Additions to Neotropical Dichapetalaceae

The new speciesTapura panamensis Prance is described as the first record of its genus from Central America. A key toTapura updates that of the Flora Neotropica monograph and a list of exsiccatae studied since the monograph is given.     

Dilleniaceae Novae Neotropicae: XI. a new subandean species of Doliocarpus

As a result of examining specimens of Dilleniaceae for the Flora of Ecuador and Flora Neotropica, a new species (Doliocarpus subandinus) from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia is described and illustrated, and the relationship with allied species is discussed.     

Regional diversity,population trends and threat assessment of the weeds of traditional agriculture in Greece

On the basis of extensive field studies throughout Greece and of about 19 500 field and literature records extracted from the Flora Hellenica Database, we provide the first survey of wild plant species of traditional agriculture in Greece (hereafter TA species). For each of the 138 taxa, life form, rareness (on national scale), local abundance (habitat occupancy) and regional restrictedness are given. We infer population trends from the record chronology of the taxa in the Flora Hellenica Database, and we assess the Red List status of the arable plants using IUCN criteria. According to current knowledge, two TA species are presumed Extinct in Greece and seven Critically Endangered. Almost half of the species are threatened, including 46 Vulnerable and 15 Endangered taxa. There is a high proportion of locally distributed taxa among Greek TA species. Distribution patterns show a pronounced south–north gradient, and the unique character of the East Aegean arable flora is revealed. Most arable species are annuals (83%). Perennial herbs, mostly bulbous or tuberous plants (geophytes), account for 17%, and a major proportion of the latter must be considered as threatened at different levels. The chronology of decline of certain TA species is reflected by processes of agricultural intensification and regional urbanization. We suggest conservation measures for the unique arable flora of Greece. To reflect the geographical and ecoregional variation, in situ measures should focus on areas with species‐rich arable fields in all phytogeographical regions of Greece. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175 , 607–623.     

《广西植物志》秋海棠属(Begonia L.)增订

秋海棠属(Begonia L.)隶属于葫芦目(Cucurbitales)秋海棠科(Begoniaceae),有1 800余种,是世界第六大属,主要分布于美洲、非洲和亚洲的热带和亚热带地区,具有极高的观赏价值,亦可作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料等。我国有秋海棠属植物近300种,主要分布于我国的云南和广西等长江以南地区,其中云南有秋海棠属植物100余种。近年来,随着广西地区秋海棠属植物野外调查的不断深入,陆续发现并发表了大量秋海棠属新类群,使得广西产秋海棠属植物数目已超出1991年《广西植物志》(第一卷)收录的19种,因此亟需对发表于不同期刊中的类群进行系统地整理和汇总。鉴于此,该文通过查阅文献资料和考证标本信息,整理并汇总了广西产秋海棠属植物共84种,包括2个变种、11个亚种和46个特有种,新增的65种为《广西植物志》(第一卷)中未收录的类群,并补充了这些类群的特征集要、凭证标本信息和属下分组概况,为今后开展秋海棠属植物的分类修订以及系统学、进化生物学和保护生物学等研究提供了参考依据。     

《中国植物志》(英文版)竹亚科青篱竹属和新小竹属的修订

基于最近的分子系统学研究、近期发表的新类群以及国际植物命名法规的相关条款,对《中国植物志》 （英文版）竹亚科的两个属进行了修订。中国是否有青篱竹属 (Arundinaria)的分布一直是个争论不休的问题。分子系统学不支持广义青篱竹属,因此原置于青篱竹属下的4个种应恢复到巴山木竹属 (Bashania) 中。包括近期发表的新类群在内,巴山木竹属在中国共有10种。西藏新小竹 (Neomicrocalamus microphyllus)是一个没有合格发表的裸名,其正确名称应为新小竹 (N.prainii),而云南新小竹（N.yunnanensis）则可能是梨籐竹属的成员。     

中国植物志、Flora of China和维管植物新系统中科的比较

《中国植物志》和“Flora of China”是目前世界上最大型、记录植物种类最多的植物志,它为有效保护和合理利用我国的植物资源提供了极为重要的基础信息和科学依据。近年来,基于分子系统学研究提出的APG系统被广泛接受,相应方法得到的系统也相继应用于整个维管植物中。以APG系统为代表的维管植物新系统为全面和系统地修订植物志提供了新的系统框架。本文依据最新的分子系统学“线性排列”成果与《中国植物志》和“Flora of China”在科级水平上进行对比,确定了以APG系统为代表的分子系统框架下中国维管植物为309科,其中石松类和蕨类植物38科,裸子植物10科和被子植物261科。尽管中国维管植物不少科的界限发生了较大的变化,其总数却变化不大,在《中国植物志》中为300科,“Flora of China”为309科。此外,还重点介绍了一些主要科的变动情况。     

基于MaxEnt模型模拟肯尼亚茜草科河骨木属植物的潜在分布及其在植物志中的应用初探

物种分布模型目前被广泛应用于生物学、生态学和保护生物学的各个领域。该文以肯尼亚茜草科河骨木属（Afrocanthium ）为例,利用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）模拟植物在当前气候情景下的潜在分布,并将这些分布图利用于正在编写的《肯尼亚植物志》中。结果显示,基于足够的原始标本记录,模型能够很好地模拟出每种植物的潜在分布区域。相比传统和新一代植物志仅提供标本信息点或是粗略分布图,《肯尼亚植物志》预采用的潜在分布图,将为志书使用者提供更加全面、实用的信息。     

A new species of Securidaca (Polygalaceae) from sandstone outcrops in the Venezuelan Andes

A new species ofSecuridaca was found during the preparation of the Polygalaceae treatment for theNuevo Catálogo de la Flora de Venezuela.Securidaca fundacionensis, from La Fundación, in the Venezuelan Andes, is described, illustrated, and its morphological relationship with an allied species is discussed. This new species is similar toS. uniflora, but it differs by its terete branches; broadly ovate leaves; larger petioles, flowers, fruits; and flabellate-crested keel (abaxial) petal. An updated key to the 27 Venezuelan species ofSecuridaca is presented, and phytogeographical information about La Fundación is provided.

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Resumen  Una nueva especie del géneroSecuridaca fue encontrada durante la elaboración del tratamiento de la familia Polygalaceae para elNuevo, Catálogo de la Flora de Venezuela.Securidaca fundacionensis, del sector La Fundación, estado Táchira, Andes de Venezuela, es descrita, ilustrada y sus relaciones morfológicas con su especie afín son discutidas.S. fundacionensis es similar aS. uniflora, sin embargo, difiere de esta especie por poseer las ramas teretes; las hojas ampliamente ovadas; los pecíolos, las flores, y los frutos más grandes; y la quilla (el pétalo inferior) con una cresta flabelada. Se presenta una clave actualizada para diferenciar las 27 especies del géneroSecuridaca presentes en Venezuela y información general acerca la fitogeografía del sector La Fundación.

     

中国二叠纪煤核中具解剖构造的鳞木类植物:似封印叶属

报道了产于中国二叠纪煤核中的3种具解剖构造的鳞木类叶,它们都具双木质部束,与似封印叶属(Sigillariopsis Scott)特征一致.与该属已有种进行了对比,确认它们为3个新种:产于山西太原西山煤田太原组上部7号煤层(早二叠世早期)煤核中的山西似封印叶(Sigillariopsis shanxiensis sp. nov.)和太原似封印叶(S. taiyuanensis sp.nov.)以及产于贵州水城矿区汪家寨组1号煤层(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中的贵州似封印叶(Sigillariopsis guizhouensis sp.nov.).根据煤核中共生的鳞木类植物其他器官以及欧美植物区鳞木类植物的研究资料推断,它们可能属于封印木属(Sigillaria Brongniart)的叶.在国外(主要是欧美植物区),封印木属植物主要分布于石炭纪,见于二叠纪的封印木很少.华夏植物区的封印木属过去很少发现,其叶和生殖器官均未报道过.本文是首次报道华夏植物区具解剖构造的封印木属的叶,它们的发现不仅丰富了华夏植物区封印木属植物的内容,而且对于研究封印木属的演化以及华夏植物区与欧美植物区鳞木类植物之间的关系也具有重要的意义.     

中国二叠纪煤核中具解剖构造的鳞木类植物:似封印叶属(英文)

报道了产于中国二叠纪煤核中的 3种具解剖构造的鳞木类叶 ,它们都具双木质部束 ,与似封印叶属 (Sigil lariopsisScott)特征一致。与该属已有种进行了对比 ,确认它们为 3个新种 :产于山西太原西山煤田太原组上部 7号煤层 (早二叠世早期 )煤核中的山西似封印叶 (Sigillariopsisshanxiensissp .nov .)和太原似封印叶 (S .taiyuanensissp .nov .)以及产于贵州水城矿区汪家寨组 1号煤层 (晚二叠世晚期 )煤核中的贵州似封印叶 (Sigillariopsisguizhouensissp .nov .)。根据煤核中共生的鳞木类植物其他器官以及欧美植物区鳞木类植物的研究资料推断 ,它们可能属于封印木属 (SigillariaBrongniart)的叶。在国外 (主要是欧美植物区 ) ,封印木属植物主要分布于石炭纪 ,见于二叠纪的封印木很少。华夏植物区的封印木属过去很少发现 ,其叶和生殖器官均未报道过。本文是首次报道华夏植物区具解剖构造的封印木属的叶 ,它们的发现不仅丰富了华夏植物区封印木属植物的内容 ,而且对于研究封印木属的演化以及华夏植物区与欧美植物区鳞木类植物之间的关系也具有重要的意义。     

SPECIES CONCEPTS IN THE GENUSUSNEA(LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES)

Practically most of the taxonomists working on vascular plants and fungi are using the so-called taxonomic species concept, relying largely on morphological criteria or other observable patterns of discontinuity and assuming that these patterns are reflecting the underlying genetic integrity of species. Such a concept is described in detail here for the genusUsnea. The typological view versus the populational view of species are discussed. The diagnostic value of characters used by previous and recent taxonomists of the genus is analysed. The fact thatUsneahas such a bad taxonomic reputation is discussed. The use by J. Motyka, author of the world monograph published in the thirties, of characters that are strongly modified by environmental factors together with a typological view of species are thought to be mainly responsible for this. More than 770 names have been published worldwide so far and it is suggested that around 50% are to be considered as synonyms.     

Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Mexico: speciation and palaeo-endemism

Mexico, with 43 species of Pinus recognized in the most recent revision for Flora Neotropica, is the richest centre of diversity for the genus. Other centres are California and south-east U.S.A. In comparison, Eurasian pine regions are less diverse. This biogeography, combined with the virtual absence of fossil evidence in Mexico, has led to the consensus that Pinus is a relative newcomer to the region and that 'recent' speciation accounts for its diversity. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that several of the oldest and most primitive members of the genus may have originated in this part of the continent and coexist with the species resulting from more recent radiation.     

Promise and problems in applying quantitative complementary areas for representing the diversity of some Neotropical plants (families Dichapetalaceae, Lecythidaceae, Garyocaraceae, Ghrysobalanaceae and Proteaceae)

Priority areas for in situ conservation are an unavoidable consequence of competition with other land uses, although they are certainly not to be seen as the only areas of value for conservation. In 1990 an international workshop was convened in Manaus, Brazil, to identify priority areas within Amazonia by committee (Workshop-90). A substantial part of the data for this assessment came from five plant families recorded for the Flora Neotropica. We compare the success of the Workshop-90 method in representing these plant species with the results of using a simple quantitative method for seeking complementary areas. The promises of quantitative methods are twofold. First, they force people to make their values explicit, which is important because priorities are dependent on the values and goals of individuals and are not universal. Second, quantitative methods can achieve representation of more of what is valued. For example, within the 90 top-priority areas (an arbitrary but convenient figure taken from Workshop-90), species representation is shown to be increased when using the complementary areas method by 83%. Simple computer implementations of this method can provide the means for fast inter-active exploration of flexibility in the many alternative area choices. This permits monitoring and review with minimum effort as new data on species and threats are acquired. On the other hand, the problem for all methods is the need for very large numbers of data, whether based on species or on any other surrogates for biodiversity, if well-informed decisions are to be made. This is not a particular problem of quantitative methods, but their explicit nature does highlight the shortcomings of data. For example, patterns in the Flora Neotropica data show effects from small samples even though these data are among the best available for any large tropical wet-forest region. Furthermore, in order to assess the longer-term consequences of area choices, quantitative methods will require many explicit local data on factors affecting viability, threat and cost.     

Drought stress drives intraspecific choice of food plants by Atta leaf‐cutting ants

Leaf‐cutting ants (LCA) are polyphagous and dominant herbivores throughout the Neotropics that carefully select plant individuals or plant parts to feed their symbiotic fungus. Although many species‐specific leaf traits have been identified as criteria for the choice of food plants, the factors driving intraspecific herbivory patterns in LCA are less well studied. Herein, we evaluate whether or not drought‐stressed native plants are a preferred food source using free‐living colonies of two leaf‐cutting ants, Atta sexdens L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini), in combination with five plant species, Ocotea glomerata Nees (Lauraceae), Lecythis lurida S. A. Mori (Lecythidaceae), Miconia prasina DC (Melastomataceae), Tovomita brevistaminea Engl. (Clusiaceae), and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae), and Atta cephalotes L., in combination with two plant species, O. glomerata and Licania tomentosa Benth. (Chrysobalanaceae). In dual‐choice bioassays, ants removed about three times more leaf area from drought‐stressed plants compared to control plants. Both leaf‐cutting ant species consistently preferred drought‐stressed plants for all species tested, except T. guianensis. The mean acceptability index – expressing the preference for one of two options on a scale of 0 to 1 – of drought‐stressed plants ranged from 0.65 to 0.86 across plant species, and the preference did not differ significantly among the tested plant species. Our results suggest that selection of drought‐stressed individuals is a general feature of food plant choice by leaf‐cutting ants irrespective of ant or plant species. As human‐modified forest assemblages across the Neotropics are increasingly prone to drought stress, the documented preference of Atta for drought‐stressed plants may have tangible ecological implications.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Ascomycete Systematics. Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties. Ed. David L. Hawksworth Flora Neotropica Monograph 63. Cyphomandra (Solanacae) by Lynn Bohs Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers, by Peter K. Endress     

交互式检索表提升分类学研究与应用效率:以兰科植物为例

与传统的连续检索表相比,基于计算机等数字终端的多通道交互式检索表具有很多优势,如易于携带、实时更新、界面直观、使用方便、用户广泛、产生新数据集且便于研究以及能够推动分类学知识的普及等。本文以兰科植物为例介绍了交互式检索表的特点、程序建立和应用。兰科植物是生物多样性保育的旗舰类群,具有很强的观赏和药用价值,但中国兰科植物种类繁多,分类困难。我们在自主研发交互式检索表软件MagIden的基础上,以《中国植物志》和Flora of China的描述为依据,制作了中国兰科植物交互式电子检索表,为分类学研究者和爱好者提供了一个新的、鉴定中国兰科植物的中英文双语工具;同时,交互式检索表生成的MVSP和Bayes形态特征数据集可用于聚类分析和分支分类学研究。交互式检索表在数据积累、更新和分析利用等方面具有独特的优势,是提高传统植物分类学研究与应用效率的重要工具。     

中英文版《中国植物志(省沽油科)》的比较

以中文版《中国植物志·第46卷》中收载的省沽油科植物分类群为基础,通过与英文修订版“Flora of China(Vol.11)”中相应分类群进行比较,报道了2部著作中植物分类群的学名和分类位置的变动及收载种类的增减情况,以资正确鉴定和编目应用。