含温度和水分的双因素模型可以很好地模拟土壤碳矿化对温度和水分的响应,温度和水分共同解释土壤碳矿化变异的79.9%～91.9%.     

Larvicidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are released in root exudates of transgenic B. thuringiensis corn, potato, and rice but not of B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, and tobacco.

Larvicidal proteins encoded by cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis were released in root exudates from transgenic B. thuringiensis corn, rice, and potato but not from B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, and tobacco. Nonsterile soil and sterile hydroponic solution in which B. thuringiensis corn, rice, or potato had been grown were immunologically positive for the presence of the Cry proteins; from B. thuringiensis corn and rice, the soil and solution were toxic to the larva of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), and from potato, to the larva of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), representative lepidoptera and coleoptera, respectively. No toxin was detected immunologically or by larvicidal assay in soil or hydroponic solution in which B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, or tobacco, as well as all near-isogenic non-B. thuringiensis plant counterparts or no plants, had been grown. All plant species had the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, except rice, which had the ubiquitin promoter from maize. The reasons for the differences between species in the exudation from roots of the toxins are not known. The released toxins persisted in soil as the result of their binding on surface-active particles (e.g. clay minerals, humic substances), which reduced their biodegradation. The release of the toxins in root exudates could enhance the control of target insect pests, constitute a hazard to nontarget organisms, and/or increase the selection of toxin-resistant target insects.     

CO2浓度升高、增温和冬小麦种植对土壤酶活性的影响

研究农田土壤酶活性对CO₂浓度升高和增温的响应,可为气候变化背景下农田生态系统养分管理提供科学依据。本研究在人工模拟气候室进行盆栽控制试验,设置了4种气候情景,分别为对照(CK,CO₂浓度400 μmol·mol^-1+正常环境温度)、CO₂浓度升高(ECO₂,CO₂浓度800 μmol·mol^-1+正常环境温度)、增温(ET,CO₂浓度400 μmol·mol^-1+增温4 ℃)及CO₂浓度和温度均升高(ECO₂+T,CO₂浓度800 μmol·mol^-1+增温4 ℃),研究有、无冬小麦生长下β--葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-N-乙酰葡糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸单脂酶(ALP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)4种土壤酶活性在冬小麦拔节期(JS)、开花期(AS)、灌浆期(FS)和成熟期(MS)对CO₂浓度升高和增温的响应。结果表明:无冬小麦生长下,ECO₂与CK间4种土壤酶活性差异不显著,而ET和ECO₂+T处理对4种土壤酶活性有显著抑制作用。有冬小麦生长条件下,与CK相比,ECO₂和ECO₂+T处理对4种土壤酶活性均无显著影响;ET处理对土壤ALP和PPO活性有显著影响;ECO₂+T与ET间4种土壤酶活性有显著差异,与ET相比,ECO₂+T处理的土壤βG活性在JS期显著增加,NAG活性在JS期显著降低,ALP活性在AS和FS期显著增加,PPO活性在JS期显著降低,而在AS期显著增加。CO₂浓度升高与增温的交互作用在有、无冬小麦生长下均对土壤NAG和ALP活性有显著影响;无冬小麦生长下,增温和试验时段的交互作用对4种土壤酶活性有显著影响,而在有冬小麦生长下,增温和生育期的交互作用仅对ALP和PPO活性有显著影响;CO₂浓度升高、增温与试验时段的交互作用在无冬小麦生长下对土壤βG、ALP和PPO活性有显著影响,而在有冬小麦生长下CO₂浓度升高、增温与生育期对土壤NAG、ALP和PPO活性有显著影响。冬小麦生长对土壤βG、NAG和ALP活性在前两个生育期(JS+AS期)表现为显著抑制作用,在后两个生育期(FS+MS期)表现为显著促进作用,对土壤PPO活性在全生育期均表现为显著抑制作用。总体上,CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦土壤酶活性的影响不显著,而CO₂浓度与温度均升高对冬小麦土壤酶活性的影响在不同生育期因土壤酶种类不同而不同;此外,有、无冬小麦条件下4种土壤酶活性对CO₂浓度升高与增温的交互作用响应程度不一。     

Prey range characterization, ribotyping, and diversity of soil and rhizosphere Bdellovibrio spp. isolated on phytopathogenic bacteria

Thirty new Bdellovibrio strains were isolated from an agricultural soil and from the rhizosphere of plants grown in that soil. Using a combined molecular and culture-based approach, we found that the soil bdellovibrios included subpopulations of organisms that differed from rhizosphere bdellovibrios. Thirteen soil and seven common bean rhizosphere Bdellovibrio strains were isolated when Pseudomonas corrugata was used as prey; seven and two soil strains were isolated when Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, were used as prey; and one tomato rhizosphere strain was isolated when A. tumefaciens was used as prey. In soil and in the rhizosphere, depending on the prey cells used, the concentrations of bdellovibrios were between 3 x 10(2) to 6 x 10(3) and 2.8 x 10(2) to 2.3 x 10(4) PFU g(-1). A prey range analysis of five soil and rhizosphere Bdellovibrio isolates performed with 22 substrate species, most of which were plant-pathogenic and plant growth-enhancing bacteria, revealed unique utilization patterns and differences between closely related prey cells. An approximately 830-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA genes of all of the Bdellovibrio strains used was obtained by PCR amplification by using a Bdellovibrio-specific primer combination. Soil and common bean rhizosphere strains produced two and one restriction patterns for this PCR product, respectively. The 16S rRNA genes of three soil isolates and three root-associated isolates were sequenced. One soil isolate belonged to the Bdellovibrio stolpii-Bdellovibrio starrii clade, while all of the other isolates clustered with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and formed two distantly related, heterogeneous groups.     

Elemental allelopathy by an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern,Pteris vittata L.

Aims The functional advantages of arsenic (As) hyperaccumulation by plants are poorly understood. One proposed benefit, termed elemental allelopathy, occurs when hyperaccumulated As is cycled from the plant back into the top layer of soil, allowing As hyperaccumulators to gain an advantage over intolerant species by increasing soil As concentrations ([ As]) underneath their canopy. To date, there are no studies that detail the presence of increased soil [ As] associated with As hyperaccumulators. In this study, we documented variation in the soil [ As] associated with the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata L. and also compared the effects of environmentally relevant soil and solution [ As] on competitor plant growth.Methods Four populations of P. vittata were identified in central Florida, USA. P. vittata tissue samples and soil samples were collected at the base of and at 3 m away from ferns in each population (n = 36). Five sample locations were randomly selected from each site, and soils from the base and 3 m away from each fern were collected to examine the effects of naturally occurring soil [ As] on the germination and growth of a potential competitor plant (Oxalis stricta). Solutions with increasing [ As] were also used to examine the threshold for negative effects of [ As] on O. stricta growth. [ As] were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Important findings Overall, soil [ As] from the base of ferns was nearly twice that of soil 3 m away indicating that ferns hyperaccumulate As. However, ferns and their associated soil, contained different [ As] depending on their collection site, indicating that these populations accumulate and use [ As] differently. O. stricta growth decreased and germination was delayed as solution and soil [ As] increased. However, the relative distance from the fern that the soil was collected from did not affect growth, which would be expected with elemental allelopathy. Our results show that P. vittata is associated with higher soil [ As] and these concentrations are sufficient to inhibit growth of competitors. However, the absence of a strong inhibitory relationship associated with proximity to the fern across all locations suggests that the possible functional advantages of elemental allelopathy may depend on site specific characteristics.     

陕西渭北柿子园种植白三叶草对土壤养分和生物学性质的影响

种植豆科绿肥可以有效增加氮肥来源,提高水土保持能力,改善生态环境与土壤质量,是促进农业生产可持续发展的重要措施之一.本试验研究了柿子园种植白三叶草对土壤养分和生物学性质的影响,以探明果园种植豆科绿肥在土壤肥力改良与经济效益提升方面的潜力.设柿子园清耕、种植白三叶草2个处理,于2017年9月14日分别采集0～10、10～20、20～30和30～40 cm土层样品,以分析两个处理对土壤有机质、速效氮、微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响.结果表明: 与清耕相比,生草后的整个被测土层的有机质、速效氮、微生物生物量碳、氮及脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均增加,其中,0～10 cm土层生草处理的有机质、微生物生物量碳增加效果显著,10～20 cm土层速效氮含量增加效果显著,0～20 cm土层中脲酶活性显著增加,而过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶及土壤酶活性的几何平均值(GME)则在整个被测土层都显著增加.表明果园生草能改善土壤肥力状况,在一定程度上可减少化肥氮投入量,提高果园经济效益,是一种优良的果园栽培模式.     

A Tropical Freshwater Wetland: I. Structure,Growth, and Regeneration

Forested wetlands dominated by Terminalia carolinensis are endemic to Micronesia but common only on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. On Kosrae, these forests occur on Nansepsep, Inkosr, and Sonahnpil soil types, which differ in degree of flooding and soil saturation. We compared forest structure, growth, nutrition, and regeneration on two sites each on Nansepsep and Inkosr soils and one site on the much less common Sonahnpil soil type. Terminalia tree sizes were similar on all three soil types, but forests differed in total basal area, species of smaller trees, and total plant species diversity. Terminalia regeneration was found only on the Inkosr soil type, which had the highest water table levels. Other Terminalia species are relatively light demanding, and T. carolinensis exhibited similar characteristics. It is therefore likely that Terminalia requires periodic, but perhaps naturally rare, stand-replacing disturbances (e.g., typhoons) in order to maintain its dominance, except on the wettest sites, where competition from other species is reduced. Terminalia swamps in the Nansepsep soil type appeared to be at the greatest risk of conversion to other uses, but swamps on all three types may face greater pressure as Kosrae's population increases and the island's infrastructure becomes more developed.     

若尔盖草甸退化对土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的影响

为了解不同退化阶段高寒草甸土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的差异,对若尔盖湿地内沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸3个阶段土壤的碳、氮和碳稳定同位素进行了分析.结果表明:若尔盖湿地草甸土壤δ¹³C 值介于-26.21‰～-24.72‰之间,土壤δ¹³C 值随土层加深而增大.土壤δ¹³C 值与有机碳含量对数值呈线性负相关.表层土壤(0～10 cm)δ¹³C值大小顺序为草原化草甸>退化草甸>沼泽草甸,β值大小顺序为草原化草甸>沼泽草甸>退化草甸.沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸0～30 cm 土壤碳含量分别为105.32、42.11和31.12 g·kg^-1,氮含量分别为8.74、3.41和2.81 g·kg^-1,C/N分别为11.26、11.23和10.89.随着草甸的退化,土壤碳、氮呈降低趋势,退化草甸C/N值低于沼泽草甸和草原化草甸.随着土层深度加深,碳、氮含量呈现降低趋势.草甸退化导致的土壤δ¹³C 值差异主要发生在表层0～10 cm.3个退化阶段中,退化草甸土壤的β值和C/N最低,表明退化草甸土壤矿化作用较强.