A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Taiwan, China, based on morphological and molecular data

Zingiber shuanglongensis sp.nov.is a species endemic to Taiwan,China,that has been found in Nantou and Kaohsiung.In this study,the new Zingiber species is illustrated and the results of morphological a...     

罗平产生姜的化学成分

从生姜(Zingiber officinaleRosc.)的根茎中分离得一个骨架新颖的天然产物,经波谱鉴定为一个新的生姜内酯(1),同时分离得到7个已知化合物,分别为6-姜烯酚(2),1-去氢姜二酮(3),6-姜磺酸(4),3,5-二酮-1,7-二-{(3-甲氧基-4-羟基)-苯基}-庚烷(5),姜酮A(6),β-谷甾醇(7)和豆甾醇(8)。     

Five new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo

Recent collections from Sabah and Sarawak have revealed a wide species diversity among the Bornean members of the genus Zingiber. Four previously unknown and one incompletely known species of the genus are presented. Z. vinosum is a lowland species characterized by its burgundy colour of the lower surface of the leaves. Z. lambii was collected in primary lowland forest on ultramafic soil while Z. argenteum was collected in primary lowland forest on limestone. Both are characterized by their silvery leaves and orange inflorescences. Z. pendulum, found in primary mountain forest, has pending leafy stems and a deeply split labellum with very well developed side-lobes. Z. latifolium, found in secondary mountain forest, is vegetatively distinct by its broad leaves with a densely pubescent margin Z. vinosum, Z. Iambii, Z. pendulum and Z. latifolium are from Sabah and Z. argenteum is from Sarawak.     

Pollen morphology of the genus Cornukaempferia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand

Cornukaempferia is a recently described genus of Zingiberaceae which only occurs in Thailand as a rare genus with limited geographical distribution. Only three species have been described so far, including a recently described new species, C. larsenii. These three species are morphologically very similar and additional data on other biological aspects are useful for the elucidation of their relationship. Pollen morphology of all three species of genus Cornukaempferia has been studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are monad, spherical, inaperturate. The exine sculpture is echinate with psilate between the spines for C. aurantiflora and C. longipetiolata, or echinate with regulate between the spines for C. larsenii. This obser-vation helps support the taxonomic status of C. larsenii.     

A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

Zingiber collinsii , a new species from Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is placed in section Zingiber having the inflorescence on a radical, short erect scape.     

Six new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo

Six new species of the genus Zingiber from Borneo are presented. Z viridiflavum was collected in primary lowland forest, while Z chlorobracteatum was collected in hilly secondary forest. Both are characterized by their slender fusiform inflorescences with yellow-green bracts. Z. flagelliforme found in primary lowland forest displays a peculiar reproduction habit in its tapering leafy shoots which bend over to trail on the ground where plantlets produced in the leaf-axis take root. Z velutinum was found in mid-elevation secondary forest. It is a tall plant with large ovate inflorescences and bright red, densely hairy bracts. Z phillippsii was found in a gulley in montane primary forest. It is vegetatively characterized by its purple stems and glabrous leaves while the inflorescence has a similarity to the common Bornean species Z. coloratum. Z. georgeii is distinct by its procumbent inflorescences with orange bracts. Z viridiflavum, Z. chlorobracteatum, Z. flagelliforme, Z. phillippsii and Z velutinum are from Sabah and Z georgeii is from Sarawak.     

Two new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from the Philippines

Zingiber banahaoense and Z. matutumense from the Philippines are described and illustrated.     

Evaluating type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and terpene synthase (TPS) expression in incompatible interactions of Zingiber zerumbet to Pythium myriotylum Drechsler

Abstract

Pythium species are aggressive soil-borne necrotrophic oomycetes causing soft-rot disease of ginger. Disease severity indices determined following infection with P. myriotylum Drechsler in ginger cultivar, Zingiber officinale cv. Varada and a wild congener, Z. zerumbet at varying zoospore concentrations (10⁴–10¹² spores/ml) revealed high disease severity (100%) in ginger cultivar whereas Z. zerumbet displayed resistance. Absence of positive correlation between Z. zerumbet resistance and polyphenolic content indicates role of polyketides and zerumbone in preventing pathogen ingress, as reported earlier. Towards elucidating this, Z. zerumbet specific polyketide synthase (PKS) and terpene synthase (TPS) gene sequences designated ZzTPS and ZzPKS respectively were characterised. Phylogenetic analysis clustered ZzTPS with TPS-b sub-family and ZzPKS with non-chalcone forming PKS. ZzTPS and ZzPKS showed biphasic expression with first at 6?hours post infection (hpi) and then at 8 hpi, indicative of rapid induction followed by reinforcement to sustain resistance mechanisms in the wild taxon.     

Diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale

Seven new diarylheptanoids, i.e., (3S,5S)-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane, (3R,5S)-3-acetoxy-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane, (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane, (5S)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one, 5-hydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one, 5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)heptan-3-one and 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane were isolated from the rhizomes of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), along with 25 known compounds, i.e., 8 diarylheptanoids, 14 gingerol analogs, a diterpene and 2 steroids. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods.     

A new species of Scaphoclamys (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand

Scaphloclamys obcordata is described from the Naratiwat province in South Thailand. Its relationship with 5. klossii is discussed.     

Genetic relationships and species authentication of Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on AFLP and SSCP analyses

Genetic relationships of 15 Boesenbergia species were examined using AFLP analysis. A total of 893 fragments were generated from six primer combinations; of these, 99.78% were polymorphic. The mean genetic distance between pairs of taxa ranged from 0.435 to 0.935. The neighbor-joining tree resolved investigated species into two separate lineages (corresponding to species possessing compact or elongated inflorescences) and suggests a rapid radiation in Boesenbergia. In addition, SSCP patterns of the partial psbA–trnH spacer were not overlapping between different species and therefore can be used for authentication of Boesenbergia species. Morphologically similar Boesenbergia longiflora and Boesenbergia sp., which showed three SNPs based on psbA–trnH polymorphism were successfully differentiated by SSCP. Moreover, Boesenbergia curtisii displayed intraspecific ecomorphological variation but exhibited the same SSCP pattern. Therefore, AFLP and SSCP are rapid and cost-effective methods for analysis of genetic similarity and species identification in Boesenbergia.     

Two new species of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand

Scaphochlamys minutiflora and S. rubescens are described and illustrated. A key to the species of Scaphochlamys occurring in Thailand is provided.     

Taxonomic notes on the genus Syndiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Japan, with description of a new species

The Japanese species of the genus Syndiamesa are revised. A new species, Syndiamesa longipilosa sp. nov., from Honshu, Japan is described from male and female material. The male of Syndiamesa mira (Makarchenko) from Japan is redescribed and figured. Syndiamesa chuzemagna Sasa is synonymized with Syndiamesa yosiii Tokunaga. Syndiamesa bicolor Tokunaga is transferred to the genus Sympotthastia. A key to males of Japanese Syndiamesa is provided.     

Hedychium menghaiense (Zingiberaceae),a new species from Yunnan,China

Hedychium menghaiense X.Hu & N.Liu,a new species of the Zingiberaceae from Yunnan Province,China,is described and illustrated.The new species is currently known only from its type locality,Nannuoshan Mountain,Menghai County,growing under evergreen broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-1700 m.It is similar to Hedychium forrestii Diels,but differs in its narrower and emarginate labellum folded inwards lengthwise,narrower staminodes,and scarlet stamen.The recognition of the new species is supported by the ...     

Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc)

Phylogenetic analysis and metabolic profiling were used to investigate the diversity of plant material within the ginger species and between ginger and closely related species in the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae). In addition, anti-inflammatory data were obtained for the investigated species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Zingiber officinale samples from different geographical origins were genetically indistinguishable. In contrast, other Zingiber species were significantly divergent, allowing all species to be clearly distinguished using this analysis. In the metabolic profiling analysis, the Z. officinale samples derived from different origins showed no qualitative differences in major volatile compounds, although they did show some significant quantitative differences in non-volatile composition, particularly regarding the content of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, the most active anti-inflammatory components in this species. The differences in gingerol content were verified by HPLC. The metabolic profiles of other Zingiber species were very different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when compared to Z. officinale and to each other. Comparative DNA sequence/chemotaxonomic phylogenetic trees showed that the chemical characters of the investigated species were able to generate essentially the same phylogenetic relationships as the DNA sequences. This supports the contention that chemical characters can be used effectively to identify relationships between plant species. Anti-inflammatory in vitro assays to evaluate the ability of all extracts from the Zingiber species examined to inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2) and TNF-alpha production suggested that bioactivity may not be easily predicted by either phylogenetic analysis or gross metabolic profiling. Therefore, identification and quantification of the actual bioactive compounds are required to guarantee the bioactivity of a particular Zingiber sample even after performing authentication by molecular and/or chemical markers.     

Validation of Zingiber collinsii (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

The name Zingiber collinsii is validated and some corrections to an ealier publication are given.     

Three labdane diterpenoids from Aframomum sceptrum (Zingiberaceae)

Three labdane diterpenoids, 8beta,17-epoxy-3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-12(E)-labden-16,15-olide (1), methyl 8beta,17-epoxy-3beta,7beta,15-trihydroxy-12(E)-labden-16-oate (2) and 3beta,7beta,8beta,12zeta,17-pentahydroxylabdan-16,15-olide (3) have been isolated from the seeds of Afromomum sceptrum K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) and their structures assigned on the basis of their spectroscopic properties. Nerolidol, and the known flavonoids 3-acetoxy-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone, and 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone were also obtained.     

Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production

Gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry, a technique previously employed to analyze non-volatile pungent components of ginger extracts modified to trimethylsilyl derivatives, was applied successfully for the first time to analyze unmodified partially purified fractions from the dichloromethane extracts of organically grown samples of fresh Chinese white and Japanese yellow varieties of ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). This analysis resulted in the detection of 20 hitherto unknown natural products and 31 compounds previously reported as ginger constituents. These include paradols, dihydroparadols, gingerols, acetyl derivatives of gingerols, shogaols, 3-dihydroshogaols, gingerdiols, mono- and diacetyl derivatives of gingerdiols, 1-dehydrogingerdiones, diarylheptanoids, and methyl ether derivatives of some of these compounds. The thermal degradation of gingerols to gingerone, shogaols, and related compounds was demonstrated. The major constituent in the two varieties was [6]-gingerol, a chemical marker for Z. officinale. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns for all the compounds are described and interpreted. Anti-inflammatory activities of silica gel chromatography fractions were tested using an in vitro PGE2 assay. Most of the fractions containing gingerols and/or gingerol derivatives showed excellent inhibition of LPS-induced PGE2 production.