Further Observations on the Minimum Intercellular Space Carbon-Dioxide Concentration ({Gamma}) of Maize Leaves and the Postulated Roles of 'Photo-respiration' and Glycollate Metabolism

The elevated -values of maize leaves under water strain havebeen found to be due to a reduction in the rate of carbon-dioxideintake during photosynthesis; these -values do not respond tochanges in the concentration of oxygen. No evidence has beenfound of an increased rate of carbon-dioxide evolution fromilluminated maize leaves under water strain (photo-respiration)although the presence of glycollate in these leaves could bedemonstrated.     

The Minimum Intercellular-space CO2-Concentration (T) of Maize Leaves and its Influence on Stomatal Movements

Unlike other leaves investigated, maize leaves were found tobe able to exhaust atmospheric CO₂-content to zero concentration.This occurred at 20? C. with a light intensity of 100 f.c. andat 30? C. with a light intensity of 500 f.c. The influences of temperature, light intensity, and waterstrainon this property of maize leaves were investigated systematicallyand a permanent aftereffect of waterstrain on the leaves wasfound. Stomatal conductance measurements showed that maize stomataare sensitive to CO₂-concentrations between zero and 100 p.p.m.,a circumstance not yet reported for other leaves.     

小麦和大豆叶片的气孔不均匀关闭现象

用14CO2放射自显影的方法研究了田间小麦和大豆叶片在水分胁迫下的气孔关闭状况。正常浇水的小麦和大豆叶片呈现出对14CO2的均匀吸收。在小麦与大豆"片水势分别降至-1．75和-1．32MPa的土壤干旱条件下,两种作物叶片都发生气孔不均匀关闭。离休叶片在空气中快速脱水易引起气孔不均匀关闭。正常供水小麦叶片在晴天中午明显的光合午休时,无CO2的不均匀吸收。某些晴天中午,在大豆光合午休低谷时段观察到较明显的气孔不均匀关闭,用气体交换资料计算出的细胞间隙CO2浓度并不随气孔年度的降低而下降,反而略有回升。     

Rates of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Relation to Stomatal Movements in Leaves Treated with {alpha}-Hydroxysulphonate and Glycollate

Leaves of tobacco and Xanthium pennsylvanicum were treated withsolutions of -hydroxysulphonate and glycollate in normal air.During the treatment with -hydroxysulphonate the intercellular-spacecarbon dioxide concentration of the leaves increased owing toa decrease in photosynthetic activity. It seems probable thatthese increases in internal carbon dioxide concentration werethe cause of stomatal closure, because when treated leaves wereflushed with carbon dioxide free air the stomata reopened. Experimentalresults also showed that the accumulation of glycollate, resultingfrom treatment with -hydroxysulphonate, could not be held responsiblefor stomatal closure because treatment with glycollate alonehad no influence on either the internal carbon dioxide concentrationor on the stomata of the leaves.     

The Minimum Intercellular-Space Carbon-dioxide Concentration in Leaves of the Palm Phoenix reclinata

Leaves of Phoenix reclinata respond both to high temperatureand to water-strain with sudden and marked increase in theirminimum intercellular-space carbon-dioxide concentration. Theleaves of Phoenix reclinata which had been grown in the opencountry did not suffer a significant after-effect from beingexposed to experimentally imposed water-strain.     

保卫细胞碳代谢与气孔运动

作为气孔运动渗透调节的代谢基础 ,气孔保卫细胞的碳代谢有特殊的调控机理。本文介绍了气孔保卫细胞中参与碳代谢的主要酶的特性及调控特点 ,特别是保卫细胞叶绿体中催化苹果酸形成的PEP羧化酶 ,其磷酸化和去磷酸化参与了保卫细胞信号传递。保卫细胞碳代谢调控在气孔运动调节中的作用 ,并讨论了保卫细胞碳代谢与能量代谢的关系     

接种叶锈菌的小麦叶片胞间洗脱液对叶肉细胞原生质体微丝骨架的影响

用异硫氰酸 鬼笔环肽 (FITC Ph)标记和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜 (CLSM )观察发现 ,以具有激发子活性的接种叶锈菌的小麦叶片的胞间洗脱液 (IWF)处理叶肉细胞原生质体一定时间后 ,抗病小麦品种洛夫林 10的原生质体内微丝骨架保持完整的网络状结构 ,而感病品种 5 389的大部分微丝骨架处于解聚状态。同时 ,抗病品种因IWF处理诱发的防卫反应———H2 O2 突发和HR反应的程度 (用原生质体活力下降的程度表示 )也大大高于感病品种。用细胞松弛素D(CD)预处理抗病品种原生质体可以明显抑制IWF处理诱发的H2 O2突发和HR反应 ,表明微丝骨架的状态可能与抗病性有密切的关系 ,完整的微丝骨架是H2 O2 突发和HR反应的一个重要条件。     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Salt Type and Concentration on 14CO2 Fixation in Potato Slices at 25{degrees} C and 0{degrees} C

Dark fixation of ¹⁴CO₂ was followed in potato disks under varyingsalt treatments at 0° C and 25° C. It is shown thatthe specific activity of the ¹⁴CO₂ supplied is heavily dilutedby endogenously produced CO₂ and that the apparently greaterfixation of ¹⁴CO₂, at 0° C as compared with that at 25 °C is due to the lower respiration rate at 0° C, with consequentlyless dilution of the ¹⁴CO₂. supplied. At 25° C organic acidformation in response to different salt treatments fulfils thecommon expectation, ¹⁴CO₂ fixation increasing in the presenceof K₂SO₄ and decreasing in CaCl₂ relative to that in KCl. Therole of organic acids in maintaining ionic balance within thecell at 25° C is thereby indicated but at 0° C organicacid adjustments did not follow the normal pattern. At 25°C but not at o° C increasing external concentration of KCIresulted in an increased level of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation.     

Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration on the Stomatal Parameters of Rice Cultivars

The response of stomatal parameters of four rice cultivars to atmospheric elevated CO₂ concentration (EC) was studied using open top chambers. EC brought about reduction in stomatal conductance and increase in stomatal index, size of stomatal guard cells, stroma, and epidermal cells. Such acclimation helped the regulation of photosynthesis to EC. These changes in stomatal characters made rice cultivars adjustable to EC environment.     

Part of the Lysyl Residues in Wheat {alpha}-Amylase is Methylated as N-{varepsilon}-Trimethyl Lysine

Amino acid analyses of wheat -amylase purified from germinatingseeds by affinity chromatography showed a high content of amodified lysyl residue. The modified residue was identifiedas N--trimethyl lysine. The presence of trimethyl lysine in-amylase is discussed in terms of isozymes. ¹ Present address: National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10,Rm. 9B-15, Bethesda, MD 20205, U.S.A. (Received August 20, 1981; Accepted March 19, 1982)     

Effects of Small Water Stresses on Cell Turgor and Intercellular Space

A link was sought between small water stresses and the larger metabolic changes that accompany them. A simple infiltration weight method of measuring percentage intercellular space is described and its errors evaluated. It yielded values for leaves (16–35%) similar to those recorded elsewhere by the pycnometer method. The percentage of intercellular space decreased to 0–50% of the value in turgid leaves with a simultaneous loss of turgor only in the sunflower leaves. Turgor remained constant in the orange leaves. Similar results were obtained with the pycnometer method. Measurements revealed that the total or most of the decrease in the volume of sunflower leaves on loss of turgor was due to a decrease in area: the smaller decrease in the volume of orange leaves was entirely due to a decrease in thickness. It is suggested that the sclerophyll nature of the orange leaves is an adaptation to prevent a secondary O₂-deficit stress on exposure to a water stress.     

水分亏缺对番茄叶片气孔特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

以'辽园多丽'番茄为材料,在塑料大棚内设置每桶2 000(CK)、1 500(Ti),1 000(Tz)、506(T3)和300 mL(T4)5个灌水量处理,利用扫描和透射电镜观察了处理结束时和恢复灌水10 d后番茄叶片的气孔特性和叶绿体的超微结构.结果表明:(1)番茄叶片的总气孔密度、关闭的气孔数及其与总气孔密度的比值随着水分亏缺程度的增加而增大.气孔器的长、宽和开张度则逐渐变小;(2)恢复灌水10 d后,番茄叶片总气孔密度和关闭气孔数均下降,气孔器开张度增大.T,和T2基本恢复至CK水平.但T3和T4与CK差距仍较大.(3)水分亏缺条件下,叶绿体形状细长.被膜完整度下降,T3和T4处理的被膜解体;单位叶绿体基粒数下降,脂滴和淀粉粒数增加;T3处理的叶绿体片层结构松散弯曲,而T4无完整片层结构;恢复灌水后10 d,轻度水分亏缺处理(T1和T2)的叶片气孔和叶绿体超微结构恢复正常,而严霞水分亏缺(T3和T4)却对番茄叶片光合器官造成不可逆伤害,严重影响其光合作用.     

Effects of Phenylmercuric Acetate on Stomatal Movement and Transpiration of Excised Retula papyrifera Marsh. Leaves

Effects of 10⁻³m, 10⁻⁴m, and 10⁻⁵m phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) on stomatal movement and transpiration of excised Betula papyrifera leaves were investigated. Duco cement leaf prints and transpiration decline curves were used for the analysis of stomatal condition. PMA induced stomatal closure and decreased transpiration. Stomata of leaves treated with any of the 3 PMA concentrations closed earlier and at a higher relative water content than did stomata of untreated leaves. As determined from transpiration decline curves, PMA at 10⁻³m caused an increase in apparent “cuticular” transpiration. However, the increase appeared to result largely from some PMA-poisoned stomata which remained open for prolonged periods. Considerable PMA toxicity was observed, with 10⁻³m and 10⁻⁴m concentrations causing browning of leaves. PMA treatment caused a decrease in chlorophyll content, even at a low PMA concentration (10⁻⁵m) which influenced stomatal response only slightly and did not cause evident browning of leaves. The time and degree of stomatal opening varied with stomatal size. Large stomata tended to open earlier and close later than small stomata. Hence, in Betula papyrifera stomata of various size classes were considered as physiologically different populations.     

The Effect of Kinetin on Stomatal Opening and the Rate of Intake of Carbon Dioxide in Mature Primary Leaves of Barley

Treatment of mature primary leaves of barley with 3x10^–6M solutions of kinetin resulted in increased rates of net assimilationof carbon dioxide. The resulting reduction in the concentrationof carbon dioxide inside the leaves was considered as one factorcausing the observed decreases in stomatal resistances, but,in addition, kinetin appeared to affect the stomatal mechanismdirectly.     

Experimental Studies of the Relation between Carbon Assimilation and Stomatal Movement: II. The Use of the Resistance Porometer in estimating Stomatal Aperture and Diffusive Resistance

Two purely physical sources of error in the ‘resistanceporometer’ as ordinarily used are considered to be ofappreciable importance, viz. that due to the flow through theleaf being augmented with water vapour which is removed againby a drying agent before the air passes through the standardcapillary, and that due to the leaf temperature differing fromthe capillary temperature. In a bad case the total error mightamount to 10 or 15 per cent. of the ‘leaf resistance’. Modifications to deal with these sources of error and with themore important errors due to the responses of the enclosed stomatato variations in CO₂ supply are described.