Immunological structure of the populations of the upper and middle Volga River regions in relation to the causative agent of yersiniosis and its determining factors

The study of the immunological structure of the population in respect of intestinal yersiniosis at territories with different hydrothermal conditions has revealed the presence of a greater immune stratum (23.9% with the average agglutination titer being 1.8 +/- 0.09 log D) in humid areas, such as the region of the Upper Volga, in comparison with dry areas, such as the region of the Middle Volga, where the level of the immune stratum has proved to be twice as low (10.6% with the average agglutination titer being 0.8 +/- 0.1 log D). At both territories no essential differences in the risk of infection between the inhabitants of rural and urban areas, as well as between different professional and age groups have been revealed, with the exception of persons over 51 years of age, among whom the occurrence of seroconversions has proved to be lower.     

The immune structure of the population of the Bashkir ASSR in connection with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and the relation of indices of collective immunity to morbidity and the nature of the landscape

The study of 9,176 serum samples obtained from all regions and 15 cities of Bashkiria, carried out by the method of radioimmunoassay with the use of the antigen of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS), has revealed considerable differences in the size of the natural immune stratum of the population (43.9-0.8%). The size of such immune stratum characterizes the activity of natural foci: the largest immune stratum (25.4%) exists among the population of regions with broad-leaved forests, this stratum is somewhat less (12.2-13.2%) in regions with combined coniferous and broad-leaved forest, in regions with different combinations of broad-leaved forests and steppes, as well as mountain forests. On the A?sko-Kungurskaia forest-steppe territory and in regions characterized by a combination of steppe areas with mountain forests the immune stratum has been found to be even lesser (7.3-8.4%). The least immune stratum (3.4%) exists in steppe regions. By comparing the percentage of the population immune to HFRS and having had the diagnosis of HFRS over the period of 30 years the quality of the clinical diagnosis of this infection on the given territory may be determined.     

Antidiphtheria immunity in adult population of the Orenburg region

The analysis of the level of antidiphtheria immunity in different age group of the adult population has shown that postvaccinal immunity resulting from immunization with adsorbed DT toxoid with reduced antigen content gradually decreases after the period of two years. The immune stratum remains sufficiently numerous only among persons aged 18-27 years (93.3%), persons over 38 years constitute a high risk group with respect to the possibility of diphtheria infection: the proportion of persons protected against this infection amounts to 71.3% in the age group of 38-47 years and 54.9% in the age group over 48 years, that is not sufficient.     

The intensity of the immune response to the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus among different population groups of Bashkortostan]

For the first time the natural immune stratum to hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) among the population of all regions of Bashkiria, a large territory with the highest morbidity level in this infection in the USSR, was studied. 9,176 persons over 15 years of age were examined by radioimmune techniques. Analysis of the immune structure of the population revealed that the share of immune males was higher than that of immune females, but the difference was less than the difference between males and females among the registered HFRS patients. Among children immune persons were almost completely absent. The immune stratum increased rather slowly among persons under 40 years, and only from this age the considerable increase of the immune stratum was observed (up to 16.2%). High risk groups included persons of such professions as forestry workers, truck and tractor drivers, oil workers and prospectors, livestock breeders, builders. These data may be used for the formation of groups to be vaccinated against HFRS in foci with different degrees of activity. Before vaccination the correction of groups to be vaccinated in a given region should be carried out, taking into account the immune structure of the population and the specific features of the local landscape and economy.     

布地奈德联合孟鲁司特钠对支气管哮喘患儿细胞因子、免疫功能影响

目的:探讨布地奈德联合孟鲁司特钠对支气管哮喘患儿细胞因子、免疫功能影响。方法:选自我院于2014年9月~2016年3月期间收治的支气管哮喘患儿96例,依据随机数字表法随机分为观察组与对照组,每组48例。对照组给予孟鲁司特钠治疗,观察组在对照组基础上结合布地奈德治疗。两组疗程均为4周。观察并比较两组的临床疗效、以及治疗前后患者血清细胞因子水平、免疫功能及肺功能的变化情况。结果:观察组治疗总有效率(95.83%)高于对照组(79.17%)(P0.05);观察组血清IL-5含量治疗后低于对照组,而IL-12含量高于对照组(P0.05);观察组血清Ig E含量治疗后低于对照组,而Ig A、Ig M含量高于对照组(P0.05);观察组FEV1和FVC治疗后高于对照组(P0.05);两组均未见明显不良反应。结论:布地奈德联合孟鲁司特钠治疗支气管哮喘患儿疗效显著,且作用可能与改善细胞因子、免疫功能及肺功能有关。     

Immune structure of the pediatric population in relation to the mumps virus and the morbidity of serous meningitis of mumps etiology in Sverdlovsk

The work presents the results of the longterm study of regularities in the formation of herd immunity to mumps virus in children in Sverdlovsk with due regard to vaccination carried out in this city and morbidity level in serous meningitis of mumps etiology. The inverse correlation between the number of seropositive persons in the total child population and the level of morbidity in the nervous form of mumps has been established. No differences in the size of the immune stratum and the intensity of immunity to mumps virus among boys and girls have been revealed. Vaccination against mumps, carried out at the period of a natural drop in mumps morbidity, has produced no essential effect on the level of herd immunity, though it has led to a considerable decrease in the incidence of serous meningitis of mumps etiology.     

Immune stratum of the population in relation to the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis

The state of population immunity may be controlled by analyses of placental, abortion, and donor blood. The existence of a high direct correlation between the level of the immune stratum of the population and pseudotuberculosis morbidity has been revealed. Regression equations suitable for the prognostication of pseudotuberculosis morbidity have been obtained by means of computers.     

双歧杆菌四联活菌片对肝硬化腹泻患者肠道sIgA水平和细胞免疫功能的影响及疗效观察

目的探讨双歧杆菌四联活菌片对肝硬化腹泻患者肠道sIgA水平和细胞免疫功能的影响及疗效观察。方法选择肝硬化腹泻患者90例,随机分为对照组和观察组。两组患者均予以低盐饮食、保肝利尿和纠正水电解质紊乱等治疗。观察组加用双歧杆菌四联活菌片1.5 g,3次/d,连用6周。观察两组患者治疗前后肠道sIgA水平和细胞免疫功能的变化,并比较其临床疗效。结果治疗6周后,两组患者肠道sIgA水平较前明显上升（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且观察组上升比对照组更明显（P〈0.05）;观察组CD4＋水平及CD4＋/CD8＋比值较前明显上升（P〈0.05）,CD8＋水平较前变化不明显（P〉0.05）,而对照组治疗前后CD4＋、CD8＋和CD4＋/CD8＋比值无明显改变（P〉0.05）;同时观察组患者的临床总有效率为93.33%,明显高于对照组的73.33%（χ2=6.48,P〈0.05）。结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗肝硬化腹泻具有较好疗效,能提高肠道sIgA水平和纠正外周血T淋巴细胞亚群紊乱,从而增强肠道局部黏膜防御力和机体细胞免疫功能。     

中药药浴联合卤米松乳膏对银屑病患者角质层神经酰胺及屏障功能的影响

摘要 目的：研究中药药浴联合卤米松乳膏对银屑病患者角质层神经酰胺及屏障功能的影响。方法：本研究招募2020年3月~2021年5月在我院皮肤门诊科就诊的80例银屑病患者,所有患者经临床病理确诊寻常型银屑病。其中男性患者52例,女性患者28例,患者年龄23~72岁,平均年龄48.29±6.33岁。实验分为两组：对照组（常规药物治疗）和观察组（中药药浴联合卤米松乳膏进行治疗）。观察患者病情康复情况,据PASI评分比较银屑病患者的总体严重程度,通过DLQI评分和VAS评估患者皮肤干燥和脱屑,通过电容检测和经表皮失水评估银屑病患者皮肤的水化程度和屏障功能,通过反相-液相色谱-质谱法分析患者角质层细胞中神经酰胺Cer和Cer（[NP]/[NS]）。通过蛋白印迹检测患者病变区域VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2的蛋白表达。结果：（1）根据PASI比较银屑病患者的总体严重程度,治疗前3周,两组患者PASI评分比较无差别（P>0.05）,第5周、8周和12周观察组较对照组的PASI评分降低（P<0.05）。（2）观察组较对照组DLQI和VAS评分降低（P<0.05）。（3）观察组较对照组病患者病变皮肤的电容增大,经表皮水分降低（P<0.05）。（4）观察组组较对照组Cer含量和Cer（[NP]/[NS]）升高（P<0.05）。（5）观察组较对照组VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2的蛋白表达降低。结论：中药药浴联合卤米松乳膏通过提高银屑病患者Cer的含量和Cer（[NP]/[NS]比率,维持角质层细胞的屏障功能,从而改善患者的皮肤干燥和瘙痒,角质层神经酰胺及屏障功能。     

益生菌联合早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者临床疗效及肠道免疫水平的影响

目的探讨益生菌与早期肠内营养联合使用对重型颅脑损伤患者的临床疗效及肠道免疫功能的影响。方法选取在东南大学医学院附属江阴医院进行诊治的86例重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组43例。对照组患者营养支持方案为伤后经鼻胃管持续泵入康全力肠内营养混悬液,观察组则在对照组的基础上加用益生菌,所有患者均治疗2周。对治疗过程中患者并发症发生情况以及治疗后的GOS评分、免疫功能指标进行评价和比较。结果(1)治疗过程中,观察组患者感染、腹胀腹泻、消化道出血、糖代谢紊乱和应激性溃疡的发生率均明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者GOS评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)治疗后,2组患者血清IgA、IgG、IgM和补体C3、C4以及Th1/Th2水平的改善情况均明显优于同组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组患者各项指标改善程度明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者联合使用益生菌与早期肠内营养,不仅可以明显减少感染、消化道不良反应等并发症的发生、改善预后,而且可以明显提高患者的免疫功能,值得推广。     

腹腔镜与开腹手术对进展期胃癌患者围手术期疗效及免疫功能的影响

目的:研究腹腔镜与开腹手术对进展期胃癌患者围手术期疗效及免疫功能的影响。方法:选择从2015年9月到2016年8月在医院治疗的进展期胃癌患者124例作为研究对象,依照简单数字随机表法将患者分成观察组以及对照组各含62例,对观察组进行腹腔镜辅助手术,对照组则给予开腹手术,对比两组围术期疗效相关指标,手术前后的免疫功能指标CD4~+、CD8~+及CD4~+/CD8~+),以及两组术后的并发症。结果:观察组的手术时间明显长于对照组,且切口长度、出血量少于对照组,住院时间和术后排气时间均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后两组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均较术前明显降低,而CD8~+水平明显上升,且术后观察组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后观察组并发症的总发生率是4.84%,明显低于对照组的16.13%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利用腹腔镜手术治疗进展期胃癌,具有较好的疗效,且对患者免疫功能产生的影响较小,安全性较高,值得给予推广。     

沙美特罗/氟替卡松吸入治疗对COPD患者临床疗效及 口咽部菌群和免疫功能的影响

目的研究沙美特罗/氟替卡松吸入治疗对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者临床疗效及口咽部菌群和免疫功能的影响。方法选取我院2015年1月至2017年12月确诊的COPD II-III级患者92例。按照随机数字表将研究对象随机分为研究组和对照组,每组46例。所有研究对象给予持续低通量吸氧、抗感染、祛痰止咳、解痉平喘等对症支持治疗,并服用盐酸氨溴索治疗。研究组在常规治疗基础上加用沙美特罗/氟替卡松干粉剂。观察患者临床疗效,记录患者肺功能指标并测定CD_4~+细胞、CD_8~+细胞、CD_4~+/CD_8~+、IgA、IgM和IgG水平。采集患者的咽拭子进行培养,计算菌落比例并鉴定种属。结果治疗后,研究组总有效率为93.48%,明显高于对照组的80.43%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。肺功能指标显示治疗后两组患者肺功能均有所上升,研究组肺功能指标水平上升幅度大于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后研究组患者CD_4~+细胞和CD_4~+/CD_8~+水平高于对照组,而CD_8~+细胞水平低于照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前后免疫球蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后研究组患者发现9种细菌,对照组发现6种,各菌株的构成比具有一定差异。结论沙美特罗/氟替卡松对COPD患者临床疗效显著,能有效提升肺功能,改善患者免疫功能,对口咽部菌群的影响较小,提示该吸入治疗方法值得临床应用推广。     

小儿肺炎支原体感染后免疫功能的变化规律及其临床意义

目的:探讨小儿感染肺炎支原体后对免疫功能的影响,总结其变化规律及其临床意义。方法:选择2009年12月至2011年12月我院收治的55例肺炎支原体感染患儿作为观察对象,设为观察组,选择同期50例健康儿童作为对照,设为对照组。采用细胞酶免疫分析法测定T淋巴细胞亚群以及淋巴细胞表面标记表达,对比两组患儿相关指标差异。结果:观察组患儿体内的IgG和IgA水平分别为(8.24±1.2)g/L和(1.64±0.62)g/L,显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);观察组T细胞亚群指标中CD3+、CD4+水平分别为(62.24±6.25)%和(40.62±5.02)%,显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);观察组CD8+有所提升,CD4+/CD8+比值显著降低,与对照组相比,差异明显(P0.05)。结论:小儿感染肺炎支原体后细胞免疫系统明显受到抑制,B淋巴细胞部分失调,掌握此规律有助于为临床治疗。     

Numerical simulation of iontophoresis in the drug delivery system

The architecture and composition of stratum corneum act as barriers and limit the diffusion of most drug molecules and ions. Much effort has been made to overcome this barrier and it can be seen that iontophoresis has shown a good effect. Iontophoresis represents the application of low electrical potential to increase the transport of drugs into and across the skin or tissue. Iontophoresis is a noninvasive drug delivery system, and therefore, it is a useful alternative to drug transportation by injection. In this study, we present a numerical model and effects of electrical potential on the drug diffusion in the buccal tissue and the stratum corneum. The initial numerical results are in good comparison with experimental observation. We demonstrate that the application of an applied voltage can greatly improve the efficacy of localized drug delivery as compared to diffusion alone.     

Immunomodulatory effects of ultra-low-dose interleukin-2 in cancer patients: a phase-IB study

High-dose interleukin-(IL-2) has been broadly studied in tumour therapy, yet it may be inhibitory to T-cell-dependent immunity. Therefore immune and tumour responses mediated by low-dose IL-2 were studied systematically with respect to the feedback organisation of immune responses. IL-2 was administered once daily at three dose levels: 0.18, 0.9, 4.5 MIU/m² according to three different schedules requiring subcutaneous (s.c.) injection once weekly (four doses, stratum I), thrice weekly every other day (nine doses, stratum II), or five times weekly every other week (ten doses, stratum III). A total of 46 patients with advanced cancer were randomly assigned to one of the nine treatment groups. Systemic effects were induced at doses as low as 0.18 MIU/m² IL-2 s.c. as demonstrated from measurable IL-2 serum levels, induction of circulating IL-6, a transient lymphopenia, and stimulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses of the skin. Analysis of the different IL-2 schedules demonstrated (a) prolonged effects of once-weekly injections on DTH responses, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, and (b) maximum increase of eosinophil counts and preferential expansion of activated NK cells with repeated injections every 48 h or 72 h (stratum II), while sequential treatment according to stratum III was found to be more potent in increasing the number of activated T cells. A tumour response was observed in 1/15 patients with renal cell carcinoma who experienced more than 50% tumour regression for 8 months; 12 patients had stable disease for 4 months (median). These data demonstrate prolonged immunological effects of ultra-low doses of s. c. IL-2 despite its short half-life. Furthermore, scheduling of IL-2 was found to affect immune responsiveness specifically as demonstrated by the differential effects on natural killer and T cell populations.Supported by Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, Förderkennzeichen 01GA8901/3 to R. M.     

康力欣胶囊联合FOLFOX4方案对中晚期胃癌患者免疫功能、生活质量和血清肿瘤标志物的影响

目的:观察康力欣胶囊联合奥沙利铂、亚叶酸钙、5-氟尿嘧啶(FOLFOX4)方案对中晚期胃癌患者免疫功能、生活质量和血清肿瘤标志物的影响。方法:前瞻性选取2018年7月~2021年1月期间来我院接受治疗的胃癌患者80例,根据抽签分为对照组和观察组两组,各为40例。对照组接受FOLFOX4方案治疗,观察组接受康力欣胶囊联合FOLFOX4方案治疗,以3周为1个疗程,治疗2个疗程。观察两组治疗2个疗程后的疗效、生活质量以及治疗期间不良反应状况,对比两组治疗前、治疗2个疗程后的肿瘤标志物和免疫功能指标变化情况。结果:观察组治疗2个疗程后的总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,观察组的肿瘤相关物质群(TSGF)、糖类抗原-199(CA-199)、癌胚抗原(CEA)低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,观察组的CD3;、CD4;、自然杀伤细胞(NK)、CD4;/CD8;高于对照组,CD8;低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗2个疗程后,观察组的生活质量总改善率、卡氏评分(KPS)评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率组间对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:中晚期胃癌患者采用康力欣胶囊联合FOLFOX4方案治疗,在阻止疾病进展、改善生活质量、提高免疫功能方面均效果确切,优于单纯化疗效果。     

Geographical variants in the immunological structure of the population in combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis and endemic rickettsiosis in the European part of the USSR

The zonal study of the immunological structure of the population revealed an increase in the number of infective agents with which the population comes into contact in the southern regions. In the medial boreal forest zone contacts of low intensity only with tick-borne encephalitis virus were detected (the immune stratum was found to be 5.5%, 2,178 persons were examined); in the southern boreal forest zone the foci of tick-borne encephalitis actively manifested (the immune stratum reached 38.9%, 2,854 persons were examined), and Q fever was constantly detected (1.6%). In the forest-steppe zone the population was found to have contacts with the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (the immune stratum was found to be 13.3%, 2,056 persons were examined), Q fever (1.2%) and tick-borne rickettsiosis (1.1%).     

Filaggrin breakdown to water binding compounds during development of the rat stratum corneum is controlled by the water activity of the environment

Filaggrin is a specific epidermal protein which is the precursor of the free amino acids, urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid which are largely responsible for the ability of the stratum corneum of the skin to remain hydrated at low environmental humidity. The distribution of filaggrin shown by immunofluorescence in the stratum corneum of the rat changed dramatically during the first hours of postnatal life. During late foetal development, filaggrin accumulated through the entire thickness of the stratum corneum, indicating that there was a block on the subsequent processing of the protein which normally would convert it to free amino acids. Immediately after birth this block was lifted and normal proteolysis of the filaggrin took place in the outer part of the stratum corneum, leaving the normal adult pattern of a thin zone of cells containing filaggrin at the bottom of the stratum corneum. This activation of filaggrin proteolysis was dependent on the drop in external water activity caused by the transition from an aqueous environment in utero to a dryer environment after birth and it could be blocked by maintaining a 100% humidity atmosphere around the newborn rat after birth. In isolated stratum corneum in vitro, filaggrin proteolysis took place only between 80 and 95% relative humidity, both higher and lower relative humidity blocked the proteolysis. Application of occlusive patches to adult rats prevented the normal proteolysis of filaggrin, indicating that this mechanism controls not only the massive filaggrin proteolysis occurring after birth but also the proteolysis occurring during normal stratum corneum maturation. The stratum corneum therefore has the ability to respond to changes in external humidity by altering the level of the stratum corneum where it converts its reserves of filaggrin into water binding amino acids, such that under humid conditions water binding components will be produced in only the most superficial stratum corneum, or even not produced at all.     

毫火针联合补肾活血方对寻常型白癜风患者外周血炎性因子和免疫指标的影响

目的:探讨毫火针联合补肾活血方对寻常型白癜风患者外周血炎性因子和免疫指标的影响。方法:选取2017年3月2019年7月期间我院收治的寻常型白癜风患者75例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=37)和观察组(n=38),对照组予以常规治疗和补肾活血方,观察组在对照组的基础上联合毫火针治疗,比较两组疗效、白癜风皮损面积、炎性因子[白介素-17(IL-17)、白介素-10(IL-10)、白介素-22(IL-22)]和免疫指标[粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg]水平,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果:观察组治疗12周后的临床总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组白癜风皮损面积均较治疗前缩小,且观察组小于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗12周后血清IL-17、IL-22、GM-CSF水平降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);IL-10、CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg比例水平升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:毫火针联合补肾活血方治疗寻常型白癜风的疗效显著,可有效提高患者的免疫功能,抑制炎性反应,改善患者临床症状,且用药安全性较好。     

苦参碱联合恩替卡韦抗乙型肝炎病毒感染的作用及其机制

目的:探讨苦参碱联合恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的疗效并初步探讨其作用机制。方法:选择2014年9月-2016年8月我院收治的HBeAg阳性乙肝患者98例,按治疗方法分为对照组和观察组,每组49例。对照组患者给予恩替卡韦治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上应用苦参碱联合治疗。分别在治疗后12、24、48周观察和比较两组患者的HBeAg转阴率、ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴率、血清球蛋白水平。结果:观察组在治疗后24、48周的HBeAg转阴率、ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴率均显著高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组血清球蛋白水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:苦参碱联合恩替卡韦对于HBV具有较好的协同治疗作用,且安全性较好,可能与苦参碱降低血清转氨酶水平,增强患者免疫功能有关。