Systematics and evolutionary history of heavy metal tolerant Thlaspi caerulescens in Western Europe: evidence from genetic studies based on isozyme analysis

Thlaspi caerulescens is distributed in Europe on metalliferous and not metalliferous soils. Individuals from populations growing on heavy metal contaminated soils are well known as hyperaccumulators of zinc and cadmium. The taxonomical treatment of subspecies of Thlaspi caerulescens is unsettled. We investigated the degree of genetic variation among 28 populations of Thlaspi caerulescens from Europe with isozyme analysis to compare inter- and intrapopulational diversity. British material from heavy metal contaminated environments recognized as Thlaspi sylvestre and T. occitanicum are quite similar to each other on the level of isozyme polymophisms, but they are more closely related to populations from non-contaminated stands from Scandinavia and Middle Europe than to metallophytes distributed in Continental Europe. Our findings indicate that a taxonomical subdivision of T. caerulescens is not possible and, furthermore, heavy metal tolerance might have evolved twice in populations of Thlaspi caerulescens from different areas. The trait of zinc tolerance and hyperaccumulation is frequently found in numerous relatives of Thlaspi caerulescens, and it is suggested that this trait has been established and manifested in populations from metalliferous sites during postglacial colonization. From Scandinavia only non-metallophytes are known. These populations are very similar to each other on the isozyme level. This fits to the hypothesis that Thlaspi caerulescens was introduced to Scandinavia in recent times by human activity. Despite full self-compatibility we estimated varying outcrossing rates up to 0.88 in the metallophytes and 0.658 in the non-metallophytes depending on population size and structure.     

Mass-spectrometry based minisequencing method for the rapid detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A MALDI TOF MS based minisequencing method has been developed and applied for the analysis of rifampin (RIF)- and isoniazid (INH)-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Eight genetic markers of RIF resistance-nucleotide polymorphisms located in RRDR of rpoB gene, and three of INH resistance including codon 315 of katG gene and − 8 and − 15 positions of the promoter region of fabG1-inhA operon were worked out. Based on the analysis of 100 M. tuberculosis strains collected from the Moscow region in 1997–2005 we deduced that 91% of RIF-resistant and 94% of INH-resistant strains can be identified using the technique suggested. The approach is rapid, reliable and allows to reveal the drug resistance of M. tuberculosis strains within 12 h after sample isolation.     

Bacterial communities associated with flowering plants of the Ni hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense

Thlaspi goesingense is able to hyperaccumulate extremely high concentrations of Ni when grown in ultramafic soils. Recently it has been shown that rhizosphere bacteria may increase the heavy metal concentrations in hyperaccumulator plants significantly, whereas the role of endophytes has not been investigated yet. In this study the rhizosphere and shoot-associated (endophytic) bacteria colonizing T. goesingense were characterized in detail by using both cultivation and cultivation-independent techniques. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and isolates were further characterized regarding characteristics that may be relevant for a beneficial plant-microbe interaction-Ni tolerance, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase and siderophore production. In the rhizosphere a high percentage of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division and alpha-Proteobacteria were found. In addition, high-G+C gram-positive bacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and microbes of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division colonized the rhizosphere. The community structure of shoot-associated bacteria was highly different. The majority of clones affiliated with the Proteobacteria, but also bacteria belonging to the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division, the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division, and the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria, were frequently found. A high number of highly related Sphingomonas 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected, which were also obtained by the cultivation of endophytes. Rhizosphere isolates belonged mainly to the genera Methylobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Okibacterium, whereas the majority of endophytes showed high levels of similarity to Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Additionally, Sphingomonas spp. were abundant. Isolates were resistant to Ni concentrations between 5 and 12 mM; however, endophytes generally tolerated higher Ni levels than rhizosphere bacteria. Almost all bacteria were able to produce siderophores. Various strains, particularly endophytes, were able to grow on ACC as the sole nitrogen source.     

外来水生植物大聚藻的生态安全性初探

从外来水生植物大聚藻的耐寒性、再生能力和耐盐性等方面入手,研究比较了其与有害植物水花生对环境适应能力的差异。结果表明:大聚藻的越冬能力明显高于水花生;大聚藻断枝离体水培后复活快、发根与生长迅速,生长量与营养繁殖力也明显大于水花生;大聚藻具有很强的耐盐能力,其枝条在NaCl 盐浓度为0 g·L^-1～3 g·L^-1 的水体中能正常生长,4 g·L^-1～5 g·L^-1的浓度中可存活2～4 周。因此,大聚藻在自然生态环境中具有超强的生存能力和繁殖能力,存在一定的生态风险,对大聚藻的利用必须在有限范围内谨慎进行,应严格控制其群体在自然生态环境中的过量扩散与繁殖。     

梯棱羊肚菌镉胁迫响应基因ATX1功能分析

梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna是一种可以大田覆土栽培的珍稀食用菌,而土壤重金属污染状况日益严重,对梯棱羊肚菌菌丝生长和子实体产品质量安全构成了潜在的威胁。本研究先采用镉离子胁迫处理梯棱羊肚菌菌丝体,RT-PCR检测发现候选基因ATX1的表达量显著下调。克隆梯棱羊肚菌ATX1基因,对ATX1p蛋白结构进行功能预测,发现ATX1p可能与铜离子转运及重金属胁迫相关。然后分别构建ATX1的超表达和RNAi基因沉默载体,采用农杆菌介导的转化方法,将其转入梯棱羊肚菌同核体菌株A50中,分别筛选到4个ATX1表达显著上调的超表达转化子和4个ATX1表达显著下调的RNAi基因沉默转化子,镉敏感性检测发现ATX1的RNAi基因沉默转化子表现为镉抗性增强,而ATX1超表达转化子则表现为镉抗性减弱。结果表明,梯棱羊肚菌ATX1基因表达与镉抗性呈负相关,ATX1p可能在梯棱羊肚菌镉胁迫响应过程中发挥着某种重要作用。     

Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense

Thlaspi goesingense is able to hyperaccumulate extremely high concentrations of Ni when grown in ultramafic soils. Recently it has been shown that rhizosphere bacteria may increase the heavy metal concentrations in hyperaccumulator plants significantly, whereas the role of endophytes has not been investigated yet. In this study the rhizosphere and shoot-associated (endophytic) bacteria colonizing T. goesingense were characterized in detail by using both cultivation and cultivation-independent techniques. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and isolates were further characterized regarding characteristics that may be relevant for a beneficial plant-microbe interaction—Ni tolerance, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase and siderophore production. In the rhizosphere a high percentage of bacteria belonging to the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division and α-Proteobacteria were found. In addition, high-G+C gram-positive bacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and microbes of the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division colonized the rhizosphere. The community structure of shoot-associated bacteria was highly different. The majority of clones affiliated with the Proteobacteria, but also bacteria belonging to the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides division, the Holophaga/Acidobacterium division, and the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria, were frequently found. A high number of highly related Sphingomonas 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected, which were also obtained by the cultivation of endophytes. Rhizosphere isolates belonged mainly to the genera Methylobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Okibacterium, whereas the majority of endophytes showed high levels of similarity to Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Additionally, Sphingomonas spp. were abundant. Isolates were resistant to Ni concentrations between 5 and 12 mM; however, endophytes generally tolerated higher Ni levels than rhizosphere bacteria. Almost all bacteria were able to produce siderophores. Various strains, particularly endophytes, were able to grow on ACC as the sole nitrogen source.     

Tolerance and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in five populations of Cistus ladanifer L. subsp. ladanifer

The effects of heavy metals on the growth, mineral composition (P, K, Fe and Mn) and metal accumulation of five populations of Cistus ladanifer subsp. ladanifer from NE Portugal were investigated in hydroponic experiments. Plants were exposed to increasing concentrations (0–2000 M) of one of eight heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb or Zn. Populations of C. ladanifer, whose origin was ultramafic soils (S and UB) or soils developed on basic rocks (B), showed a higher tolerance to the metals Cd, Co, Cr, and Mn, and a considerable degree of tolerance to Ni. In contrast, populations originating on acid-rock soils (M and SC) showed higher tolerance to the metals Cu and Zn. Populations showed different patterns of metal accumulation and distribution in the plant parts, suggesting different mechanisms of metal tolerance are used. The more Cd-, Co- and Mn-tolerant populations (S, UB, B and SC (Cd)) showed accumulation of these three metals in the shoots (shoot:root metal concentration ratios (S:R) > 1). Shoot concentrations of up to 309 g Cd g^–1, 2667 g Co g^–1 and 6214 g Mn g^–1 were found in these populations. The populations, UB and M, showed considerable tolerance to Ni and Zn, respectively. These populations accumulated up to 4164 g Ni g^–1 and 7695 g Zn g^–1 in their shoot tissues, and these metals were efficiently transported from the roots to aerial parts (S:R > 3 (Ni), S:R > 1 (Zn)). In contrast, the S and SC populations maintained higher growth rates in the presence of Ni and Zn, respectively, but showed exclusion mechanisms of metal tolerance: reduced Ni and Zn transport to shoots (S:R < 1). Cistus ladanifer was not able to efficiently transport Cr, Cu or Pb from its roots to its aerial parts (S:R ranged from 0–0.4). The more Cu-tolerant populations, M and SC, showed a greater restriction of Cu transport to the shoots than the ultramafic- or basic-rock populations. Significant changes in the plant mineral composition were found, however, concentrations were generally above mineral deficiency levels. Based on these preliminary results the possible usefulness of this plant for phytoremediation technologies is discussed. However, further investigations are necessary to evaluate its growth and metal accumulation under soil and field conditions.     

湖南农业鼠害防治技术研究 Ⅰ.害鼠的种类、害区和与防治有关的生物学特性

本文报道湖南省的农业鼠害防治技术,内容包括农业鼠害、鼠种组成、鼠害类型、鼠类生态等生物学特性,为大面积全生境灭鼠提供综合性的防治技术措施。     

镉胁迫下地钱转录组的性别特异性响应机制

地钱(Marchantiapolymorpha)作为雌雄异株的苔纲植物,具有对重金属胁迫敏感的特性,且种群中雌雄比例差异较大,是研究重金属环境下植物性二态的理想对象之一。为探究雌雄地钱转录组对重金属镉的响应机制差异,利用高通量测序和加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA),鉴定了在镉胁迫条件下与不同性别地钱有关的模块和基因。结果表明,镉胁迫响应转录因子雌雄差异主要集中于bHLH、 ERF和MYB家族。关键差异响应基因包括MARPO＿0147s0038、MARPO＿1326s0001和MARPO＿0015s0058。差异响应通路雌性主要集中在信号转导通路,雄性则集中于类黄酮生物合成。研究结果有助于揭示雌雄异株地钱对镉胁迫的反应过程和响应机制,可为理解雌雄异株植物对重金属胁迫的性别特异性响应机制提供参考。     

6种含笑属植物抗寒性分析与综合评价

以6种含笑属植物为试材,进行田间冻害调查,拟合Logistic方程计算其低温半致死温度,采用石蜡切片技术,测定9项叶片解剖结构指标,运用隶属函数法对各树种的抗寒性进行综合分析与评价.结果表明: 6种含笑属植物叶片的相对电导率与0～25 ℃低温处理3 h的半致死温度之间呈显著正相关.6种含笑属植物低温半致死温度在-20.48～-8.67 ℃,高低顺序为深山含笑>红花深山含笑>峨眉含笑>杂交11-8>阔瓣含笑>六瓣含笑;叶片表皮细胞1～2层,垂周壁略呈波浪状,栅栏组织细胞1～3层,9项叶片解剖结构指标差异显著,栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度是影响抗寒性的主要叶片解剖结构指标.电导法和隶属函数法对6种含笑属植物的抗寒性评价结果与田间调查结果基本一致.6种含笑属植物抗寒性强弱顺序为:六瓣含笑>阔瓣含笑>杂交11-8>峨眉含笑>红花深山含笑>深山含笑.     

Millardia meltada, a new host for Acanthocheilonema viteae and a simple technique for separation of microfilariae from peripheral blood

, and 1992. Millardia meltada, a new host for Acanthocheilonema viteae and a simple technique for separation of microfilariae from peripheral blood. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 1165–1168. Millardia meltada were infected with Acanthocheilonema viteae and examined for their susceptibility. The morbidity of infected M. meltada was low compared with that of jirds. On day 47 post-infection (p.i.), 13 of 14 M. meltada developed microfilaremia. Male M. meltada then showed gradually increasing microfilaremia with a peak level of 7000 per 30 μl blood at week 20 p.i., which was much higher than that (3000) of male jirds. In contrast, microfilarial densities of female M. meltada were markedly low with a peak level of 200 during weeks 10–12 p.i. A simple centrifugation technique with Lympholyte-M was devised for microfilarial separation from the peripheral blood of infected M. meltada and yielded approximately 17 × 10⁵ viable microfilariae from 1 ml of blood. This method also makes it possible to collect microfilariae from the same individuals repeatedly. M. meltada, coupled with this microfilarial separation technique, serves as a useful animal model for microfilarial studies of A. viteae.     

基于多基因分析对我国红曲霉属Monascus真菌的系统发育研究

红曲霉属Monascus具有重要的经济和生态价值,但对该属的物种识别和系统发育学研究有限。本研究首先对红曲霉属红色组内物种开展ITS和LSU序列的测定并综合分析,结合GenBank中相关物种序列及菌株的形态学特征,探讨红曲霉属的系统发育关系,鉴定出红色组3个种,弗罗里达组7个种。其次采用红曲霉色素表型控制基因簇部分基因pksKS序列进行分析,以期解决ITS和LSU等基因序列分析无法有效区分红色红曲与紫色红曲不同形态种的问题。通过分子克隆测序与直接测序结果的比较,以及对3个血红红曲菌株单核苷酸多态性的分析,解析了血红红曲种内遗传差异,首次在红曲霉属真菌中发现疑似红色红曲血红自然杂交种。最后综合ITS、LSU、pksKS序列和形态学分析的结果,统一了红曲霉属内物种的系统发育关系,确认红色组包括3个种：红色红曲M. ruber、紫色红曲M. purpureus、血红红曲M. sanguineus;发现3个变种：红色红曲发白变种M. ruber var. albidulus、紫色红曲橙色变种M. purpureus var. aurantiacus及紫色红曲火红色变种M. purpureus var. rutilus;弗罗里达组包括7个种：弗罗里达红曲M. floridanus、苍白红曲M. pallens、新月红曲M. lunisporas、阿根廷红曲M. argentinensis、累西腓红曲M. recifensis、黄色红曲M. flavipigmentosum、蜂蜜红曲M. mellicola。另外,发现1个疑似杂交种：红色红曲血红杂种M. ruber × sanguineus。结果表明,红曲霉属具有丰富的物种多样性,而且通过多基因和形态学分析可以将相近种区分开来。     

Metal resistant rhizobia and ultrastructure of Anthyllis vulneraria nodules from zinc and lead contaminated tailing in Poland

This present paper studies the response of Anthyllis vulneraria-Rhizobium symbiosis to heavy metal stress. The symbiotic rhizobium bacteria isolated from root nodules of A. vulneraria from zinc and lead wastes were examined in this project. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the nodule anatomy and ultrastructure and conduct a comparison with nonmetal-treated nodules. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of bacteria isolated from metal-treated nodules revealed the presence of Rhizobium metallidurans and Bradyrhizobium sp. In regard to heavy metal resistance/tolerance, a similar tolerance to Pb was shown by both strains, and a high tolerance to Zn and a lower tolerance to Cd and Cu by R. metallidurans, whereas a high tolerance to Cd and Cu and a lower tolerance to Zn by Bradyrhizobium were found. The nodules of Anthyllis from metal-polluted tailing sites were identified as the typical determinate type of nodules. Observed under TEM microscopy changes in nodules ultrastructure like: (1) wall thickening; (2) infection thread reduction; (3) vacuole shrinkage; (4) synthesis of phenolics in vacuoles; (5) various differentiation of bacteroids and (6) simultaneous symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi could be considered as a form of the A.vulneraria-Rhizobium symbiosis adaptation to metal stress.     

澳洲坚果MiMYB2基因克隆及结构与功能分析

为研究R2R3-MYB转录因子家族成员在澳洲坚果生长发育和产量形成中的作用机制，利用PCR技术从澳洲坚果品种“桂热一号”叶片中克隆MiMYB2基因并采用生物信息学对其结构及功能进行分析。结果表明，克隆获得的MiMYB2（NCBI登录号：MN254976）基因cDNA序列全长1 210 bp，开放阅读框（ORF）1 002 bp，编码333个氨基酸。MiMYB2编码一个无跨膜结构、无信号肽且定位于细胞核的不稳定亲水蛋白，含两个SANT保守结构域，属于R2R3-MYB家族。BLAST分析发现MiMYB2与荷花NnMYB3-like氨基酸序列同源性最高。系统进化分析将MiMYB2与AtMYB17、AtMYB106和AtMYB16聚类为S9亚族。通过转录组数据分析MiMYB2基因在“桂热一号”和“695”品种澳洲坚果枝条、花和叶片中的表达模式，表明MiMYB2在“桂热一号”品种花中的表达量最低，“695”品种花中的表达量最高。推测MiMYB2与澳洲坚果花生长发育密切相关。本研究为阐明MiMYB2基因在澳洲坚果生长发育和产量形成中的作用机制提供理论参考。     

Migratory behaviour and desiccation tolerance of protostrongylid nematode first-stage larvae

Migration of first-stage larvae (L1) from faeces to soil is a crucial stage in the life-history of protostrongylids transmitted via land snails. Migration of Muellerius cf. capillaris and a Cystocaulus sp. L1 from fresh Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) faeces (48–50% water content, W.C.) to substrate soils (at 100% r.h., 26°C) was measured experimentally using dry (3 ± 1% W.C.), wet (31 ± 0.43% W.C.) and flooded (48.4 ± 2.45% W.C.) soils. The highest migration rates (90.4 ± 1.6% migration) in both species occurred on flooded soils when the faecal pellet W.C. reached 90%. The next highest migration rates (43.2 ± 3.6% migration, at 60% faecal W.C.) were on the wet soils and no migration occurred on dry soil or dry-substrate papers. Migration rates did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between species. Active Theba pisana were not infected by M. cf. capillaris L1 on dry infested soils, but were infected following rehydration of the same soils. By day 10, L1 of M. cf. capillaris demonstrated lower survival rates in water and in 97% and 76% r.h. (74.5%, 15.2% and 1.9%, respectively) than the Cystocaulus sp. (97.5%, 43.8%, 43.3%) and Protostrongylus sp. (97.9%, 43.2%, 23.8%, P < 0.05). All three nematodes had a remarkably high survival rate (> 99% overall survival, by day 10) when exposed directly to 0% r.h. at 23°C, Results demonstrate the ability of L1 to survive extreme desiccation through anhydrobiosis. Migration of L1 from facces to soil can take place only during rains which coincide, with peak activity of land snails in desert habitat.     

Ring-substituted quinolines. Part 2: Synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of ring-substituted quinolinecarbohydrazide and ring-substituted quinolinecarboxamide analogues

Additional structural modifications of the new chemical entity, 2,8-dicyclopentyl-4-methylquinoline (DCMQ; MIC = 6.25 μg/mL, M. tuberculosis H37Rv) resulted in the synthesis of four new series of the ring-substituted quinolinecarbohydrazides (series 1–4) constituting 22 analogues. All new derivatives were evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial activities against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Certain ring-substituted-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide analogues described herein showed good inhibitory activity. In particular, analogues 4-(1-adamantyl)-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (2d), 4,5-dicyclopentyl-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (2e), 4,8-dicyclopentyl-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (2f), and 4,5-dicyclohexyl-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (2g) have exhibited the MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. Further investigation of the most suitable lead prototype, 4-(1-adamantyl)-2-quinolinecarbohydrazide (2d, series 1) led to the synthesis of N2-alkyl/N2,N2-dialkyl/N2-aryl-4-(1-adamantyl)-2-quinolinecarboxamides (series 5) consisting of 13 analogues. Some of the synthesized carboxamides 7a, 7h, and 7m reported herein have exhibited excellent antimycobacterial activities in the range of 6.25–3.125 μg/mL against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains.     

Identification of nickel chelators in three hyperaccumulating plants: an X-ray spectroscopic study

We have investigated the accumulation of nickel in a hyperaccumulating plant from the Brassicacae family Leptoplax emarginata (Boiss.) O.E. Schulz. Two supplementary hyperaccumulating plants, which have been the subject of a high number of publications, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit and Thlaspi caerulescens J.&C. Presl, and a nonaccumulating species Aurinia saxatilis were also studied for reference. The plants were grown during 4 months in specific rhizoboxes with Ni-bearing minerals as a source of nickel. Nickel speciation was analyzed through X-ray absorption spectroscopy at Ni K-edge (X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy) in the different parts of the plants (leaves, stems and roots) and compared with aqueous solutions containing different organo-Ni(II) complexes. Carboxylic acids (citrate, malate) appeared as the main ligands responsible of nickel transfer within those plants. Citrate was found as the predominant ligand for Ni in stems of Leptoplax and Alyssum, whereas in leaves of the three plants, malate appeared as the chelating organic acid of accumulated metal. Histidine could not be detected either in leaves, stems nor roots of any studied plant sample.     

Investigation of the basis for Ni tolerance conferred by the expression of TjZnt1 and TjZnt2 in yeast strains.

Introduction of ZIP family transporter gene homologues TjZnt1 and TjZnt2 (metal ion transporters) into yeast strains conferred increased Ni(II) tolerance in that species. The action of ZIP family transporter homologues, however, could not explain the Ni resistance of yeast strains transformed with TjZnt1 and TjZnt2. To elucidate the mechanism of Ni tolerance conferred by TjZnt1 and TjZnt2 in yeast strains, we made a series of investigations based upon three hypotheses, including (1) cellular Ni efflux, (2) exclusion of Ni due to competitive uptake of other metals, and (3) Ni binding to histidine-rich domains (chelation). The critical Ni tolerance level of TjZnt2 expressing yeast strains was 1.4mM, whereas, the TjZnt1 expressing yeast strains were tolerant of Ni concentrations as high as 2.0mM. The TjZnt1 expressing yeast strain had significantly lower Ni content and significantly higher Zn content than the control and TjZnt2 expressing yeast strain. Effects of the deletion of histidine-rich domain HRD1 or HRD2, or deletion of the region from HRD1 to HRD2, resulted in the same or slightly less Ni(II) tolerance in the TjZnt1 expressing yeast strain. These data indicate that Ni tolerance of the TjZnt2 expressing yeast strain is not correlated with binding to HRDs (Hypothesis 3). Ni tolerance of TjZnt1 expressing yeast strain was, however, partially correlated with Zn influx, which suppressed Ni influx, therefore Ni influx (Hypothesis 1) and competitive inhibition of Ni influx by other metals (Hypothesis 2), remain viable hypotheses which will be subject to further testing.     

中国西南高黎贡山绿僵菌物种多样性及其垂直分布特征

云南高黎贡山具有多样化的生态系统和生物资源。为探清该地区绿僵菌属(Metarhizium)真菌的物种多样性及其不同海拔的垂直分布特征, 沿海拔梯度(600-3,800 m)在7种典型植被类型(I: 干热河谷; II: 季风常绿阔叶林; III: 暖性针叶林; IV: 中山暖性常绿阔叶林; V: 山地苔藓矮林; VI: 寒温性灌丛或草甸; VII: 流石滩稀疏植被)中调查绿僵菌资源。从生境土壤中分离菌株, 通过多基因(nrSSU、nrLSU、EF-1α、RPB1和RPB2)系统发育分析进行物种鉴定。结果表明, 高黎贡山绿僵菌物种资源丰富, 获得的161株菌株分属于12个物种(Metarhizium rileyi, M. viridulum, M. lepidiotae, M. brunneum, M. pingshaense, M. anisopliae, M. robertsii, M. guizhouense, M. indigoticum, M. pemphigi, M. campsosterni和Metacordyceps neogunnii), 其中M. indigoticum为中国新记录种, M. anisopliae complex中的物种(8种)较集中; 同时还采集到了绿僵菌的近缘属Nigelia属物种N. martiale。高黎贡山绿僵菌广泛分布于除类型VII (海拔3,600-3,800 m)外的6种植被类型(海拔600-3,400 m)中。中低海拔植被类型(I-IV)中菌株数量较多(≥23株)、物种多样性较高(4-9种), 而高海拔植被类型(V-VI)中菌株数量较少(2-8株)、物种较单一(1-2种)。中海拔的常绿阔叶林中绿僵菌资源最丰富, 其中季风常绿阔叶林(植被类型II)中的菌株数量(52株, 占总数的32.3%)和物种数(9种)最多; 中山湿性常绿阔叶林(植被类型IV)为其次(47株, 占总数的29.2%; 7种)。高黎贡山绿僵菌优势种现象明显, M. brunneum为最优势物种, 其菌株数占总数的46.6%, 在生境条件差异很大的6种植被类型(I-VI)中都存在, 说明该物种生态适应能力最强。     

Kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of native and metal-substituted beta-lactamase from Aeromonas hydrophila AE036

Five new inteins were discovered in a survey of 39 mycobacterial strains that was undertaken to clarify the role of RecA inteins in mycobacteria. They are all inserted at the RecA-b site of the recA gene of Mycobacterium chitae, M. fallax, M. gastri, M. shimodei and M. thermoresistibile and belong to the MleRecA allelic family. Sequence analysis showed that although only M. tuberculosis harbours an intein at the RecA-a site the sequence of the RecA-b site is well conserved between species. Furthermore, the presence of inteins does not correlate with specific characteristics of the species such as pathogenicity or growth rate.