下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订I.原下毛亚目,排毛亚目（纤毛动物门）

对目前已发表下毛目纤毛虫的２００个属级阶元进行发重新修正,给出新修订的下毛目系统。并根据其纤毛图式和形态发生特点将其归为５亚目２０科８２属,原下毛亚目Ｐｒｏｔｏｈｙ－ｐｏｔｒｉｃｈｉｎａ ｓｕｂｏｒｄｅｒ ｎｏｖ。翁柯虫科Ｏｎｙｃｈｏｄｒｏｍｕｓｉｄａｅｆａｍ．ｎｏｖ．腹柱虫科Ｇａｓｔｒｏｓｔｙｌｉｄａｅｆａｍ．ｎｏｖ．和拟角毛虫属Ｐａｒａｋｅｒｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ为新设,给同了下毛目中亚     

下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订Ⅲ.散毛亚目:游仆亚目(纤毛动物门)

对散毛亚目Ｓｐｏｒａｄｏｔｒｉｃｈｉｎａ和游仆亚目Ｅｕｐｌｏｔｉｎａ中科属进行了重新修订。散毛亚目的特征为腹面棘毛数目少且分组化,游仆亚目的特征为右缘棘毛均退化。修订后的芨毛亚目有５科２０科,游仆亚目４科１１属。盘头虫科Ｄｉｓｃｏｃｅｐｈａｌｉｄａｅ虫体前端形成明显的头部。侧毛虫科Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｒｉｃｈｉｄａｅ缘棘毛至少有一侧为多列;稀毛虫科Ｐｓｉｌｏｔｒｉｃｈｉｄａｅ虫体形状一般不规则,可形成细     

下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订Ⅱ. 尾柱亚目(纤毛动物门)

对尾柱亚目 Urostylina Jankowski, 1979 中的各科、属进行了重新修订.该亚目的特征为:腹面具典型的中腹棘毛或在个体发生时出现中腹棘毛.修订后的尾柱亚目共4科19属:尾柱虫科 Urostylidae 左、右缘棘毛多列或至少有一侧缘棘毛为多列;全列虫科 Holostichidae 左、右缘棘毛各一列,具典型中腹棘列毛或复合中腹棘毛列;伪小双虫科 Pseudoamphisiellidae 仅具两列发生学意义上的中腹棘毛列,两者相互间宽位分离;帕森虫科 Patteroniellidae 中腹棘毛列不甚明确,数目少,且近于散布.此外, 给出了各科及属的检索表, 并附各属纤毛图式, 对部分属进行了讨论.     

下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订Ⅱ.尾柱亚目：纤毛动物门

对尾柱亚目Ｕｒｏｓｔｙｌｉｎａ Ｊａｎｋｏｗｓｋｉ,１９７９中的各科,属进行了重新修订。该亚目的特征为;腹面具典型的中腹棘毛或个体发生时出现中腹棘毛。修订后的尾柱亚目共４科１９属：尾柱虫科Ｕｒｏｓｔｙｌｉｄａｅ左,右缘棘毛多列或至少有一侧缘棘毛我,全列虫科Ｈｏｌｏｓｔｉｃｈｉｄａｅ左,右缘棘毛各一例,具典型中腹棘列毛或复合中腹棘毛列;伪小双虫科Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｍｐｈｉｓｉｅｌｌｉｄａｅ仅具两列发生学     

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫的纤毛器微管骨架由口围带、波动膜、额腹横尾棘毛、左右缘棘毛和背触毛等纤毛器微管和纤毛器基部附属微管等组成,其中口围带基部含小膜托架、小膜后微管、小膜托架微管及小膜托架间的倒"V"形微管连接;波动膜基部形成微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,但不同位置的棘毛基部微管发达程度不一样;背触毛基部以纤毛基体为中心向前、后皮层发出前纵微管和后纵微管,形成背皮层微管网.     

变藓棘毛虫的形态学重描述及细胞发生学研究

通过活体观察和蛋白银染色法对采自青岛沙滩半咸水的变藓棘毛虫Sterkiella histriomuscorum(纤毛门, 腹毛目)进行了形态学及细胞发生学研究。该种群形态学与前人报道的土壤及淡水种群基本一致: 虫体近长椭圆形, 活体大小约(100-160) m (40-75) m; 无皮层颗粒; 2938片口小膜; 额棘毛3根; 额腹棘毛4根; 口后腹棘毛3根; 横前腹棘毛2根; 横棘毛3-5根; 左右缘棘毛列分别由17-23、20-24根棘毛组成; 6列背触毛; 2枚大核。其主要发生学特征如下: (1)老口围带完全保留, 老波动膜解体重建; 后仔虫口原基独立发生; (2)额腹横棘毛为5原基次级发生式, 部分原基来自老棘毛解体, 以2:3:3:4:4方式分化为新棘毛; (3)缘棘毛原基产生于老结构中, 并向两极延伸逐渐形成前后仔虫的新结构; (4)背触毛发生为典型Oxytricha模式; (5)大核在发生过程中完全融合。研究对首次在半咸水生境中发现的变藓棘毛虫种群进行了活体形态学和纤毛图式描述, 补充了显微照片、性状统计数据及发生过程的细节信息。       

伪尖毛虫Oxytricha fallax的形态学研究

伪尖毛虫Oxytricha fallax系原生动物门、纤毛虫纲、腹毛目、尖毛虫科的一种常见的单细胞动物。一般认为分裂间期的伪尖毛虫具有两个长圆形大核和两个圆球形小核。虫体腹面生有八根额棘毛、五根腹棘毛及五根肛棘毛,周缘左右两侧还生有缘棘毛,背面则有五列背触毛。 伪尖毛虫是原生动物中高度进化的类型,大、小核有显著的分化,细胞表面的纤毛小器官复杂而又明显,因此它是用以进行研究的一种良好材料。对它的核器与纤毛小器官以及它们在无性分裂过程中的发生和变化进行认真的探讨,可以使我们较详细地掌握该虫的形态特征,同时也能为进一步的研究提供一些资料。     

尖毛虫属一新种,史氏尖毛虫的形态学研究(纤毛动物门:腹毛目:尖毛虫科)

本文报道来自黑龙江省帽儿山地区的尖毛虫科一新种,史氏尖毛虫Oxyrichashiisp．nov,对其形态,纤毛器,纤毛图式及相近种的异同做了比较研究。结果表明：新种具该科及属的典型特征,体柔软可曲,具球形成纵列并聚集成“簇状”的表膜下颗粒;口旁小膜带由（51．7±2．1）片小膜组成;额、腹、横、尾棘毛恒为8：5：5：3结构;背触毛8～9列。3根尾棘毛可自基部摆动。     

华美游仆虫细胞微管胞器的直接荧光和免疫荧光标记

应用直接荧光和免疫荧光标记显示,腹毛目纤毛虫华美游仆虫(Euplotes elegans)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、缘棘毛、尾棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器微管以及纤毛器基部附属微管和非纤毛区皮层微管骨架组成.其中,口围带基部含有小膜托架、小膜附属微管,波动膜基部含有波动膜托架,额腹横棘毛基部含有前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束或放射微管柬,左缘棘毛和尾棘毛基部微管束分化不明显,背纤毛基部含有攻瑰花状的基体周围骨架,这些微管结构与细胞背腹面皮层纵微管与横微管网一起组织成该类纤毛虫的主要皮层细胞骨架.结果表明,游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分构建而成的,并且其棘毛基部微管的组成具有与其他类纤毛虫不同的特征;游仆虫间期细胞及形态发生时期纤毛基体或纤毛原基中存在中心蛋白,其可能与纤毛基体结构的维持及基体发生过程中微管的组装有关.     

腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记,显示腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫Urostyla grandis腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成.其中,口围带小膜托架及其相联系的肋壁微管和波动膜基体托架,额棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束及横棘毛基部前纵微管束,中腹棘毛及左、右缘棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,是该纤毛虫皮层纤毛器基部的主要附属微管.据结果推测,尽管腹毛目纤毛虫的纤毛器基部微管具有相同的结构成分,但其结构的组成、分化特征、定位和定向、发达程度等均有差异.所得结果为进一步说明纤毛虫细胞皮层纤毛器的形态及其微管建构的多样性提供了新的证据资料.     

CFAP53 regulates mammalian cilia-type motility patterns through differential localization and recruitment of axonemal dynein components

Motile cilia can beat with distinct patterns, but how motility variations are regulated remain obscure. Here, we have studied the role of the coiled-coil protein CFAP53 in the motility of different cilia-types in the mouse. While node (9+0) cilia of Cfap53 mutants were immotile, tracheal and ependymal (9+2) cilia retained motility, albeit with an altered beat pattern. In node cilia, CFAP53 mainly localized at the base (centriolar satellites), whereas it was also present along the entire axoneme in tracheal cilia. CFAP53 associated tightly with microtubules and interacted with axonemal dyneins and TTC25, a dynein docking complex component. TTC25 and outer dynein arms (ODAs) were lost from node cilia, but were largely maintained in tracheal cilia of Cfap53^-/- mice. Thus, CFAP53 at the base of node cilia facilitates axonemal transport of TTC25 and dyneins, while axonemal CFAP53 in 9+2 cilia stabilizes dynein binding to microtubules. Our study establishes how differential localization and function of CFAP53 contributes to the unique motion patterns of two important mammalian cilia-types.     

Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the tropical Hypotrachyna clade of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

Lichen-forming ascomycetes exhibit often complex morphologies of the vegetative thallus that are usually not found in non-lichenized fungi. This includes the thallus organization and appendical structures associated with the main thallus, such as cilia and rhizines. Such morphological characters are widely employed in the taxonomy of parmelioid lichens, especially at generic level. Within parmelioid lichens, several monophyletic groups can be distinguished, the Hypotrachyna clade being one of them, which includes mostly tropical taxa. In this first molecular study focused specifically on the Hypotrachyna clade, we used maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of a combined data set of nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences to (1) test the monophyly of genera presently accepted within the clade and (2) evaluate the phylogenetic value of the morphological characters used to circumscribe genera in parmelioid lichens. Out of the 89 mtSSU and 88 nuITS sequences included in the present study, 121 sequences were newly obtained. Our results show that the taxa within the clade fall into two major groups and that the genus Hypotrachyna is polyphyletic. Everniastrum and Parmelinopsis are nested within Hypotrachyna sensu stricto, the latter being also polyphyletic. Bulbothrix is paraphyletic with Parmelinella nested within and is basal to the second major Hypotrachyna clade. Monophylies of Bulbothrix and Hypotrachyna are significantly rejected. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that morphological characters currently used to circumscribe genera in parmelioid lichens, such as cortical anatomy, lobe configuration, cilia, and rhizines have been overestimated and have only minor value in identifying monophyletic groups.     

GENETIC VARIATION IN A COURTSHIP-RELATED MALE CHARACTER IN DROSOPHILA SILVESTRIS FROM A SINGLE HAWAIIAN LOCALITY

The large Drosophila species of Hawaii display sexual dimorphism and elaborate species-specific courtship patterns. Male characters related to courtship attract particular attention since they frequently constitute the most conspicuous taxonomic differences between Hawaiian species. The present study concerns intraspecific genetic variation in a courtship-related male character. D. silvestris, endemic to the geologically new volcanoes of Hawaii island, displays a brush of large dorsal cilia on the tibia of the foreleg of the male fly. This is used to stimulate the female during courtship. Genetic variation between local populations has previously been shown to exist for both sexual behavior and cilia number. The present paper reports the results of a study of cilia number variation in males collected at a single site over the period 1976-1980. Male progeny of females captured in nature were also studied. The mean number of cilia in the natural population was stable except for 1979 when it rose significantly, falling back again in 1980. The data indicate the existence of ample genetic variance for this character, existing as a balanced polymorphism in the natural population. The character appears to be under stabilizing selection. It is hypothesized that sexual selection is a contributing factor.     

Immunological detection of actin in isolated cilia from quail oviduct

Cilia from quail oviduct were isolated with their membrane. The ultrastructural study revealed a good preservation of cilia in the purified fraction. Electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE showed a reproducible pattern of ciliary proteins, the major bands being those of tubulins 57 kDa and dyneins above 250 kDa. Among the minor bands, an immunological study was focused on a 43 kDa molecular mass protein, using monospecific antibodies against actin. Presence of actin was then detected by immunoblotting of isolated cilia fractions as well as of demembranated cilia, suggesting that actin is associated with the axoneme. The presence of actin in the cilia was confirmed by immunofluorescence. The cilia were found stained only on the proximal part, suggesting an heterogeneous distribution of actin within the axonemal length.     

Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. III. Proteins of cilia and ciliary membranes

As a first step in the biochemical analysis of membrane excitation in wild-type Paramecium and its behavioral mutants we have defined the protein composition of the ciliary membrane of wild-type cells. The techniques for the isolation of cilia and ciliary membrane vesicles were refined. Membranes of high purity and integrity were obtained without the use of detergents. The fractions were characterized by electron microscopy, and the proteins of whole cilia, axonemes, and ciliary membrane vesicles were resolved by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in one and two dimensions. Protein patterns and EM appearance of the fractions were highly reproducible. Over 200 polypeptides were present in isolated cilia, most of which were recovered in the axonemal fraction. Trichocysts, which were sometimes present as a minor contaminant in ciliary preparations, were composed of a very distinct set of over 30 polypeptides of mol wt 11,000--19,000. Membrane vesicles contained up to 70 polypeptides of mol wt 15,000--250,000. The major vesicle species were a high molecular weight protein (the "immobilization antigen") and a group of acidic proteins with mol wt similar to or approximately 40,000. These and several other membrane proteins were specifically decreased or totally absent in the axoneme fraction. Tubulin, the major axonemal species, occurred only in trace amounts in isolated vesicles; the same was true for Tetrahymena ciliary membranes prepared by the methods described in this paper. A protein of mol wt 31,000, pI 6.8, was virtually absent in vesicles prepared from cells in exponential growth phase, but became prominent early in stationary phase in good correlation with cellular mating reactivity. This detailed characterization will provide the basis for comparison of the ciliary proteins of wild-type and behavioral mutants and for analysis of topography and function of membrane proteins. It will also be useful in future studies of trichocysts and mating reactions.     

Ultrastructure and chaetotaxy of sensory receptors in the cercariae of a species of Crepidostomum Braun, 1900 and Bunodera Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Allocreadiidae)

Previous investigations of cercarial sensory systems have focused on chaetotaxy and ultrastructure of sensory receptors and have revealed chaetotaxic patterns within families, genera, and species as well as different types of sensory receptors. However, chaetotaxic and ultrastructural observations have rarely been combined. We investigated the ultrastructure of cercarial sensory receptors in conjunction with the chaetotaxy and neuromorphology in 2 allocreadiid species belonging to the genera Crepidostomum and Bunodera. Cercariae were treated with acetylthiocholine iodide and silver nitrate, and for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Similar cholinergic nerve networks were revealed. Chaetotaxy was consistent with that of other allocreadiids. Seven and 6 types of receptors were distinguished with SEM in Crepidostomum sp. and Bunodera sp., respectively. Types differed in number of cilia (1 or 2), cilium length (short, moderately long, or long), presence or absence of a tegumentary collar and a domelike base, and tegumentary collar length (low, moderately low, or high), TEM of some types revealed unsheathed cilia, basal body, and thickened nerve collars. Some receptor types were site specific. Thus, long uniciliated receptors were concentrated on the dorsal surface. Other types, such as short uniciliated receptors, were widespread throughout most regions. Ultrastructure and site-specificity observations suggest that most receptors are mechanoreceptors.     

An updated SYSCILIA gold standard (SCGSv2) of known ciliary genes,revealing the vast progress that has been made in the cilia research field

Cilia are microtubule-based organelles with important functions in motility and sensation. They contribute to a broad spectrum of developmental disorders called ciliopathies and have recently been linked to common conditions such as cancers and congenital heart disease. There has been increasing interest in the biology of cilia and their contribution to disease over the past two decades. In 2013 we published a “Gold Standard” list of genes confirmed to be associated with cilia. This was published as part of the SYSCILIA consortium for systems biology study dissecting the contribution of cilia to human health and disease, and was named the Syscilia Gold Standard (SCGS). Since this publication, interest in cilia and understanding of their functions have continued to grow, and we now present an updated SCGS version 2. This includes an additional 383 genes, more than doubling the size of SCGSv1. We use this dataset to conduct a review of advances in understanding of cilia biology 2013– 2021 and offer perspectives on the future of cilia research. We hope that this continues to be a useful resource for the cilia community.     

Alterations in oviductal cilia morphology and reduced expression of axonemal dynein in diabetic NOD mice

In the present study, we examined the morphology of cilia and expression of the dynein intermediate chain 2 (DNAI2) in the oviduct of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Results obtained with immunohistochemistry showed that DNAI2 expression was reduced in oviducts of diabetic NOD (dNOD) mice, as compared to that observed in the normoglycemic NOD (cNOD) group, especially in the acyclic dNOD mice. Oviductal cilia of dNOD mice appeared to be reduced in number. Results obtained with Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of DNAI2 protein was significantly less in oviducts of dNOD mice as compared to that of cNOD mice corroborating the results obtained with immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopic examination and quantitative imaging of thin sections of Epon-embedded oviducts of both dNOD and cNOD mice confirmed the reduction of the number of cilia in the oviduct of the dNOD group which also displayed aberrant axonemal ultrastructure, including disorganization of the axoneme and alteration of microtubule doublets into singlets as well as disruption of the plasma membrane in many cilia. Taken together, the present findings suggest that structural alterations of oviductal cilia in female diabetic NOD mice might be detrimental to the normal function of these particular cell structures in gamete transport.