昆虫病毒在害虫防治上的应用及其对寄生蜂的影响

本文综述了昆虫病毒,包括核多角体病毒(NPV)、昆虫痘病毒(EPV)和颗粒体病毒(GV),在防治农林害虫中的应用及其对寄主寄生蜂影响的研究进展,同时也介绍了昆虫杆状病毒诱导细胞凋亡及基因工程研究的近况.     

昆虫抗药性和昆虫毒理动力学(英文)

不断地使用一种杀虫药剂防治昆虫,会导致昆虫产生抗药性。对昆虫抗药性资料进行广泛综述时,发现了仅单独的解毒作用不能被解释为家蝇对有机氯杀虫药剂产生高抗性原因。作为一个基因。家蝇可以对有机氯产生比对有机磷杀虫剂更高的抗药性,尽管有机磷杀虫剂一般在虫体内是不太稳定的。考虑到昆虫毒理的动力学,杀虫药剂的穿透作用更显示出其实际的重要性。根据穿透和解毒的速率,慢的穿透作用是解毒作用的一个限制因子。防治敏感和抗性昆虫的观察结果,可以划出物理和生物因子之间关系的几种相关曲线图解。这些相关性不仅能说明家蝇对有机磷和有机氯杀虫剂的抗性程度,而且也助于选择出新的杀虫毒剂。     

INSECT RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES AND DYNAMICS OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY

Abstract  In field control of insects with insecticides, insects could develop different degrees of resistance. When resistance data were reviewed more extensively, it was found that detoxication alone cannot explain very high resistance of house flies to OC1 (organochlorine) insecticides. As a group, flies can develop much higher resistance to OC1 than to OP (organophosphorus) insecticides. although OPs are generally less stable in insects. With the consideration of the dynamics of insect toxicology. one can readily realize the importance of penetration. Based on the rates of penetration and detoxication. slow penetration is a limiting factor for detoxication. To further explain the observed results on the control of S (susceptible) 'and R (resistant) insects, several correlation curves were plotted. on the relationship between physical and biological factors. These relationships not only indicate approximate degrees of resistance of flies to OPs and OCls, but also help select new toxicants. For example, fast speed of action index of insecticides can produce lower resistance, and the analysis of the joint action of insecticides helps evaluate the types (same or different) of mode of action for controlling resistant insects.     

昆虫的变态类型与分类体系

变态类型作为昆虫分类的一种根据,可说由来已久。远在林奈以前,著名自然学者史璜默邓(Swammerdam)和雷约翰(John Ray)即已根据变态现象,制订“昆虫”的分类体系;当然,那时所指的“昆虫”,几乎包括所有的节足动物和环节动物在内。林奈以后,李区(Leach,1815)、勃马斯德(Burmeister,1829,1832)和西波尔特(von Siebold,1848)都以同     

中国昆虫分类学、昆虫形态学三十年

欣逢中华人民共和国成立三十周年,举国欢腾,同申庆祝！三十年来在中国共产党领导下,科学工作欣欣向荣,做出了不少成绩,与解放前相比,各门学科都有长足进步。我国古代昆虫学知识可以追溯很远,有许多光辉业绩。近代昆虫学则自本世纪第十年代开始,共约七十年历程,前四十年在旧社会艰苦环境中渡过,近三十年才获新生。许多年长的昆虫学者,今还健在,记忆犹新。抚新追昔,精神倍增,今后培养更多的人才,形成一支坚强队伍,向国际昆虫学先进水平进军,必将做出更大更多的成就。我国地大物博,人才辈出,对于这种预期,一定可以实现。     

中国昆虫毒理学、昆虫病理学三十年

化学防治是解决害虫问题最为有效的手段之一,三十年来曾对杀虫药剂和毒理学做了不少的科学研究。据统计,《昆虫学报》发表的有关论文在第一个十年中占总篇数的9％,反映我国对害虫的化学防治在早期已有一定的基础。然而,最早试验用昆虫病原防治害虫开始于五十年代中期,对于昆虫病毒的研究开始于六十年代,所以昆虫病理学在我国的开展较晚。这两门能密切结合生产实践的昆虫学分支学科的内容和在我国发展的过程不同,宜加以分述。     

昆虫卵黄原蛋白和卵黄发生

近年来,昆虫卵黄发生(vitellogenesis)的机理和控制的研究是昆虫生理学中最活跃的研究领域之一。昆虫具有强大的繁殖力,能在短时间内产生大量含有卵黄的成熟卵。卵黄是由多种大分子组成的复合物,包括蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物,其中蛋白质是主要成分。卵黄发生就是各种卵黄物质的形成及其在卵母细胞中的沉积。这是卵细胞发育成熟的必要前提。     

INSECT HORMONES IN DEVELOPMENT

Advances in studies of prothoracicotropic hormone (ecdysiotropin), ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones in the past decade are considered:
1. Until recently there has been little progress with prothoracicotropic hormone. The development of a sensitive bioassay for the hormone promises to produce rapid advances.
2. Current methods of hormone analysis are described, with detection limits. The application of these methods in studies of hormones at different stages and in different tissues of insects have revealed a far greater complexity in hormone titres than was predicted from classical studies.
3. Very few studies employ chemical characterization of hormones and some assays do not distinguish biologically inactive metabolites of the hormones from the active hormones. Many studies have thus failed to reveal the numerous rapid fluctuations in hormone titre necessary for insect development.
4. While ecdysteroids act, via a receptor, on specific chromosome sites, the cellular mode of action of juvenile hormone in larval development is still unknown. Recent evidence suggests that juvenile hormone acts prior to the time at which its effects are realized by ecdysteroids.
5. Insect hormones produce dramatic changes in gene activity and their co-ordinate control of specific protein synthesis has been the basis for a number of 'model systems' of gene control in higher eukaryotes.     

杀虫药剂与昆虫的生理代谢

药虫药剂与昆虫的生理代谢的关系可以从两个方面来考虑:(1)杀虫药剂对昆虫的生理代谢的影响,也即杀虫药剂的毒理机制方面;(2)杀虫药剂在昆虫体内的代谢,也即昆虫对杀虫药剂的反应。这两个部分是相互制约的,杀虫药剂引起昆虫生理机制的破坏,就会减少了昆虫对杀虫药剂的代谢能力。反过来,昆虫对杀虫药剂的代谢可以减低(或增加)杀虫药剂对生理代谢的破坏能力。虽然如此,在下文的讨论中,为了阐述方便,还是分为两部分来进行讨论。     

INSECT NEUROSECRETION IN VITRO

The use of cell and organ culture for the study of insect neurosecretionis a relatively new methodology that is developing rapidly.Recent studies indicate that although it is possible to correlatethe presence of stainable neurosecretory material and electrondenseneurosecretory granules with the presence of neurohormones insome systems, the actual release of the hormone can be detectedonly by bioassay. Bioassay systems for both tropic hormonesand peptide metabolic hormones have been used to demonstratethe synthesis, storage, and release of neurohormones by culturedneuroendocrine organs. The experimental flexibility permittedby in vitro techniques is rapidly making it the method of choicein neuroendocrinological studies.     

昆虫不育性药剂的研究——Ⅳ.昆虫不育剂的筛选

本文继续报告了另一批化合物(102种)作为家蝇成虫不育性药剂的筛选结果,仍用Mitlin(1958)或Labrecque(1960)的方法。结果指出:1)在取代嘌呤和嘧啶类中,5-氟乳清酸(5-Fo)(北昆-137)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)(北昆 134)的效果为最好,不育性效果的级别是第一级(用 0.5%的剂量,处理24小时,不产卵,或卵不孵化或产卵量及孵化率抑制达90%以上);2)低剂量(0.01%)秋水仙素(北昆 139)长期处理效果极好,高剂量(1%)短期处理(24小时)造成全部死亡,用0.5%饲喂24小时,不能达到全部不育的效果,因此不育级别在1-2级之间;3)乙胺嘧啶类抗叶酸剂都有—定的效果,能减少家蝇的产卵数量,但对于孵化率没有影响;4)氨基甲酸酯类有几种(北昆56、45、57、59)具有较高或极高的毒性及击倒性,但是没有不育性作用,北昆58为北昆57、59的同分异构体,它的毒性极低,而有—定的不育性效果(三级);5)又试验了一批新的氮芥类化合物,作用也不显著,其中之一带有二个乙烯亚胺基(北昆73)效果较高,但由于该化合物已有些变质,尚待进一步试验证实;6)N-甲基羟基脲素(北昆74)的效果不高,但用1%浓度,处理96小时,产卵数为对照的40%,估计在长期饲喂时可能有效;7)结构类似 DDT的对二氯苯三氟甲基甲醇(北昆136),与文献上的报导相反,没有不育作用,但具有极高的毒性;8)喹啉类及其他类型化合物一般均无效。     

昆虫滞育的研究进展

对于大多数昆虫种群,滞育是一个生长发育过程中的选择,生物体具有识别周围环境改变的能力,通过调节昆虫自身内分泌机制,进而决定是否进入滞育状态。滞育可以发生在昆虫生命过程中的任何时期,其中卵期是最适昆虫滞育的时期之一。本文综述昆虫滞育,特别是卵滞育的研究,主要集中在以下方面：个体生态学、环境生理学、内分泌学、生物化学和分子生物学。