Species relationships in Bulnesia as shown by seed protein electrophoresis

The seed proteins of seven species of Bulnesia were studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Some of the bands are characteristic and constant “markers” of each species; these allow the unequivocal identification of their electrophoregrams. In total 84 different bands were identified. These were treated numerically by cluster analysis. There were no constant differences between geographic races of B. arborea from Colombia and Venezuela. The electrophoregram of B. carrapo shows differences with that of B. arborea giving support to the idea that both taxa are separate allopatric species. The species pair B. foliosa-B. schickendantzii present the most similar electrophoregrams; this determines a short taxonomic distance between them in the phenogram. The Prim network shows the supposedly more primitive species (B. arborea, B. carrapo and B. bonariensis) well separated from the more advanced group (B. schickendantzii, B. foliosa and B. retama). B. sarmientoi, however, appears as rather distant and unrelated from all other taxa. In general, the results from protein electrophoresis agree with results from a previous numerical study based on 43 morphological characters.     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of rhizobia from diverse geographical origin that nodulate Pachyrhizus species

Legumes from the genus Pachyrhizus, commonly known as yam bean, are cultivated in several countries from the American continent and constitute an alternative source for sustainable starch, oil and protein production. The endosymbionts of these legumes have been poorly studied although it is known that this legume is nodulated by fast and slow growing rhizobia. In this study we have analyzed a collection of strains isolated in several countries using different phenotypic and molecular methods. The results obtained by SDS-PAGE analysis, LPS profiling and TP-RAPD fingerprinting showed the high diversity of the strains analyzed, although all of them presented slow growth in yeast mannitol agar (YMA) medium. These results were confirmed using 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and complete sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, showing that most strains analyzed belong to different species of genus Bradyrhizobium. Three strains were closely related to B. elkanii and the rest of the strains were related to the phylogenetic group constituted by B. japonicum, B. liaoningense, B. yuanmingense and B. betae. These results support that the study of rhizobia nodulating unexplored legumes in different geographical locations will allow the discovery of new species able to establish legume symbioses.     

中国南方变绿红菇近似种类“青头菌”的物种多样性

本研究以我国西南、华中和华东部分地区变绿红菇近似种类“青头菌”为研究对象,使用形态学和rDNA ITS区段核苷酸序列分析相结合的方法进行鉴定。结果表明,“青头菌”多数子实体属于变绿红菇Russula virescens复合群,其余子实体为绿桂红菇R. viridicinnamomea、红边绿菇R. viridirubrolimbata和本文描述的新种拟壳状红菇R. pseudocrustosa。在形态特征和ITS核苷酸序列方面,我国变绿红菇近似种R. aff. virescens与欧洲的变绿红菇R. virescens和北美的小变绿红菇R. parvovirescens均存在一定差异。变绿红菇近似种类在亚洲的分布范围较广,物种准确划分尚需进一步深入研究。     

Species delimitation of North American Nyssa species

The development of next-generation sequencing technologies allows researchers to address complex problems in species delimitation, especially for non-model organisms. The taxonomic status of North American Nyssa species has long been debated and remains controversial. To elucidate the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of the five currently recognized North American Nyssa species, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of representative individuals and identified genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by utilizing the recently released chromosome-level assembly of Nyssa sinensis genome. Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses consistently inferred four well-supported genetic clusters from our sampled individuals, that is, N. aquatica, N. ogeche, N. sylvatica, and N. biflora–N. ursina. Although the identification of N. biflora and N. ursina is primarily based on the morphological characteristics of leaves and drupes, the present evidence, including our principal components analysis of leaf morphological traits, strongly supports the taxonomic designation of N. biflora and N. ursina as a single species. In addition, these four genetic clusters were grouped into two major clades, that is, clade 1 (N. aquatica and N. ogeche) and clade 2 (N. sylvatica and N. biflora–N. ursina). Despite the fact that no evidence of widespread gene flow was found between these two major clades, our analyses revealed the possibility of introgression from N. sylvatica into N. biflora, albeit at a relatively low frequency. This study demonstrates the use of whole-genome sequences as a promising avenue for delimiting species boundaries and further advocates for an integrative approach in the assessment of species delimitation.     

A systematic study of North American Angelica species (Apiaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequences and fruit morphology

Angelica is a taxonomically complex genus widespread throughout the North Temperate Zone. Previous phylogenetic studies of the genus have focused primarily on its East Asian species. The relationships among its North American members, the monophyly of these species, and the value of fruit morphology in circumscribing its taxa have yet to be examined. This study represents the most comprehensive sampling of Angelica to date (100 species) and includes all 26 species in North America. Relationships are inferred using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses of ITS sequences and, for multiple accessions of each North American species, cpDNA ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL, and psbM-psbD sequences. The fruit morphological characters examined were those considered phylogenetically important in East Asian Angelica. The results revealed that the North American species fell into three major clades: North American Angelica clade, Archangelica clade, and the Eurasian Angelica clade. Angelica dawsonii has affinities with Lomatium brandegeei. Fourteen species within the North American Angelica clade were strongly supported as monophyletic. Two paraphyletic species resulted in new combinations in A. lineariloba and A. venenosa. Conflict between the ITS-derived and cpDNA-derived phylogenies and the lack of resolution in portions of the trees may be due to chloroplast capture and rapid species radiation. Fruit morphology supported some interspecific relationships based on molecular data, and relationships revealed by ITS and cpDNA data were roughly in accordance with fruit classification type and geographic distribution region, respectively. A diagnostic key based on fruit morphology is provided for the identification of the North American Angelica taxa.     

Genetic relationship between Salix exigua and other North American willows (Salix L.): Evidence from allozyme variation

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to examine the allozyme variation and the genetic relationship between Salix exigua and other North American willows. A total of 149 clonal collections comprising six willow species were analyzed for 26 putative isozyme loci. Genetic distances between species were estimated and used for distance analysis of species relationships. Individual alleles were used as characters for cladistic analysis of phylogenetic inference. Distance analysis indicates that S. exigua has approximately equal divergence to both subgenus Salix and Vetrix. Results of cladistic analysis suggest that S. exigua may be a separate group isolated from all other willows. Based on evidence of allozyme variation, it is suggested that the taxonomic placement of S. exigua within subgenus Salix need to be revised.     

三叶鬼针草与不同本地植物竞争对土壤 微生物和土壤养分的影响

入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)对我国农牧业生产造成了重大的损失。本文主要研究三叶鬼针草入侵与不同本地植物竞争对土壤微生物群落结构和土壤养分的影响。利用磷脂脂肪酸方法(phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs)测定土壤微生物群落组成, 同时测定土壤养分和酶活性, 并利用Canoco4.5软件分析了土壤微生物、土壤养分和土壤酶活性的相关性。结果表明: (1)三叶鬼针草对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、丛枝菌根真菌等土壤微生物具有较强的聚集能力, 且其根际土壤聚集的微生物类群与本地植物种类密切相关。(2)三叶鬼针草入侵显著增加了入侵地土壤的有机碳含量, 降低了铵态氮的含量; 土壤中的速效钾、速效磷和硝态氮的含量则与本地植物种类密切相关。(3)相关性分析表明, 16:00和16:1 ω5c对铵态氮的含量影响较大, 而三叶鬼针草入侵地16:00和16:1 ω5c的含量显著高于裸土对照, 进而推测这一状况导致了铵态氮含量的降低。(4) 15:1 anteiso A和18:1 ω5c与速效钾的含量呈显著正相关, 而其含量在狗尾草(Setaria viridis)中显著高于其他处理, 三叶鬼针草与狗尾草混种处理中土壤中速效钾的含量高于其他处理。以上结果说明, 三叶鬼针草通过改变土壤微生物群落结构影响了土壤酶活性和土壤养分, 且这种改变与入侵地本地植物种类有关。     

武夷山自然保护区土壤可培养芽胞杆菌 的物种多样性及分布

为了解武夷山自然保护区土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌的分布状况, 2012年6月从该保护区的黄岗山顶部、中部、底部和桐木关、挂墩、大竹岚等6个地点采集土样75份。用80℃水浴加热、稀释平板法进行芽胞杆菌的分离, 并根据16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定。从土样中分离出芽胞杆菌418株, 鉴定为8个属42个种, 其中Bacillus属的种数最多, 有20种, Paenibacillus属和Lysinibacillus属分别有8种和7种。不同地点分离到的芽胞杆菌在种类、数量上存在差异: 从大竹岚土壤中分离到的芽胞杆菌种类最多, 从黄岗山中部和底部分离到的种类数则较少; 挂墩、大竹岚土壤中芽胞杆菌的数量较大, 达3.6×10⁶ cfu/g以上, 而黄岗山顶部和中部土壤中的数量则少于4.9×10⁵ cfu/g。Bacillus cereus、B. mycoides、B. thuringiensis和Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus等4个种在6个地点的土样中均有分离到, 其中B. thuringiensis、L. xylanilyticus是该保护区土壤中的优势种。桐木关土壤中芽胞杆菌的种类多样性和均匀度指数都比其他5个地点的高, 而挂墩土壤中芽胞杆菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性、均匀度和优势度指数都最低。B. mycoides和B. thuringiensis的数量与海拔显著相关, 相关系数分别为0.852和-0.834, B. cereus、B. mycoides、B. thuringiensis的分离频度与海拔的相关性极显著, 相关系数分别为0.960、0.952和-0.931。研究结果表明, 武夷山自然保护区土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌的种类丰富、数量较大, 具有较高的多样性。     

白及根部内生真菌多样性研究

白及是地生兰科多年生草本植物,是常见的中草药之一。白及根是白及植株吸收养分和水分的主要场所,开展其根部内生真菌的群落组成及多样性分析,对了解云南原生境白及与根部内生真菌间的共生关系具有重要意义。本研究采用形态学和ITS rDNA分子系统发育分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定。结果表明,3个采样点的白及根部分离到可培养内生真菌32株,包括9个目、13个科、16个属。其中木霉属Trichoderma、镰刀菌属Fusarium、拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis为优势类群,分别占总物种数的21.88%、18.75%、9.38%;中碳垫菌属Nemania、丛赤壳属Nectria、炭角菌属Xylaria、紫霉属Purpureocillium、刺盘孢属Colletotrichum、黑孢子菌属Nigrospora、Biscogniauxia、腐质霉属Humicola、脉孢菌属Neurospora、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis、植物腐霉Phytopythium、毛霉属Mucor、伞状霉属Umbelopsis为常见内生真菌类群。α多样性指数分析表明：各采样点的白及根部内生真菌物种多样性最高的是昆明市水源保护区采样点（D=0.799,H’=1.698）,保山市龙陵县采样点物种多样性最低（D=0.787,H’=1.580）。β多样性分析采样点之间的Jaccard（0.912-0.993）、Bray-Curtis（0.838-0.986）和UniFrac（加权0.618-0.631;不加权0.770-0.799）距离,结果表明3个采样点之间的内生真菌群落组成存在差异。3个采样点的不同地理环境和土壤类型给白及提供了不同的生境条件,是影响白及根部内生真菌物种丰度和群落组成差异的主要因素之一。     

台湾地区芽胞杆菌物种多样性

了解芽胞杆菌资源多样性, 可为芽胞杆菌功能资源挖掘和菌剂开发提供基础。从台湾地区8个市(县)采集土壤样本, 从20份土壤样品中分离获得了136株芽胞杆菌, 采用16S rRNA基因同源性将其鉴定为芽胞杆菌科的2个属、20个种。分别属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)的16个种和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)的4个种。根据分离频度分析得知, 台湾地区土壤中的芽胞杆菌优势菌群为阿氏芽胞杆菌(Bacillus aryabhattai)、苏云金芽胞杆菌(B. thuringiensis)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(B. cereus), 其他种类分布极其不均匀。芽胞杆菌Shannon多样性指数为1.2925-2.5850, 最高的为台中市和嘉义市(2.5850), 最低的为桃园县(1.2925)。根据分离频度对芽胞杆菌种类的聚类分析显示, 当欧式距离λ = 20时, 芽胞杆菌种类可分为高频度分布类型如阿氏芽胞杆菌(B. aryabhattai), 低频度分布类型如简单芽胞杆菌(B. simplex)。依据分离频度对8个采样点间的聚类分析未发现采样点间的芽胞杆菌种类分布的相关性。本研究认为台湾地区土壤中蕴藏着丰富芽胞杆菌种类多样性高, 具有很大的开发潜力。     

Phylogenomics and biogeography of Wisteria: Implications on plastome evolution among inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) legumes

The genus Wisteria (Fabaceae) is disjunctly distributed in eastern Asian and eastern North American temperate deciduous forests, and it is widely cultivated around the world as spectacular garden plants. It is a member of inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC). The IRLC Species are characterized by the loss of an IR region in their plastomes, which has long been of great interest. In this research, we report whole plastome sequences from all four Wisteria species and a Wisteriopsis japonica, combining these with existing data to explore phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Wisteria, as well as plastome evolution of IRLC species. Phylogenetic analyses recognized a clade containing Glycyrrhiza–Wisteriopsis–Wisteria as sister to the remaining genera of IRLC. North American Wisteria frutescens and the three Asian species formed reciprocal clades, and Wisteria brachybotrys was sister to Wisteria floribunda and Wisteria sinensis. Wisteria may have originated in Japan near the boundary of the Oligocene and Miocene. The disappearance of Bering Land Bridge in the late Miocene might lead to the Eastern Asian–Eastern North American disjunction of Wisteria. Allopatric speciation of Wisteria between the Japanese archipelago and the Asian continent in the Quaternary increased the species richness of eastern Asia in comparison with eastern North America. Synonymous substitution rates (d_S) of protein-coding genes in the IRLC species were around 2-fold (SC genes) or 11-fold (IR genes) higher than those of non-IRLC species. For both SC and IR genes, herbaceous legumes have around 3-fold higher d_S than woody ones. Both loss of one IR region and herbaceous habit elevated substitution rates of the plastomes.     

阔叶丰花草与2种菊科植物之间的化感作用

阔叶丰花草是一种适用于华南果园生草控草的一年生植物。为了揭示阔叶丰花草与果园常见杂草之间的竞争关系,研究了阔叶丰花草与两种菊科植物(胜红蓟和白花鬼针草)之间的化感作用。结果表明: 10～50 mg·mL^-1的阔叶丰花草水浸液处理显著抑制胜红蓟和白花鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的胚根长分别比对照降低57.4%～90.2%和57.3%～62.3%。胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液对阔叶丰花草种子萌发也有较强的化感效应,在50 mg·mL^-1的浓度处理下,阔叶丰花草种子几乎不能萌发。经10 mg·mL^-1阔叶丰花草水浸液处理30 d后,胜红蓟播种苗的净光合作用、株高和生物量分别比对照降低15.2%、20.6%和41.5%,白花鬼针草播种苗的生物量也出现下降趋势;但胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液处理对阔叶丰花草播种苗生长的影响均不显著。在混种条件下,阔叶丰花草的生物量与单种的水平相当,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的生物量则分别比单种降低86.0%和27.1%。与胜红蓟和白花鬼针草相比,阔叶丰花草的化感优势在于除了能抑制对方的种子萌发,也能抑制其植株生长。     

华北区域环境梯度上阔叶林构建模式及分布成因

森林群落的构建即多样性维持机制是当今生态学研究的热点问题。然而, 当前群落构建和群落多样性的研究多在间接梯度上进行, 而在水、热等影响物种在区域内定植的关键且直接的环境梯度上研究群落构建和多样性模式则鲜有报道。结合环境因子, 基于物种组成和谱系方法探讨不同群落的分布成因, 有助于解释群落构建过程中的关键问题。该研究基于华北森林群落调查数据和环境数据, 涉及7个省市区的29个以壳斗科、桦木科为优势种的群落, 探讨了直接环境梯度上的群落构建和多样性模式, 同时用典范对应分析研究了不同群落分布的环境解释。结果发现, 相似的群落具有相似的生境偏好, 相似的生境条件会形成物种组成相同或相似的群落。环境热量主导了本区域的谱系关系, 在年平均气温较低的地区, 群落构建主要表现为生境过滤的模式。此外, 随着年降水量的增加, 生境过滤作用逐渐增加。在温度梯度上, 谱系多样性表现为钟形模式, 而降水量的增加能导致谱系多样性的增加。     

Responses of four Brassica species to sodium chloride

Responses in sand culture of four Brassica species, B. campestris, B. carinata, B. juncea and B. napus to NaCl were assessed for growth and yield. B. napus produced significantly greater fresh and dry biomass than the other three species in NaCl treatments and also a higher seed yield in both absolute and relative terms when grown at 125 mol/m³ NaCl. In contrast, B. campestris had the lowest biomass production, seed yield and oil content. B. campestris did not differ significantly from B. juncea and B. carinata in biomass production for growth, but B. carinata had a significantly higher seed yield (1.60 g/plant) than that of B. juncea and B. campestris (0.69 and 0.61 g/plant, respectively). The higher seed yielding species, B. napus (1.74 g/plant) and B. carinata (1.60 g/plant) accumulated lower amounts of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in their tissues and had significantly higher K selectivity (S_K,Na) in their shoots than did those of B. campestris and B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata also had higher leaf succulence than that of B. campestris. In view of the results presented here it can be concluded that B. napus and B. carinata are relatively tolerant to NaCl whereas B. campestris and B. juncea are relatively sensitive to NaCl.     

中国东部和南部小檗属植物之研究

我国小檗属植物种类十分丰富,据文献记载共有200余种,主要分布于西部和南部地区。东部和南部种类虽然较少,但迄今尚未见有较全面的整理和报导,故名称亦混乱。作者在编写《广东植物志》的过程中,对这一地区(包括广西、广东、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建)的小檗属进行了初步的研究,发现了一些新分类群和分布新纪录,归并了B.chekiangensis Ahrendt和B.pingjiangensis Q.L.Chen et B.M.Yang,已知这一地区共有14种,2亚种和1变种。现将结果整理成文,内容包括已知种类的检索表、产地、分布以及对部分种类的评注和讨论。文中所引证的标本,凡未加标本室缩写代号者,均存华南植物研究所标本室。     

Annotated key to the trematode species infecting Batillaria attramentaria (Prosobranchia: Batillariidae) as first intermediate host

In eastern Asia and western North America at least nine morphologically distinguishable species of digenean trematode infect the mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria (Sowerby 1855) (=B. cumingi (Crosse 1862)), as first intermediate host. Further, molecular and morphological evidence indicates that several of these trematode species comprise complexes of cryptic species. I present an identification key to these nine trematode morphospecies (including four newly reported species). Additionally, I provide an annotated list, which includes further diagnostic information on the larval stages (cercariae, parthenitae, and metacercariae), information on second intermediate host use, links to the previous relevant reports of trematodes infecting B. attramentaria and notes on other aspects of the species' biology.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Fagus (Fagaceae) based on 28 nuclear single/low-copy loci

Fagus L. is a key component in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, its biogeographic history has not been examined under the framework of a fully resolved and reasonably time-calibrated phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced 28 nuclear single/low-copy loci (18 555 bp in total) of 11 Fagus species/segregates and seven outgroups. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using both concatenation-based (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) and coalescent-based methods (StarBEAST2, ASTRAL). The monophyly of two subgenera (Fagus and Engleriana) and most sections was well supported, except for sect. Lucida, which was paraphyletic with respect to sect. Longipetiolata. We also found a major phylogenetic conflict among North American, East Asian, and West Eurasian lineages of subgen. Fagus. Three segregates that have isolated distribution (F. mexicana, F. multinervis, and F. orientalis) were independent evolutionary units. Biogeographic analysis with fossils suggested that Fagus could have originated in the North Pacific region in late early Eocene. Major diversifications coincided with a climate aberration at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and the global cooling since mid-Miocene. The late Miocene accelerated global cooling and the Pleistocene glaciations would have driven beeches into East Asia, North America, and West Eurasia. Meanwhile, range reduction and extinction in high latitudes, central Asia, and western North America converged to form the beech modern distribution pattern. This study provides a first attempt to disentangle the biogeographic history of beeches in the context of a nearly resolved and time-calibrated phylogeny, which could shed new insights into the formation of the temperate biome in the Northern Hemisphere.     

African origin and global distribution patterns: Evidence inferred from phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Strobilomyces

Aim

The ectomycorrhizal genus Strobilomyces is widely distributed throughout many parts of the world, but its origin, divergence and distribution patterns remain largely unresolved. In this study, we aim to explore the species diversity, distribution and evolutionary patterns of Strobilomyces on a global scale by establishing a general phylogenetic framework with extensive sampling.

Location

Africa, Australasia, East Asia, Europe, North America, Central America and Southeast Asia.

Methods

The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition method was used to delimit phylogenetic species. Divergence times were estimated using a Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock. The ancestral area and host of Strobilomyces were inferred via the programs rasp and mesquite . The change of diversification rate over time was estimated using Ape, Laser and Bammtools software packages.

Results

We recognize a novel African clade and 49 phylogenetic species with morphological evidence, including 18 new phylogenetic species and 23 previously described ones. Strobilomyces probably originated in Africa, in association with Detarioideae/Phyllanthaceae/Monotoideae during the early Eocene. The dispersal to Southeast Asia can be explained by Wolfe's “Boreotropical migration” hypothesis. East Asia, Australasia, Europe and North/Central America are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Oligocene or later. A rapid radiation implied by one diversification shift was inferred within Strobilomyces during the Miocene.

Main conclusions

An unexpected phylogenetic species diversity within Strobilomyces was uncovered. The highest diversity, resulting probably from a rapid radiation, was found in East Asia. Dispersal played an important role in the current distribution pattern of Strobilomyces. The Palaeotropical disjunction is explained by species dispersal from Africa to Southeast Asia through boreotropical forests during the early Eocene. Species from the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia are largely derived from immigrant ancestors from Southeast Asia.     

蒙古栎次生林群落结构及优势种群点格局分析

为探求大小兴安岭过渡区物种共存、生物多样性保护与维持机制,以黑龙江中央站黑嘴松鸡国家级自然保护区蒙古栎天然次生林25 hm²固定样地调查数据为基础,从群落物种组成、结构特征、径级结构以及优势种群的空间点格局分析对该样地进行分析。结果表明：样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的维管植物10种,活立木共 34 778株,平均密度1 392株·hm^-2。其中,重要值大于10%的物种共计4种,依次为蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb.）、黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall.）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）、兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii（Rupr.）Kuzen）,占全样地的89.65%。该样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性H′、Simpson多样性D、Pielou均匀度指数J分别为1.577、0.760、0.685。表明该群落稀有物种较少,常见种比例较大,群落结构较为简单。样地内所有树种平均胸径10.77 cm。群落内总径级分布呈“倒J型”,符合典型异龄林的分布特征。黑桦、白桦径级分布近似“倒J型”,属于增长种群,蒙古栎种群径级结构为双峰型。兴安落叶松种群径级近似正态分布,有随演替进行逐渐消失的趋势,属于该群落的衰退种。在CSR模型下,4种优势种群的空间格局主要表现为聚集分布,且聚集程度随尺度增加聚集程度减弱,最终呈现随机或均匀分布趋势。在NS模型下,除兴安落叶松外,其余3种植株在小尺度（0~5 m）表现聚集性,可能是受种子的扩散限制的影响。对比4种优势种群,聚集强度表现为黑桦＞白桦＞蒙古栎＞兴安落叶松,因此我们推断群落内不同种群的聚集强度不仅与研究尺度相关,与种群的多度也存在一定的相关关系。