Application of the disk method to cultured plant cells. II. Exhibition zones

Growth inhibition of plated cells by antimetabolites present in the culture medium was alleviated by corresponding metabolites supplied on filter paper disks placed on the surface of the medium. The metabolites diffused into the medium producing a halo of growing cells (an exhibition zone). Exhibition zones were recorded for 15 pairs of compounds and with cell cultures of Rosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Daucus carota, Hyoscyamus muticus and Zea mays. The interaction between the compounds could be quantified by measuring exhibition zone diameters and the method was partially optimised for L-ethionine/L-methionine and p-fluorophenylalanine/L-phenylalanine. The exhibition zone method was compared to two other methods, measurement of growth yield and plating efficiency, for demonstrating reversion of growth inhibition.Abbreviations ETH L-ethionine - PFP p-fluorophenylalanine - 5MT 5-methyl-DL-tryptophan - A2C L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid - PE Plating efficiency - Met L-methionine - Phe L-phenylalanine - Trp L-tryptophan     

Captive biology of an asocial mustelid; Mustela erminea

Successful captive reproduction, management, and exhibition of ermine (Mustela erminea) are unreported. Wild ermine are solitary and asocial specialist predators of small vertebrates. In captivity they alternate brief periods of frenetic activity with long periods of inactivity, are furtive, and because of interindividual aggressiveness, are managed as solitary animals. These species-specific traits have precluded ermine as an ideal animal for captive management and public exhibition. Here we present observations of gestation and litter size, neonatal reproduction, male reproductive variance, and a possible correlation between diet and female reproductive success. We also describe methods of husbandry and of exhibit animal rotation which enhances visitor viewing of the animal.     

Chemical Modification and Structure-Activity Correlation of Salinomycin

A number of the chemically modified compounds of salinomycin have been prepared and the structure-activity correlation between complexation affinity for cations, ion transport ability and antimicrobial activity have been investigated.

The results indicate that the terminal carboxylic acid, β-hydroxyketone and allylic alcohol functions in the molecule played an important role in the exhibition of biological activity of the antibiotic.

On the basis of these data, it was concluded that there is a closer parallelism between the antimicrobial and ion-transport activities of salinomycin and its derivatives.     

Evaluation of chemical treatments to mitigate or eradicate Gnathia maxillaris infestations

The eradication of the haematophagous isopod ectoparasite Gnathia maxillaris was not achieved after several years of physical elimination of larvae by filtration and chemical treatment with trichlorfon in a captive marine fish population in exhibition aquaria. In this study, different in vitro laboratory assays were performed to find effective alternative anti‐parasitic treatments to trichlorfon (lufenuron, emamectin benzoate, cypermethrin and abamectin). The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values at 96 hr were calculated for each compound using both larval stages (zuphea and praniza); morphological deformities generated throughout the life cycle, reduction in egg laying and survival of adult forms were also determined. Abamectin, cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate proved effective at limiting further Gnathia maxillaris development, but their efficacy at eradicating an infestation in large tanks was not supported by laboratory assays. However, the use of lufenuron proved to be a good substitute for trichlorfon when treating this type of infestation in large‐volume tanks (LC50 55.8 mg m^?3 for praniza). Routine lufenuron treatment once a month via an oral dose at 10 mg kg^?1 body weight eradicated G. maxillaris from the exhibition aquaria.     

Antibiotic N", N""-Dibenzyleremomycin with a Reduced 1,2-Peptide Bond

Eremomycin derivatives with benzylated amino groups of both residues of eremosamine and with (R) or (S)-2-amino-4-methylpentyl substituted for N-methyl-D-Leu, the first amino acid residue of its heptapeptide, were synthesized in order to study the role of the peptide bond between the first and second amino acid residues of the heptapeptide moiety of the antibiotic in its interaction with the precursors of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and the exhibition of its antibacterial activity. Comparison of the antibacterial activities of N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin, de-(N-methyl-D-Leu)-N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin, and its N-(2-amino-4-methylpentyl)-derivative (1,2-deoxo-N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin) demonstrated that cleavage or replacement of the first amino acid residue by the corresponding aminoalkyl residue results in a decrease in its antibacterial activity towards both vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant strains of microorganisms.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Coumarins with tert‐Butyl and Terpene Substituents

Coumarins with terpene and tert‐butyl substituents were synthesized via Pechmann condensation reaction. New derivatives were investigated in different model system for the exhibition of antioxidant, radical scavenging and membrane‐protective activities. It has been found that 4‐methylcoumarin derivatives with monoterpene moieties exhibit high antioxidant activities. The most active and promising for further investigations is 5‐hydroxy‐6,8‐diisobornyl‐4‐methylcoumarin, containing two isobornyl substituents on the benzopyran ring.     

Molecular diversity of native Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.). A casual agent of Fusarium wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the one of the problematic diseases. In this study, 12 native Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different land use types in Rayalaseema region of Andhrapradesh, India and were tested for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum using dual culture method; the maximum inhibition occurred in WT₂ (78.4%) compared to the control. Molecular characterisation using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique reported 91.8% polymorphism among 12 isolates of Trichoderma. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA amplification with genus-specific ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers produced amplicon size from 569 bp in all the isolates. The study resulted in identification of good competitive Trichoderma isolates against F. oxysporum. A relationship was found between the polymorphism showed by the Trichoderma isolates and their hardness to F. oxysporum during antagonism. Also, exhibition of sufficient genetic polymorphism aids further exploitation in genomic fingerprinting.     

Urgent call for further breeding of the relic zoo population of the critically endangered Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo Linnaeus 1758)

The Barbary lion became extinct in the wild around 1942. Since the end of the 19th century, a last purebred captive breeding stock existed at the court of Morocco. The rest of these animals became the core exhibition of the new Rabat Zoo after passing through repeated bottlenecks and possibly some introgression events by foreign lions. This study uses mitochondrial DNA sequencing data to clarify the relationship among these lions and their sub-Saharan and Asian relatives. We analysed mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences obtained from a sample from a Barbary lion descended from a young female of the Barbary lion breeding group at the Rabat Zoo and various other members of the genus Panthera. In our cytochrome-b-based phylogenetic tree, the North African Barbary lion, represented by a biopsy sample from the Neuwied Zoo, joins the Asian lion clade, although it is slightly different from its Asian sister group. However, it is clearly distinct from sub-Saharan lions and can be considered as a genetically defined phylogeographic group of its own. Molecular dating of the extant sub-Saharan and Asian lion groups shows that the split between North African Barbary lions and Asian lions must be considerably more recent than 74–203 kilo years ago.     

Ancient North American Art Surfaces in the Art World: A Review of Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand

Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand rated as a must-see for anyone with an interest in art of the ancient Americas or ancient art in general—an exhibition whose breadth and depth in terms of visual material would be difficult, if not impossible, to replicate. This review takes a look beyond the immediate frame of the exhibition at some additional context related to the appreciation of these objects as ancient art, including some reflection on the original objectives of the exhibition and what appeared, at least to this anthropologist, as palpably missing or unspoken.     

PLASTINATION FOR DISPLAY: A NEW WAY TO DISPOSE OF THE DEAD

Plastination provides a new method, governed by medical technique rather than religious ritual, by which human remains may be transformed from unstable/wet to stable/dry. In the Körperwelten/Body Worlds exhibition, the public pay to view plastinated bodies, and are invited to donate their bodies for plastination after death. This article addresses the question of whether Body Worlds visitors accept plastination for display as a legitimate form of disposal. Three sources of data are drawn on: the ethnographer's account of his first visit to the exhibition in Brussels; the written comments of visitors to the London exhibition; and the stated motives of some donors. Plastination as final disposal is accepted by the vast majority of visitors; they perceive the dry, odourless body interiors within the clinical, scientific framework encouraged by the exhibition, and are often fascinated by what they see. This is complicated, however, by certain surface features and modes of display which enable the problematic reinsertion of personhood. So, plastination itself is accepted, but not all forms of display.     

Common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) as a management model for the Pseudocheiridae: Reproductive scope,behavior, and biomedical values on a browse-free diet

The purposes of this study were to determine 1) the life history characteristics of a captive colony of the arboreal folivore Pseudocheirus peregrinus maintained on a browse free diet under enhanced laboratory conditions, 2) the direction and magnitude of life history differences from wild population values, and 3) the feasibility of developing captive colonies of this and related species for conservation and research programs. Rates of reproduction, growth, and development; demographic trends; behavioral patterns pertinent to exhibition; and management and medical techniques are reported. Fecundity was 67% greater than that of wild populations and there was an approximate four-fold increase in the rate of offspring survival to sexual maturity. These trends were due largely to reduced post-pouch emergence mortality and the decay of reproductive seasonality. The results indicate that a properly designed “artificial” diet can support significantly enhanced reproduction in a trophic specialist. Other demographic, developmental, and behavioral measures found to be consistent with those reported from wild populations indicate that there was no significant life history distortion caused by the management regime. Empirical data are presented showing that the common ringtail is nocturnal, has low rates of activity, and has specific space and substrate preferences. These results suggest ways in which the animals' physical environment can be manipulated to improve exhibition. We conclude that the reproductive rates of other ringtail possum species might also be enhanced under comparable management conditions.     

French Ambivalence Towards the Concept of ‘Indigenous People’: Museums and the Māori

ABSTRACT

Museums around the globe have experienced important changes in recent years in response to decolonisation processes and the demands of indigenous peoples. French museums are no exception, but the transformations have certain French hallmarks. This article explores the way France is dealing with its colonial legacy and, by means of two case studies, unravels the diverse political and historical particularities of the French context. The first looks at the results of a comparative analysis of the French and Québécois public’s response to the travelling exhibition E tū ake: Standing Strong produced by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. The second focuses on the repatriation ceremony of Māori toi moko (tattooed preserved heads) that took place in Paris in January 2012. These two case studies examine the French uses of concepts such as ‘community’, ‘minority’, and ‘indigeneity’ as well as the complex relations between religion and rationality, ancestral presence and materialism in French public life. The article investigates how these concepts participate in the fabric of French society, and thus in shaping contemporary museum landscapes.     

But next time?: Unsuccessful Establishment of the Mediterranean Strain of the Green Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia in the Sea of Japan

We conducted a survey of 63 public aquariums in Japan by means of a questionnaire asking if a green seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia, was cultured or exhibited in aquariums under the network of the public aquarium association of Japan in 1997. Of 51 aquariums, 16 cultured or exhibited C. taxifolia. Most of the public aquariums possessing C. taxifolia purchased them from aquarium shops or received them from another public aquarium as a donation. Notojima aquarium reported temporal establishment of C. taxifolia in the Sea of Japan between the summer and autumn of 1992 and 1993. C. taxifolia was released into the sea from a 1 m³ cage that was submerged in an open pool. Two colonies with diameters less than 2 m were found near the mouth of a water outflow pipe in both years. Molecular analysis of the ITS rDNA gene of the aquarium strain of Notojima clarified that the seaweed is the same as the aquarium-Mediterranean and Californian invasive strain. Unsuccessful establishment of the invasive strain of C. taxifolia in the Sea of Japan is probably due to water temperatures in winter that are lethal for C. taxifolia. C. taxifolia remains present in many public and private aquariums. If C. taxifoliawere to be released in more temperate waters of Japan, there would be a high risk of establishment and, thus, impact on the marine ecosystem. This suggests that the trade, culture and exhibition of C. taxifolia should be strongly avoided to reduce the chances of accidental release of this harmful species.     

Animal behavior and the captive management of wild mammals: A personal view

Behaviorists can undertake noninvasive studies of zoo animals using only the simplest of research tools, unlike those biologists who are concerned with functions below the level of the whole, living organism. With careful interpretation, the results of behavioral studies can be applied to improve the management, husbandry, and exhibition of wild mammals in captivity. This often involves comparisons with research results obtained from studies of animals in the wild, since the behavior of captive specimens may in some measure be altered. Examples are given involving the breeding biology or social organization of three species: (1) barasingha or swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli), (2) mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz), and (3) drill (Papio leucophaeus). Suggestions are made to improve the allocation of time and resources for research by zoo personnel, including a greater reliance on cooperative efforts to solve problems of common interest.     

Us and them: From prejudice to racism. An original analysis of race and racism

This paper present the content of the Musée de l'Homme exhibition “Us and them: from prejudice to racism” and provides a detailed explanation of how this content has been presented to the public. In a second section of this paper we explain some of the analysis and concepts, from a biological anthropology perspective, that were the foundation of the exhibition and provides some information about the current situation in France.     

Electrochemical reduction of sterol-14α-demethylase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</Emphasis> (CYP51b1)

The electrochemical reduction of the heme protein sterol-14α-demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CYP51b1, or further CYP51) was investigated. Direct electron transfer was demonstrated between CYP51 and graphite screen-printed electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles and with the membrane-like synthetic surfactant didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide. The formal potential of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ pair, E _1/2, is equal to −273 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). The cathodic current corresponding to the reduction of oxygen by immobilized heme protein was registered in the presence of oxygen. Addition of lanosterol, one of the substrates of the CYP51 family, to the oxygenated solution caused a concentration-dependent increase in the reduction current in voltammetric and amperometric experiments. Ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP51, inhibited the catalytic cathodic current in the presence of lanosterol. Electrochemical reduction of CYP51 may serve as an adequate alternative to the reconstituted system, which requires additional redox partners for the exhibition of catalytic activity of heme proteins of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 805–811.     

Torres Strait Islanders Stories from an Exhibition

Preparations for a centenary exhibition to mark the 1898 Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Strait incorporated cross-cultural collaborative work, reflecting the changing roles of museums as sites for contact and research combining curatorial expertise and indigenous knowledge. Specific objects in the collections of the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology continue to be active intermediaries in the relationship between museum staff and Torres Strait Islanders and the museum itself has become an important field site. This paper provides an ethnography of the process of creating the exhibition and explores different ways that many of the objects displayed have resonance for Islanders today.     

Encouraging natural feeding behavior in captive-bred black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata)

Captive breeding of endangered species is commonly proposed as a means of conserving biodiversity. The suggestion is that captive populations can be built up to provide individuals to reinforce or re-establish wild populations. However, there is evidence to suggest that captive-bred animals lack the skills necessary for survival in their natural habitat. This research was designed to assess whether a group of captive-bred Varecia variegata variegata exhibit such behavioral deficiencies in relation to feeding behavior compared to two wild groups. A further aim was to determine which of four methods of food presentation and two captive environments were most effective in encouraging the exhibition of natural feeding behavior. An identical focal animal, instantaneous time-sampling technique was used to collect data from the wild groups in the Betampona Reserve, Madagascar, and the captive group at Chester, UK. Results from Betampona confirm the highly frugivorous and arboreal nature of V. v. variegata. Under all captive conditions, except the rooftop feed in the cage environment, the captive V. v. variegata spent significantly less time feeding than their wild conspecifics. Suspensory feeding postures are an important adaptation enabling wild V. v. variegata to harvest fruit in the small-branch setting. Similar frequencies of use of such postures to those observed at Betampona were most effectively encouraged among captive V. v. variegata in the cage environment by the rooftop food presentation method and on a naturalistic island exhibit by the suspended method of food presentation. Differences in feeding behavior between the wild and captive V. v.variegata can be explained in terms of structural differences between their environments. As naturalistic captive environments allow lemurs to experience the challenges associated with feeding in the wild, it is strongly recommended that zoos endeavor to provide them with such conditions. Zoo Biol 17:379–392, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.