Psychometric and comparative study of an Argentine version of the morningness composite and the early/late preference scales

This study examined the psychometric properties of an Argentine Version of the Morningness Composite (CS) and the Early/Late Preference (PS) Scales. During summer (long photoperiod in Argentina), 304 subjects (69.1% women; mean age=33.64 yrs, SD=14 yrs) completed the scales for the first time. In winter (short photoperiod), 100 of the same individuals (71% women; mean age=37.17 yrs, SD=14.63 yrs) were retested. The total scores ranged within the values reported by previous studies and were independent of gender. Older subjects showed higher morningness scores. The internal consistencies were good (CS=0.86, PS=0.82). Item 7 from the CS and items 7 and 9 from the PS showed low item-scale correlation. Factor analysis produced a three-factor solution for both scales. However, the inconsistency of the evening items suggests that the single-solution may be more acceptable. Test-retest correlations were satisfactory (CS=0.88, PS=0.78), but the two-related-sample test revealed significant differences between test and retest scores, suggesting relative temporal stabilities. Both scales presented similar and acceptable psychometric properties and good correlation, indicating construct validity.     

Season of birth and morningness: comparison between the northern and southern hemispheres

The present study explored the possible role of the photoperiod at birth on morningness by collecting data in the northern (Italy) and southern (Australia) hemispheres. To assess circadian typology, the Composite Scale of Morningness (CS) was administered to a sample of 1734 university students (977 Italian and 757 Australian; 1099 females and 635 males; age 24.79?±?7.45 yrs [mean?±?SD]). Consistent with the literature, females reported higher CS scores (morningness) than males, and Australian participants reported higher CS scores than Italian participants. Allowing for the fact the seasons are reversed between the hemispheres, the results are in line with previous studies. The authors found more evening types were born during the seasons associated with longer photoperiod (spring and summer), and more morning types were born during the seasons associated with shorter photoperiod (autumn and winter), indirectly supporting an imprinting-like phenomenon played by the photoperiod at birth.     

Season of Birth and Morningness: Comparison Between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

The present study explored the possible role of the photoperiod at birth on morningness by collecting data in the northern (Italy) and southern (Australia) hemispheres. To assess circadian typology, the Composite Scale of Morningness (CS) was administered to a sample of 1734 university students (977 Italian and 757 Australian; 1099 females and 635 males; age 24.79?±?7.45 yrs [mean?±?SD]). Consistent with the literature, females reported higher CS scores (morningness) than males, and Australian participants reported higher CS scores than Italian participants. Allowing for the fact the seasons are reversed between the hemispheres, the results are in line with previous studies. The authors found more evening types were born during the seasons associated with longer photoperiod (spring and summer), and more morning types were born during the seasons associated with shorter photoperiod (autumn and winter), indirectly supporting an imprinting-like phenomenon played by the photoperiod at birth. (Author correspondence: vincenzo.natale@.unibo.it)     

Transcultural Properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness: The Relevance of the “Morning Affect” Factor

Morningness scales have been translated into several languages, but a lack of normative data and methodological differences make cross‐cultural comparisons difficult. This study examines the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) in samples from five countries: France (n=627), Italy (n=702), Spain (n=391), Thailand (n=503), and Australia (n=654). Strong national differences are identified. A quadratic relationship between age and CSM total score was apparent in the Australian data with a downward trend after age 35 yrs. There was no age effect in any sample in the range from 18 to 29 yrs. Factor analysis identified a three‐factor solution in all groups for both men and women. Tucker's congruence coefficients indicate that: (1) this solution is highly congruent between sexes in each culture, and (2) a morning affect factor is highly congruent between cultures. These results indicate there are national differences in factorial structure and that cut‐off scores used to categorize participants as morning‐ and evening‐types should be established for different cultural and age groups.     

Transcultural properties of the composite scale of morningness: the relevance of the "morning affect" factor

Morningness scales have been translated into several languages, but a lack of normative data and methodological differences make cross-cultural comparisons difficult. This study examines the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) in samples from five countries: France (n=627), Italy (n=702), Spain (n=391), Thailand (n=503), and Australia (n=654). Strong national differences are identified. A quadratic relationship between age and CSM total score was apparent in the Australian data with a downward trend after age 35 yrs. There was no age effect in any sample in the range from 18 to 29 yrs. Factor analysis identified a three-factor solution in all groups for both men and women. Tucker's congruence coefficients indicate that: (1) this solution is highly congruent between sexes in each culture, and (2) a morning affect factor is highly congruent between cultures. These results indicate there are national differences in factorial structure and that cut-off scores used to categorize participants as morning- and evening-types should be established for different cultural and age groups.     

Validation of a Chronotype Questionnaire Including an Amplitude Dimension

The aim of this paper was to validate a French version of the Chronotype Questionnaire (Ogińska, 2011, Pers. Individ. Dif. 50:1039–1043), which represents an interesting novelty in the psychometric assessment of chronotype, because it comprises not only an assessment of the morningness-eveningness (ME) dimension, but also a distinctness (DI) dimension (i.e., amplitude), which represents the range of diurnal variation. In study 1, we aimed to confirm the structure of the Chronotype Questionnaire, with two different samples, young adults (n?=?338, mean?±?SD?=?18.70?±?1.12?yrs, 244 men and 94 women) and old adults (n?=?477, mean?±?SD?=?55.92?±?11.9?yrs, 168 men and 310 women). The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a poor fit in both samples as well as in the whole sample, which could be due to some inconsistencies in the original instrument, above all in the distinctness dimension. We therefore decided to revise the Chronotype Questionnaire, keeping the ME dimension, but refining the DI dimension. In study 2, with a new sample of 197 participants (mean?±?SD?=?22.71?±?2.23?yrs, 105 men and 92 women), we examined the factor structure of the revised scale containing 18 items. The resulting questionnaire contained 16 items (i.e., 8 items on each scale), with item factor loadings higher than .45. In study 3, we aimed to confirm the factor structure of the instrument developed in study 2 as well as to examine its convergent validity, with a new sample of 158 participants (mean?±?SD?=?55.92?±?11.9?yrs, 97 men and 61 women). Results of the CFA showed that a good fit of the model could be obtained with 16 items in the questionnaire. The new questionnaire derived from the original Chronotype Questionnaire was from now on called the Caen Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ). Convergence validity was obtained with the Horne and Östberg questionnaire and the ME scale of the CCQ, showing a negative significant relationship (r?=??.82). The CCQ showed promising psychometric qualities, and further research should aim to combine it with physiological variables.     

Arabic version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to translate the original English version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) into an Arabic version, and to test the validity and reliability of the translated instrument (GOHAI‐Ar) for use among the elderly in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The 12‐item GOHAI was translated into Arabic using the back‐translation technique and performing a preliminary test to determine the comprehensibility and readability of the Arabic language version. A total of 156 elderly patients answered the questionnaire, and underwent a clinical examination by one calibrated dentist. Information on subjects’ socio‐demographic background and oral health conditions was collected. Convergent validity was evaluated by identifying the associations between perceived oral health status, general health status, perceived need for dental care and GOHAI‐Ar scores. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing the GOHAI‐Ar scores and six oral health parameters. Internal consistency was measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Test–retest reliability was assessed by intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa. Factor structure of GOHAI‐Ar was evaluated using principal component factor analysis. Results: The mean GOHAI‐Ar was 32.1 (SD 12.2; range 11–59). Mean GOHAI‐Ar scores were higher for the elderly who rated their oral and general health as good. Subjects with perceived dental treatment needs had a lower mean GOHAI‐Ar score than those without any such needs. The caries experience, number of missing teeth, OHI‐S score, number of pathologically mobile teeth and number of oral lesions were negatively correlated with the GOHAI‐Ar score. The Cronbach’s alpha (0.93) indicated a high degree of internal consistency and homogeneity between items. The ICC for GOHAI‐Ar was 0.95, the weighted kappa coefficient for individual items varied between 0.42 and 0.71, and the correlation coefficients for the 12 items were above 0.70. Factor analysis didn’t support the expected dimensions of the index, and only one factor was found at eigenvalue greater than 1. Conclusions: The findings suggest an excellent reliability and validity of GOHAI‐Ar. Further research is needed to assess the value of this instrument in oral health‐related quality of life studies in Arabic elderly population.     

The validity and reliability of the 1RM bench press using chain-loaded resistance

The purposes of this study were to determine the validity and test-retest reliability of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) chain-loaded, free-weight bench press (CBP) and to examine possible learning effects that may occur between the test-retest measurements. Nine resistance-trained men (20.58 +/- 1.31 years, 188.24 +/- 9.29 cm, 92.07 +/- 16.94 kg) and seven resistance-trained women (20.42 +/- 0.98 years, 175.61 +/- 9.32 cm, 73.61 +/- 10.80 kg) participating in Division II college basketball completed this study. Two familiarization sessions took place using light to moderate loads to learn proper technique. The subjects completed a 1RM test on the traditional plate-loaded bench press 4 days before completion of the CBP 1RM, which was followed by 4 days of rest before completing the retest. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the percent coefficients of variation (CV) were used to determine relative and absolute test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity was determined from the Pearson correlation coefficients between the CBP and the plate-loaded bench press. Test-retest differences were analyzed with the paired t-test. ICC and CV for the men (r = 0.99, 1.4%) and women (r = 0.93, 3.5%), respectively indicate that highly reproducible 1RM scores can be found with the CBP. High validity was also found with high correlations between the CBP and plate-loaded bench press for the men (r = 0.95) and women (r = 0.80). A statistically significant (p = 0.04) but clinically small (2.57 kg) shift in the mean occurred between the CBP test and retest for the men, whereas no change occurred for the women. The data indicate that valid and reliable 1RM scores can be found after two familiarization sessions in men and women athletes who have previous resistance training experience.     

Psychometric analysis of behavior pattern A in the Spanish population and its relationship with personality variables

As a first step in the epidemiological study for CHD prevention among the Spanish population, the authors have analyzed two of the instruments for the assessment of the behavior pattern A (JAS and Bortner questionnaires). From a student sample (n = 302), a factor analysis of items and scales was made, relating pattern A scores to Eysenck's personality variables (EPQ). The importance of an accurate psychometric study of pattern A was emphasized, in order to select A subjects as specifically as possible.     

The Kiddie-SADS allows a dimensional assessment of externalizing symptoms in ADHD children and adolescents

Objective of the study was the investigation of the psychometric properties of a scale derived from the Kiddie-SADS used for a dimensional assessment of externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents. The scale consists of 26 DSM-IV Kiddie-SADS items for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, 18 items) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD, 8 items). Patients and their mothers were interviewed separately on the patients' symptoms during the last 2 weeks prior to interview. An ADHD-ODD sum score ranging between 0 and 26 was computed reflecting the number of fulfilled diagnostic criteria within the 2-week period under investigation. Interviews were videotaped and re-rated by an independent second rater. Additionally, mothers filled out two questionnaires on their children's symptoms (FBB-HKS, a German ADHD scale based on ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria; strength and difficulties questionnaire, SDQ). We investigated 59 patients affected by AD(H)D according to DSM-IV recruited from our Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (39 males, 20 females; mean age: M=9.66, SD=2.30). Inter-rater correlation regarding the ADHD-ODD scores was r=0.98 with no significant differences in mean sum scores between rater 1 and rater 2. Internal consistency of the ADHD-ODD scale was 0.85 (Cronbach's alpha). Item difficulties and discriminative power of the items also proved to be adequate. Convergent and discriminant validity were indicated by middle to high correlations with mother-ratings of the children's externalizing symptoms and a low correlation with ratings of internalizing symptoms. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution mainly covering inattentive, hyperactive and oppositional symptoms. In summary, ADHD and ODD sections of the Kiddie-SADS allow a reliable and valid dimensional assessment of externalizing symptoms in AD(H)D children and adolescents.     

Assessing weight-related quality of life in adolescents

Objective : The development of a new weight‐related measure to assess quality of life in adolescents [Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL)‐Kids] is described. Research Methods and Procedures : Using a literature search, clinical experience, and consultation with pediatric clinicians, 73 items were developed, pilot tested, and administered to 642 participants, 11 to 19 years old, recruited from weight loss programs/studies and community samples (mean z‐BMI, 1.5; range, ?1.2 to 3.4; mean age, 14.0; 60% female; 56% white). Participants completed the 73 items and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and were weighed and measured. Results : Four factors (27 items) were identified (physical comfort, body esteem, social life, and family relations), accounting for 71% of the variance. The IWQOL‐Kids demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. Internal consistency coefficients ranged from 0.88 to 0.95 for scales and equaled 0.96 for total score. Convergent validity was demonstrated with strong correlations between IWQOL‐Kids total score and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001). Significant differences were found across BMI groups and between clinical and community samples, supporting the sensitivity of this measure. Participants in a weight loss camp demonstrated improved IWQOL‐Kids scores, suggesting responsiveness of the IWQOL‐Kids to weight loss/social support intervention. Discussion : The present study provides preliminary evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the IWQOL‐Kids, a weight‐related quality of life measure for adolescents. Given the rise of obesity in youth, the development of a reliable and valid weight‐related measure of quality of life is timely.     

Translation and validation of the Hindi version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00609.x Translation and validation of the Hindi version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index Purpose: To translate the original English version of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) into Hindi and assess its validity and reliability for use among people in India. Materials and Method: After translation into Hindi, a total of 385 participants aged 55+ demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability when used for people in India. Individual GOHAI items were recorded and summed as originally recommended. The questionnaire sought information about socio‐demographic characteristics and self‐reported perception of general and oral health. Clinical examination included assessment of periodontal status and number of decayed teeth, missing teeth, filled teeth and crowned teeth. Result: Mean GOHAI score was 40.9 (SD, 10.6; range, 12–60). Cronbach’s alpha for the GOHAI score was 0.88, indicating a high degree of internal consistency and homogeneity between the GOHAI items. The test–retest correlation coefficient for add‐GOHAI scores was 0.72, indicating good stability. Add‐GOHAI scores increased with poorer perceived general and oral health. Convergent validity, construct validity and discriminant validity of the GOHAI were demonstrated. Conclusion: It could therefore be used as a valuable instrument for measuring oral health–related quality of life for people in this region.     

Development and Initial Validation of an Obesity‐specific Quality‐of‐life Measure for Children: Sizing Me Up

The present study describes the development and initial validation of a new obesity‐specific, self‐report measure of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for children aged 5–13 years. Participants included 141 obese children (mean age = 9.2 years, 67% female, 55% black, mean zBMI = 2.52) and their primary caregivers. Children completed Sizing Me Up (obesity‐specific HRQOL) and the PedsQL (generic HRQOL). Item content for Sizing Me Up was based on the published child obesity and HRQOL literatures and expert opinion. Items use phrasing to orient children to respond to questions in context of his/her size (e.g., “were teased by other kids because of your size”). Caregivers completed Sizing Them Up, a parallel parent‐proxy, obesity‐specific HRQOL measure. Initial psychometric evaluation of Sizing Me Up was completed by conducting a factor analysis and determining internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent and construct validity. Sizing Me Up is a 22‐item measure with five scales (i.e., Emotional Functioning, Physical Functioning, Social Avoidance, Positive Social Attributes, and Teasing/Marginalization) that account for 57% of the variance and a total HRQOL score. Internal consistency coefficients range from 0.68 to 0.85. Test–retest reliabilities range from 0.53 to 0.78. Good convergent validity was demonstrated with the PedsQL (rs = 0.35–0.65) and the parent‐proxy Sizing Them Up (rs = 0.22–0.44). Sizing Me Up represents the first obesity‐specific HRQOL measure developed specifically for younger school‐aged children (aged 5–13 years) with preliminary evidence of strong psychometric properties that likely has both clinical and research utility in a variety of settings.     

Serum insulin and serum lipid profiles of a selected group of Southern Ontario tannery workers with elevated serum and urine chromium concentrations

This study compares the serum insulin and lipid profiles of a group of Southern Ontario tannery workers, with elevated serum and urine Cr levels, with those of men not exposed to industrial chromium (III) oxide. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 72 male tannery workers (TW) (mean age±SD=36±12 y) and from 52 control subjects (CS) (mean age±SD=41±13 y), matched by age, sex, race, and socioeconomic group. There were no significant differences between the two groups for median serum insulin (TW=8 μM/mL vs CS=9 μM/mL), total cholesterol (TC) (TW=201 mg/dL vs CS 209 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG) (TW=131 mg/dL vs 114 mg/dL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (TW=45 mg/dL vs CS=43 mg/dL), or, in the calculated median values for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (TW=117 mg/dL vs CS=134 mg/dL), percent HDL-C (TW=23% vs CS=22%), and the cholesterol atherogenic ratio (TC/HDL-C) (TW=4.3 vs CS=4.5). Results of this study, therefore, demonstrate that absorption of trivalent Cr compounds, arising from industrial exposure, has no significant effect on serum insulin and lipid profiles.     

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale: Self-Report

The Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale Self-Report has been translated into nine languages and has been widely used in assessing functional impairment of adults with ADHD. This study is a psychometric validation of the WFIRS-S in Japanese. The WFIRS-S-J and other questionnaires were administered to 46 adults with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 104 control adults, and 889 university students. ADHD diagnoses were made using the Japanese semi-structured diagnostic interview for adult ADHD, which is compatible with the DSM-5. All subscales of the WFIRS-S-J had Cronbach’s α values of around 0.80. Total scores on the WFIRS-S-J had high test–retest reliability after a 2-week interval. The total score, subscale scores, and 59 of the individual item scores of the 70 items in the WFIRS-S-J were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the other two groups, although more than half of the items in subdomain G (risk) showed floor effects and did not reach significance. Generally WFIRS-S-J subdomain scores were moderately correlated with scores on the Japanese version of Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales Self-Report subscales. WFIRS-S-J scores were also correlated (albeit more weakly; 0.31 ≤ r ≤ 0.55) with Beck Depression Inventory II total scores. The WFIRS-S-J showed acceptable psychometric properties, although further study is necessary.     

Psychometric validation of the Croatian version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31)

The primary goals of this study were to adapt the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 items (QOLIE-31) questionnaire to the Croatian language and to assess the translated questionnaire's psychometric properties. Translation/retranslation of the English version of the QOLIE-31 was done, and all steps for cross-cultural adaptation process were performed properly by an expert committee. Later, QOLIE-31 questionnaires and previously validated Short Form-36 (SF-36) outcome instruments were given to 200 patients with epilepsy. 172 patients (86%) responded to the first set of questionnaires, and 114 of the first time respondents (66%) returned their second survey. The two measures of reliability as internal consistency and reproducibility were determined by Cronbach alpha statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing with a SF-36 questionnaire, and measurement was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The study demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency with high Cronbach a values for all of the corresponding domains (seizure worry 0.84, medication effects 0.80, emotional well-being 0.73, energy/fatigue 0.76, cognitive functioning 0.71, social functioning 0.77, overall quality of life 0.65). The intraclass correlation coefficient for six domains of QOLIE-31 questionnaire demonstrated excellent test/retest reproducibility (ICC > or = 0.75), and good test/retest reproducibility (ICC 0.71) in one domain (cognitive functioning). Considering concurrent validity, three domains had excellent correlation (r = 0.75-1), while 11 had good correlation (r = 0.50 to 0.75), and 3 had moderate correlation (r = 0.25-0.50). This study demonstrated that, if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be translated well linguistically but also must be culturally adapted to maintain the content validity of the instrument at a conceptual level across different cultures. Croatian version of QOLIE-31 will be a valuable contribution to outcome measurement in epilepsy patients, particularly in the context of treatment trials, but als in a wider research context.     

Assessing Impact of Weight on Quality of Life

This paper is a preliminary report on the development of a new instrument, the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL) questionnaire, that assesses the effects of weight on various areas of life. We conducted two studies utilizing subjects in treatment for obesity at Duke University Diet and Fitness Center. The first study describes item development, assesses reliability, and compares pre- and post-treatment scores on the IWQOL. In the second study we examined the effects of body mass index (BMI), gender, and age on subjects' perceptions of impact of weight on quality of life. Results indicate adequate psychometric properties with test-retest reliabilities averaging .75 for single items, and .89 for scales. Scale internal consistency averaged .87. Post-treatment scores differed significantly from pre-treatment scores on all scales, indicating that treatment produced positive changes in impact of weight on quality of life. The results of the second study indicate that the impact of weight generally worsened as the patients' size increased. However for women there was no association between BMI and impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life. Even at the lowest BMI tertile studied, women reported that weight had a substantial impact in these areas. There were also significant gender differences, with women showing greater impact of weight on Self-Esteem and Sexual Life compared with men. The impact of age was a bit surprising, with some areas showing positive changes and others showing no change.     

The figure rating scale as an index of weight status of women on videotape

Objective: To determine whether Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale (FRS) is a valid and reliable index of weight status when an unbiased observer assigns the figure ratings of adult women viewed on videotape. Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐two women drawn from a community sample participated in a videotaped study in which height and weight were measured. The FRS is a rating scale displaying 9 silhouettes ranging from very thin to very obese. Women were assigned a figure rating “in‐person” by a research assistant (FRS used as a 17‐point scale) and by additional research assistants viewing women only on videotape (FRS used as both a 17‐ and 9‐point scale). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for in‐person figure ratings, mean videotape figure ratings, and BMI. Results: BMI and in‐person figure ratings were highly correlated (r = 0.91), as were BMI and both mean 17‐point videotape figure ratings and mean 9‐point videotape figure ratings (r = 0.89 and 0.87, respectively). Inter‐rater agreement for in‐person figure ratings and mean 17‐point videotape figure ratings was 0.86, and agreement between in‐person figure ratings and mean 9‐point videotape figure ratings was 0.82. Discussion: The FRS can be used as an index of women's weight status by an unbiased observer, with subjects viewed in‐person or on videotape.     

Chaotic stimulus dependent long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 area

In our previous report [Tsukada, M., Aihara, T., Saito, H., Kato, H., 1996. Neural Netw. 9, 1357-1365], the temporal pattern sensitivity of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1 neurons was estimated by using Markov chain stimuli (MS) with different values of the serial correlation coefficient rho1 between successive interstimulus-intervals. In this paper, the effect of chaotic stimuli (CS) on induction of LTP in the hippocampal CA1 area was investigated in comparison with that of MS and periodic pattern stimuli (PS). The CS were produced by a modified Bernoulli map, so that interstimulus sequences with various values of rho1 can be generated by changing the parameter B. These stimuli had an identical first order statistics (mean interstimulus-interval), but their higher order statistics such as the serial correlation coefficients were different. The LTP induced by CS at B = 2 was significantly larger in magnitude than that of PS and MS, and also depended on the initial value of CS at B = 2 and 3. These results suggest that chaotic signals play an important role for memory coding in the hippocampal CA1 network.