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David Hunkeler 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(5):291-298
Metrics are a prerequisite for the successful monitoring and management of progress toward goals. Within the context of sustainable
development these “values” are stakeholder dependent with the interests of the individual, society, the environmental infrastructure
and intergenerational liability differing significantly. These stakeholder priorities may also be mutually inconsistent or
simultaneously unattainable. Therefore, a set of scale- and value-specific indicators will he required to represent the priorities
of individuals, religious organizations, political and public interest groups, non-government organizations, firms and industry
associations, as well as national and international institutions. Restricting the number of ecometrics, or creating aggregated
sustainability indicators, risks disenfranchisement and ivalidation respectively.
Over the past three decades a series ofmicroecometrics have been developed to account for the impact of human activity, technology or products over regional, national, and sub-continental
scales. These include life cycle energy consumption, dematerialization, waste minimization, as well as design for environment
and eco-efficiency indicators, the latter two combining technological or economic aspects respectively with environmental
factors.Metrics which evaluate the impact of a service, or the utility provided by a product, are lacking. A series of global measures, or macroecometrics have also been defined and include the average annual temperature as well
as atmospheric compositions and concentrations, sea level, and earth based resources such as topsoil quantities. The validity
of microecometrics as measures of global phenomena can be established through life cycle impact assessments which evaluate
the “system’s” response to effects of products or services throughout their life cycle. However, the link between microecometrics
and macroecometrics, their validity as indicators of sustainability, the subjectivity of sustainable developmentper se as a value, and the relationship of metrics and sustainable development with family values has not extensively been addressed.
This paper summarizes recently proposed ecometrics, calls for the recognition of the subjectivity of indicators, the distinction
between ecometrics used for internal corporate reporting and external decision making, and the establishment of a representative
multistakeholder debate. 相似文献