Photoperiod and Temperature Interactions in Growth and Flowering of Strawberry

Growth and flowering of strawberry cultivars were studied in controlled environments. Early cultivars adapted to marginal growing areas in Scandinavia initiated flower buds in all photoperiods including continuous light at temperatures of 12 and 18°C. At 24°C they remained vegetative in photoperiods above 14 or 16 h. The later cultivars ‘Senga Sengana’ and ‘Abundance’ did not initiate flower buds in 24-h photoperiods at any of these temperatures. Their critical photoperiod changed from above 16 h at 12°C to about 14 and 13 h at 18 and 24°C, respectively. It is concluded that at high latitudes temperature is as important as photoperiod in controlling flowering in the strawberry. Stolon formation, petiole elongation, and leaf area growth were stimulated by high temperature and long days, usually with optima at 16 h and 18°C for petiole elongation and 16 h and 24°C for stolon formation. Although growth and flowering responses in general were opposite, the results indicate that they are to some extent independent. The photoperiodic growth responses were mainly of morphogenetic nature. Dry weight of stem and leaves was little influenced by photoperiod when the irradiance was kept constant.     

Regeneration of plantlets from leaf and petiole explants of Pelargonium x hortorum

Summary The in vitro plant regeneration potential of vegetatively propagated geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum) has been investigated. Using various combinations of growth regulators and a choice of different explants, a regeneration protocol has been developed to raise in vitro plantlets from young petiole and leaf explants from three different cultivars of geraniums. In all three cultivars, very young petiole explants exhibited a higher regeneration potential as compared with leaf explants. Regeneration efficiencies were found to be highly dependent on the cultivar, with cv. Samba showing the highest regeneration potential, followed by cvs. Yours Truly and then Sincerity. Samba also showed the highest number of shoots from both the petiole [57 shoot buds per petiole explant in the presence of 3 μM zeatin and 1 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and leaf explants (43 shoots per leaf explant with 10 μM zeatin and 2 μM IAA). Shoot buds transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.44 μM N⁶-benzyladenine and 0.11 μM IAA grew vigorously and attained 1–2 cm in length in 3–4 wk. These shoots rooted with 100% efficiency on MS basal medium, and plants developed that showed normal growth and flowering under greenhouse conditions.     

Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator FT

In Arabidopsis flowering is accelerated by reduced red:far-red (R:FR) ratio which signals the presence of neighbouring vegetation. Hastened flowering is one component of the shade-avoidance syndrome of responses, which alter many aspects of development in response to the threat of potential competition. Of the red/far-red-absorbing photoreceptors it is phyB that plays the most prominent role in shade-avoidance, although other related phytochromes act redundantly with phyB. It is well established that the phyB mutant has a constitutively early flowering phenotype. However, we have shown that the early flowering phenotype of phyB is temperature-dependent. We have established that this temperature-sensitive flowering response defines a pathway that appears to be independent of the autonomous-FLC pathway. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the phytochromes control the expression of the floral promoter FT. We have also shown that other phyB-controlled responses, including petiole elongation, are not sensitive to the same temperature change. This suggests that discrete pathways control flowering and petiole elongation, components of the shade-avoidance response. This work provides an insight into the phytochrome and temperature interactions that maintain flowering control.     

矮牵牛花期一些生理指标的变化

选择了 3种颜色的矮牵牛 (PetuniahybridaVilm) :粉红色、杂色和红色 ,将其开花过程分为 4个时期 :未出现花芽、花芽期、花蕾期和开花期 ,测定各时期MDA、可溶性糖、激素水平和多胺含量等指标的变化。结果表明 ,从无花芽期到开花期MDA含量有所升高 ;可溶性糖含量呈现降低的趋势。在粉红色的矮牵牛叶片中 ,IAA含量在开花期升高 ;GA含量在无花芽期和花芽期时较高 ;而ZRs则在花蕾期较低 ,在开花期时含量上升。 3种多胺含量的变化不同 ,腐胺在整个花期略有上升 ,精胺和亚精胺则略有下降     

梨叶柄再生不定芽的研究

研究获得了梨品种八月红和水晶的叶柄再生不定芽,不定芽由愈伤组织分化形成。诱导叶柄再生不定芽的适宜培养基为NN69＋IBA0.5mg/L（八月红）或IAA0.5mg/L(水晶）＋TDZ1.0mg/L＋蔗糖30g/L＋琼脂6.0g.。AgNO3浓度在0.1-1.5mg/L范围对八月红梨叶柄再生有促进作用,培养基中附加AgNO30.5mg/L八月红梨叶柄再生效率最高。     

For she that hath, to her shall be given…Implications of flowering in Anemone nemorosa L

We looked for life‐history trade‐offs between flowering, vegetative growth and somatic maintenance in the common woodland herb Anemone nemorosa. A. nemorosa forms a horizontal rhizome system consisting of previously formed annual segments and terminated by a flowering or non‐flowering shoot. Resources acquired by the aboveground parts are used for flowering, seed production, storage and growth of the annual segments. Resources stored in the rhizome during the growing period are used for preformation of buds, somatic maintenance between two growing periods and development of aboveground parts in the following spring. We hypothesised that the decision to invest in flower buds depends on the amount of resources stored in the recently formed annual segment. We also hypothesised a trade‐off between flowering and segment growth and, finally, as a consequence, we expected individual rhizomes to alternate between the flowering and the non‐flowering state. We found that segments producing flower buds were significantly longer than non‐flowering segments, indicating that resource level influences the function of the preformed buds. Contrary to our expectations, we found flowering rhizomes produced longer annual segments than non‐flowering rhizomes. We suggest the larger leaf area of flowering rhizomes and occasional abortion of flowers or seeds as possible mechanisms behind this pattern. Our study shows that even though the decision to produce a flower bud is taken in another time‐frame than that in which the actual flowering and fruiting takes place, an ostensibly inexpedient decision is changed to a neutral or even an advantageous incident.     

发育阶段和海拔对岷江源区陇蜀杜鹃小枝功能性状及生物量分配的影响

本研究分析了岷江源区卡卡山典型高山灌丛植物陇蜀杜鹃不同发育阶段(花芽期和开花期)及不同海拔(3600 m低海拔和3800 m高海拔)下功能小枝和叶片性状的差异,以及空间异质性对花芽期和开花期小枝功能性状相关性及其权衡作用的影响。结果表明: 低海拔同一生长期陇蜀杜鹃小枝长度显著大于高海拔,高海拔开花期小枝的花数量和花质量显著高于低海拔。同一海拔花芽期的小枝质量、叶片数量、总叶质量、总叶面积和总叶柄质量均显著大于开花期,单叶质量和单叶柄质量均显著小于开花期。与花芽期相比,开花期叶生物量占比减少了13%,而小枝质量占比显著增加。小枝的生物量权衡表明,花芽期性状倾向于小枝质量,开花期倾向于总叶质量;花芽期的叶偏好分配于单叶质量,低海拔和高海拔开花期叶片分别偏好分配到单叶柄质量和单叶质量。低海拔开花期小枝质量与总叶面积、总叶质量均为异速生长,单叶柄质量和单叶面积为异速生长。海拔和发育阶段共同影响了陇蜀杜鹃功能小枝和叶片的性状。     

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments: III. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content in Stem Tissue of Vegetative and Flowering Tobacco Plants

A method has been developed that extracts DNA from stem tissue of flowering tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wis. 38. The DNA content of stem tissue from a flowering tobacco plant is correlated with its capacity to flower in vitro. Stem segments known to form 100% floral buds contain 10 times more DNA per gram fresh weight than segments that form 5% floral buds and 95% vegetative buds, and in the uppermost 28 centimeters of flowering tobacco plant stems the DNA content decreases roughly in parallel with the floral gradient.     

In vitro Protein Synthesis by Polyribosomes of Peach Flower Buds at Different Physiological Stages

The in vitro phenylalanine incorporation by polyribosomes of peach flower buds (Prunus persica Stokes) during dormancy, dormancy break and flowering was investigated. Protein synthesis was measured using as catalyst either calf liver soluble factors or the ribosomal supernatant from the peach flower buds in the presence or the absence of the synthetic mRNA, polyuridylic acid. In the presence of polyuridylic acid, the activity of protein synthesis of dormant ribosomes is the same as that of ribosomes during dormancy break and flowering. The absence of synthetic messenger did not cause a change in activity. The ribosomal supernatant of dormant buds, but not of flowering buds, reduces the phenylalanine incorporation by polyribosomes from buds harvested at dormancy break.     

裂叶悬钩子组织培养研究 Ⅰ.裂叶悬钩子叶外植体培养直接再生不定芽及植物激素对它的影响

本文首次报道裂叶悬钩子(Rubus laciniatus Wild)叶外植体培养在改良的NN~(69)培养基上附加2—4mg/1 6-BA和0.1mg/1 NAA或1—3mg/1 2,4-D和0.1mg/1 NAA,两者都可直接从完整叶片、叶片下切段或叶柄诱导出不定芽。诱导频率达20—48%。而不定芽绝大部分发生在叶轴处或叶柄基部。完整叶片的不定芽诱导率与叶片下切段无差别,但比叶柄基部诱导率要高。6-BA对叶轴处不定芽诱导率比2,4-D的要高。此外,不需继代培养,不定芽数可达10—20个,继代培养一个月左右,每个不定芽能形成丛生芽数可达40一60个。另外,本文还讨论了细胞分化过程中的极性现象。     

The ethnobotany ofCarludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón (Cyclanthaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador

All of Ecuador’s indigenous Amazonian people use Carludovica palmata Ruíz & Pavón. The most frequent use is for roof thatching. Fibers from the petiole also are used to make baskets and to tie small timbers. The Shuar, Achuar and Quichua make mammal and fish traps from the petiole. The bases of unopened leaf buds and the fruits are edible. The buds have a taste similar to palm hearts. Carludovica palmata grows in open, disturbed sites often in alluvial soil. Ecuador’s indigenous people often protect the plant when clearing fields. They also intentionally plant it. The commercial use of its buds for food and the marketing of native crafts made from C. palmata could rival the plant’s importance in the Panama hat industry.     

裂叶悬钩子组织培养研究——Ⅰ.裂叶悬钩子叶外植体培养直接再生不定芽及植物激素对它的影响

本文首次报道裂叶悬钩子(Rubus laciniatus Wild)叶外植体培养在改良的NN⁶⁹培养基上附加2—4mg/1 6-BA和0.1mg/1 NAA或1—3mg/1 2,4-D和0.1mg/1 NAA,两者都可直接从完整叶片、叶片下切段或叶柄诱导出不定芽。诱导频率达20—48%。而不定芽绝大部分发生在叶轴处或叶柄基部。完整叶片的不定芽诱导率与叶片下切段无差别,但比叶柄基部诱导率要高。6-BA对叶轴处不定芽诱导率比2,4-D的要高。此外,不需继代培养,不定芽数可达10—20个,继代培养一个月左右,每个不定芽能形成丛生芽数可达40一60个。另外,本文还讨论了细胞分化过程中的极性现象。     

Pear bud metabolism: seasonal changes in glucose utilization

Utilization of glucose, uracil and valine by flower and leaf buds of seedling pear trees (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) from the time of flower bud initiation to flowering was investigated. A very high rate of glucose utilization through the pentose phosphate pathway was observed throughout the development of buds. There was no difference in the type of glucose metabolism between flower and leaf buds except immediately before flowering, when the metabolism in flower buds was shifted toward the glycolytic pathway. Such a shift did not occur in leaf buds. The incorporation of uracil and valine into the nucleic acid and protein fraction of buds, respectively, was high throughout bud development, perhaps indicating a high rate of turnover in the resting buds. Incorporation of both compounds decreased when buds started to expand prior to flowering.     

Branch development in custard apple (cherimoya Annona cherimola Miller × sugar apple A. squamosa L.) in relation to tip-pruning and flowering, including effects on production

Custard apple has cryptic axillary buds, hidden from view by the base of the petiole. This has led to confusion about custard apple’s flowering habit. Flowering only occurs during early branch development, and can be forced at any time of the growing season simply by removing leaves. Here, we show that flowering is terminal, not extra-axillary, and that the apparent continuation of the main stem beyond the flower is, instead, a sympodial branch. Secondary (including sympodial) branching only occurs during early branch development. Thereafter, axillary bud release is inhibited by the subtending leaf. Here, we show that summer tip-pruning of all branches arrests canopy development until the following spring owing to this inhibition. Although summer tip-pruning prevented new vegetative growth in the canopy, fruit size decreased relative to the control trees by ca. 23%. The reason for this decrease was probably related to increased carbon limitation to growth given that dawn water soluble and total non-structural carbohydrate concentrations were lower in the tip-pruned trees. Thus, it appears that the reduced competition between fruit development and new vegetative growth in the tip-pruned trees was more than matched by lower photosynthetic capacity in the arrested canopy. Trees grown inside a shade-house were more vigorous than those grown outside. The difference in vigour had little effect on fruit size.     

秋水仙素浓度和处理时间对茉莉腋芽生长发育的影响

为了解秋水仙素处理对茉莉﹝Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Aiton〕腋芽生长发育的影响,以长度为0(未萌发)、3~5和8~10 mm腋芽为实验材料,对500、1000和2000 mg·L-1秋水仙素溶液分别处理24和48 h后腋芽的生长状况以及萌发枝条和叶片的生长和发育状况进行分析,同时,对各处理组花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为进行观察;在此基础上,对秋水仙素处理后茉莉腋芽及萌发枝条的各生物学效应指标进行相关性分析。结果显示：经秋水仙素处理后,各处理组腋芽的生长率和处理指数,以及萌发枝条的长度、最大节间长、最大叶长、最大叶宽、现蕾数、现蕾率、最大蕾长、最大蕾宽和开花率总体上显著(P<0.05)低于对照组(用清水处理未萌发腋芽48 h),而腋芽的抑制率和死亡率显著高于对照组。总体上看,随秋水仙素质量浓度提高,腋芽的生长率和处理指数降低,而抑制率和死亡率升高,萌发枝条的长度和最大节间长缩短,开花率升高,其他指标呈波动变化;随处理时间延长,腋芽的生长率、死亡率和处理指数降低,但抑制率升高,萌发枝条仅现蕾数和开花率降低,其他指标均逐渐提高;随腋芽长度增加,腋芽的抑制率和处理指数降低,但死亡率升高,萌发枝条的现蕾率、现蕾数、最大蕾长和开花率均呈波动变化,其他指标均降低。经秋水仙素处理后,茉莉花粉母细胞在减数分裂过程中存在落后染色体、染色体桥和微核等异常现象,且随秋水仙素质量浓度和腋芽长度增加及处理时间延长,减数分裂后期的细胞异常率逐渐升高。相关性分析结果显示：细胞异常率与腋芽生长率呈显著负相关,与腋芽死亡率呈极显著正相关;腋芽生长率与腋芽抑制率和开花率分别呈显著和极显著(P<0.01)负相关;腋芽抑制率与现蕾率呈显著正相关;处理指数与细胞异常率呈极显著负相关。研究结果表明：秋水仙素浓度和处理时间对茉莉腋芽的生长发育有一定影响;综合考虑各生物学效应指标,茉莉腋芽适宜的诱导条件为用500 mg·L-1秋水仙素溶液处理3~5 mm腋芽24 h。此外,建议将处理指数作为秋水仙素对茉莉腋芽细胞减数分裂影响效应的评价指标之一。     

Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Naphthaleneacetic Acid on Petiole Senescence and Subtended Peduncle Growth of Cyclamen persicum Mill

Removal of the blade from the leaf subtending the first flowerbud on Cyclamen persicum ‘Swan Lake’ plants causedthe petiole of that leaf to senesce, but had no effect on thegrowth of the flower peduncle in the debladed petiole's axil.A 10 mg NAA l^–1 application generally had no effect onpetiole senescence, peduncle elongation or flowering date whenapplied to the cut end of the petiole after blade removal. A25 mg GA₃ l^–1 application or a combination of 25 mg GA₃l^–1 application or a combination of 25 mg GA₃ l^–1plus 10 mg NAA l^–1 delayed petiole senescence and enhancedpeduncle elongation and subsequent flowering. No treatment significantlyaltered peduncle length at the time of flowering. Cyclamen persicum Mill, ‘Swan Lake’, tissue receptivity, flowering, GA₃, NAA     

The rosette habit of Arabidopsis thaliana is dependent upon phytochrome action: novel phytochromes control internode elongation and flowering time

A major function of phytochromes in light-grown plants involves the perception of changes in the relative amounts of red and far-red light (R:FR ratio) and the initiation of the shade-avoidance response. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this response is typified by increased elongation growth of petioles and accelerated flowering and can be fully induced by end-of-day far-red light (EOD FR) treatments. Phytochrome B-deficient (phyB) mutants, which have a constitutive elongated-petiole and early-flowering phenotype, do not display a petiole elongation growth response to EOD FR, but they do respond to EOD FR by earlier flowering. Seedlings deficient in both phytochrome A and phytochrome B (phyA phyB), have a greatly reduced stature compared with wild-type or either monogenic mutant. The phyA phyB double null mutants also respond to EOD FR treatments by flowering early, suggesting the operation of novel phytochromes. Contrary to the behaviour of wild-type or monogenic phyA or phyB seedlings, petiole elongation in phyA phyB seedlings is reduced in response to EOD FR treatments. This reduction in petiole elongation is accompanied by the appearance of elongated internodes such that under these conditions the plants no longer display a rosette habit.     

Gibberellin, daylength and temperature effects on floral and vegetative development in white clover

The effects of gibberellin A₃ (GA₃) application on five white clover populations was assessed in both glasshouse and controlled environments. Daylength, temperature and GA₃ interactions were also examined. Gibberellin A₃ did not induce vegetative plants to flower when daylength and temperature requirements were not met. In flowering plants, GA₃ increased the number of reproductive buds per stolon and peduncle length, but did not affect other floral characters. Gibberellin A₃ depressed total stolon numbers, but increased the number of nodes per stolon, internode length, leaf area and petiole length.     

四川引种大花序桉花期与蒴果发育时空分布特征研究

为了探索大花序桉（Eucalyptus cloeziana）引种后花期和蒴果发育规律,对四川宜宾引种的5个种源7年生大花序桉花期和蒴果发育进行了研究。结果表明：（1）大花序桉花芽主要分布在树冠下层内膛,部分花芽直接从主干上萌发,同一个花枝的花蕾随机开放;（2）同一种源的大花序桉始花期差距不超过5 d,末花期差距不超过10 d,花期持续41~62 d,5个种源大花序桉花期从当年12月中下旬至翌年5月上旬,因此种源间存在花期不遇;（3）不同种源大花序桉开花率存在显著性差异,其中72号种源开花率（53.94%）最高,74号种源尚未生殖生长;（4）根据蒴果颜色和果爿状态将蒴果发育分为：发育早期、果爿形成期、果爿张开期和散种期。     

钙在植物花发育过程中的作用

对于园林观赏植物,开花是一个非常重要的发育阶段,它直接影响花卉的品质。近年来,植物花发育的分子生物学研究进展迅速,并取得了一些突破性成果。钙作为第二信使在植物信号转导中起着非常重要的作用,大量研究显示,钙有可能参与开花控制。本文总结了钙信号与植物花发育这一领域的最新研究进展,包括以下几个方面的内容：钙在植物成花诱导(包括光周期诱导和低温诱导)中的作用;花芽分化时期钙在植物叶芽和花芽中的动态分布及组织培养条件下不同钙浓度对花芽分化的影响;钙与花衰老的关系。