火对森林土壤的影响

林火是林地上自由蔓延的火,主要有计划火烧(控制火烧)和野火2种类型.火烧的严重程度决定了火灾的效果及其影响的持续时间.火能够通过燃烧有机质和改变粘土矿物来影响土壤结构,导致土壤容重增加和持水能力降低.长期来看,火烧引起土壤有机质减少.火烧之后土壤温度和pH值的升高会促进土壤呼吸,而微生物数量的减少、根系的死亡和可分解物质的减少则减弱土壤呼吸.林火消耗了森林的枯落物层,通过氧化、挥发、灰分颗粒对流、淋溶等途径减少了森林土壤的养分含量.火灾对土壤生物有重要影响,火灾引起的高温可直接杀死土壤微生物,同时通过改变土壤的各种理化性质及林地微环境,间接影响土壤微生物生存和群落的组成.火对土壤动物的影响显著小于对土壤微生物的影响,原因是前者具有更高的灵活性来逃避火灾.中低程度火烧主要通过土壤环境变化间接影响土壤酶,而严重火烧则通过高温直接使其变性.今后应开展跨学科的森林火灾长期研究,加强对火烧后土壤动物、微生物和生态系统之间相互关系的研究,注重计划用火、火灾对土壤有机碳、土壤养分库的稳定、土壤斥水性、水土流失强度和生物多样性影响方面的研究.     

林隙干扰对森林生态系统的影响

林隙干扰通过改变森林微生境异质性和群落演替进程,对森林物种组成、林分结构和系统功能产生重要影响.本研究评述了有关林隙干扰对森林生态系统影响的最新研究进展,从物种生物学特性和环境因素两个方面分析了林隙干扰对森林物种组成变化的影响规律,基于群落组件和群落架构阐述了林隙干扰对森林结构的作用关系,梳理了林隙干扰对森林生态系统功...     

森林采伐对森林景观的长期影响模拟

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS),模拟了小兴安岭友好林业局在有无采伐方案下400年内森林景观的动态变化,并利用统计软件APACK计算代表性树种的分布面积、年龄级和反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数.结果表明:与无采伐相反,采伐下的火干扰模式为高频率小面积低强度火烧;采伐对各种群的分布面积影响不大,但显著改变了种群的年龄结构,主要表现为降低了过熟林的分布面积,而增加了其他年龄级森林的分布面积;采伐降低了各树种的聚集度,导致森林景观一定程度上的破碎化.     

Organic matter and nutrient dynamics of the forest and forest floor in the Hubbard Brook forest

Summary The forest floor is a major reservoir of organic matter and nutrients for the ecosystem and as such it influences or regulates most of the functional processes occurring throughout the ecosystem. This study reports on the nutrient and organic matter content of the forest floor of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest during different seasons and attempts to correlate results from studies of vegetation, litter, decomposition, stemflow, throughfall, and soil. An organic matter budget is presented for an undisturbed watershed.Average weight of the forest floor on an undisturbed watershed ranged from 25,500 to 85,500 kg/ha. The weighted watershed average was 46,800 kg/ha. Although the F and H horizons did not vary significantly with time, the L horizon increased significantly during the period June to August largely as a result of a severe hail storm. The order of abundance of elements in the forest floor was N;CaFe>S>P>Mn>K>Mg>Na>Zn>Cu. The concentrations of Ca, K, and Mn decreased with depth in the forest floor while N, P, S, Na, Fe, Zn, and Cu concentrations increased. N:P ratios were similar in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, litterfall, and net stemflow plus throughfall suggesting a similar pattern of cycling. S was proportional to N and P in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, and litterfall. Net stemflow and throughfall were affected by a relatively large input of SO₄=-S from the atmosphere. Residence times for elements in the forest floor were affected by inputs other than litterfall (precipitation, stemflow, and throughfall). Calculation of residence times using all inputs caused smaller values than if litterfall alone was used. While all residence times were reduced, the major differences occurred for K, S, and Na. N and P showed relatively long residence times as a result of retranslocation and immobilization by decomposers. The slow turnover rate because of the strong demand and retention by all biota must account for the efficiency of the intrasystem cycling process for N and P. K showed the shortest residence time. A rapid and efficient uptake of K by vegetation seems to account for the efficient cycling of this element. The patterns of nutrient cycling are several depending on the chemical properties of the forest floor, and nutritional requirements of the biota.This is contribution No. 67 of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

Restoration of the understorey layer of recent forest bordering ancient forest

Abstract. Recently established forests are commonly characterized by an impoverished understorey. Restoration is mostly based on spontaneous secondary succession, but little is known about the time period needed to achieve a community species pool with species composition equal to that of ancient forests. Vegetation in transects of 197 plots in 13 recent forest stands contiguous to the Meerdaalwoud ancient forest complex was surveyed. The recent forest stands ranged in age from 36 to 132 yr. The community species pool was described with an ecological, functional and phytosociological approach and based on groups derived from a CCA. Differences in community species pool between age classes of recent forest stands were analysed. During establishment of a new forest competitive species, forest edge species and species with high Ellenberg values for light and nitrogen and a more persistent seed bank will dominate the understorey. After 90 yr of succession the cover by these species decreases and reaches equal values to ancient forest after ca. 105 yr. A large number of forest species will be able to colonize the forest in less than 90 yr. Some typical forest species, however, have very low colonization rates and still have low cover in recent forest more than 105 yr old, so that complete restoration of the understorey requires a time period of over a century. Anthropogenic introduction of forest plant species may reduce the time required for ancient forest vegetation equality.     

Differences in forest composition in two boreal forest ecoregions of Quebec

Abstract. In order to describe and compare the post‐fire succession patterns of the two ecological regions (mixed‐wood and coniferous ecoregions) of northwestern Quebec, 260 forest stands were sampled with the point‐centred plot method. The mixed‐wood ecological region belongs to the Abies balsamea‐Betula papyrifera bioclimatic domain whereas the coniferous ecological region belongs to the Picea mariana‐moss bioclimatic domain. In each plot, tree composition was described, surficial deposits and drainage were recorded, and fire history was reconstructed using standard dendro‐ecological methods. Ordination techniques (Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis) were used to describe the successional patterns of forest vegetation and to correlate them with the explanatory variables. The results showed the importance of surficial deposits, the time since fire and the ecoregion in explaining the variation of stand composition. Abies balsamea tends to increase in importance with an increase in time since fire, and this trend is more pronounced in the mixed‐wood region. Even when controlling both for surficial deposits and time since fire, differences in successional trends were observed between the two ecoregions. As all the species are present in both ecoregions and as they are all observed further north, our results suggest that both the landscape configuration and fire regime parameters such as fire size and fire intensity are important factors involved in these differences.     

长白山典型林区森林资源利用适宜性分析

天然林保护不是简单的禁伐,东北林区作为天然林保护的限伐林区,目前仍有一定数量的成过熟林采伐任务,如何科学合理地选择伐区非常重要．鉴于传统森林资源采伐利用操作中存在顾此失彼的问题,现代科学的森林资源经营理论认为,森林资源利用要坚持可持续利用原则,并且要更多考虑森林资源的生态效益,遥感(RS)数据及地理信息系统(GIS)技术,通过提供空间选择技术支撑,可以准确定位符合采伐标准的森林资源地理位置,并确定其面积、森林类型等信息,从而促进森林资源的科学合理利用．本文综合考虑各方面要素,以长白山典型林区露水河林业局为例,以最大程度发挥森林生态系统的生态功能为原则,进行了森林资源利用状况评价,对研究区森林资源未来利用的空间选择以及采伐利用方式进行了探讨,以期为将来制订科学的森林经营策略提供依据。     

广州市帽峰山森林公园森林景观多样性分析

城市森林对改善和美化城市景观起着重要作用.文中在景观分类的基础上,应用景观生态学原理,选取多样性指数、优势度、分离度和斑块密度指数四个指标,从景观的类型多样性、格局多样性和斑块多样性三个方面,对广州市帽峰山森林公园森林景观进行多样性分析.结果表明,经济果林、竹林破碎化程度较高;阔叶混交林类型保持完好,分离度也最小,黎葫林分离度最大;景观类型比例分布最不均衡,组成帽峰山森林公园的各景观类型所占比例差异小于广州地区.     

关于森林基础设施属性的探讨

分析了生态基础设施概念的由来和发展,国际社会对森林功能和作用的认识过程,森林对我国经济建设和生态安全的重要性,以及当前林业生态建设的形势和所面临的问题,提出应将森林定位为现代社会国民经济和社会发展的基础设施,强调了森林基础设施定位对转变当前林业生态建设方式的重要作用．在综合分析森林生态系统特点的基础上,认为森林基础设施属性具有一定的特殊性,即主体由活体的生物材料构成,权属带有明显的多元性质,所以林业生态建设的模式和管理体制既要遵循基础设施的基本原则,又应考虑到森林的特殊性．提出了当前开展林业生态建设的4点建议：发展以人与自然和谐为核心的现代生态观;建立长期稳定的林业生态建设投资渠道;按照基础设施建设的原则实施林业生态建设工程;按照基础设施管理的原则经营森林．     

森林群落波动的探讨

植物群落的波动是森林动态的一种表现形式,是指由于群落中复合生态因子逐年逐季的不同,引起群落在固有的季节性和逐年性变化上的差异.波动不改变群落的总体物种组成结构和群落性质.植物群落的波动具有可逆性和方向性.正向波动促使群落具更优化结构,负向波动则反之.本文组建了测度植物群落波动强度的公式:,并将森林群落波动的基本类型分为树木生长速度的波动、结实率以及幼苗多度的波动、叶量的波动和植物季节性发育周期的波动4种类型.     

Decomposition of forest litters

Summary Studies have been made on the production of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, rate of decomposition along with comparative changes in microbial population during decomposition of deciduous and coniferous litters. At the same time the effect of addition of antibiotics on the microbial population and rate of decomposition of coniferous litter was investigated.Liberation of nitrogen in the form of ammonia occurred somewhat more rapidly in decomposing deciduous litter than in that of the coniferous litter. Towards the end of the experiment the nitrification process commenced in the deciduous litter but was absent in the coniferous litter.The deciduous litter decomposed more rapidly than the coniferous litter.The bacteria and actinomycetes were consistently more numerous in the deciduous litter than in the coniferous litter; in the case of fungi the reverse occured. An antifungal antibiotic (cycloheximide) had little or no effect on numbers of fungi in the decomposing coniferous litter while antibacterial antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol) reduced slightly the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes. Numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were increased greatly in cultures receiving the antifungal antibiotic and fungal growth was apparently stimulated where antibacterial antibiotics were added. In spite of the observed shift in the microbial population brought about by the addition of antibiotics the rate of decomposition of the coniferous litter appeared to be unaffected. This would suggest that the type of microbia l population is not as important as the type of litter or some other factor in regard to decomposition rate.Joint contribution from the Divisions of Bacteriology (No. 469) and Chemistry (No. 412), Science Service.     

Delineations of forest fungi

Summary Several forest fungi, primarily species that occur in Mississippi, are discussed, and three species are described as new. These includeBotryobasidium (subgenusBrevibasidium)croceum Lentz,Tharoopama mississippiensis Lentz, andHarpographium zonatum Lentz.Dactylium leptosporum (Sacc.)Lentz is recognized as a distinct species, rather than as a subspecies ofD. dendroides Fr. Allescheriella crocea (Mont.)Hughes,D. leptosporum andMelanographium cookei M. B. Ellis are reported from Mississippi for the first time. Attention is called to the fact thatM. citri (Fragoso &Ciferri)M. B. Ellis apparently has not previously been reported from the United States, although a specimen from Florida is in the National Fungus Collections.B. croceum evidently represents the basidiophorous stage ofA. crocea.     

长白山典型林区森林资源利用状况评价

选择长白山典型林区 1985年、1999年两期遥感图像数据 ,在监督分类的基础上 ,结合该地区森林经营历史资料 ,基于采伐迹地的空间位置、形状、面积、采伐方式等 ,从森林采伐及其造成的生态后果的角度 ,对森林资源的变化及利用状况进行了评价。研究结果表明 :2 0世纪 80年代中期以前 ,研究区对森林资源的利用强度很大 ,伐区布局不够合理 ,至 90年代末利用强度有所减弱 ,伐区布局趋向合理。从两个时期采伐方式来看 ,单个采伐地块的面积有许多地块明显超过采伐规程所规定的面积上限 ,而保留森林地块的面积基本都小于邻近采伐地块的面积 ,不符合采伐规程的“等面积”要求 ;从采伐地块的空间分布来看 ,由于森林采伐、更新过程中缺乏生态学 ,特别是景观生态学原理的指导 ,大多数采伐地块连为一整片 ,孤立了保留的森林地块 ,完整的原始林分被严重破碎化 ,间隔带状皆伐却造成了和大面积皆伐同样的后果。 15 a间研究区地物覆盖类型发生很大变化 ,其主要原因是森林采伐造成的。基于研究结果 ,指出了当地森林经营策略存在的问题及改进方法 ,以期能为当地森林资源的可持续经营及森林生态服务功能的充分发挥提供借鉴     

基于森林生态系统服务权衡与协同的森林可持续管理

森林是水库、钱库、粮库、碳库,提供多种生态系统服务,对缓解全球气候变化、维护国土生态安全和促进经济社会可持续发展具有基础性、战略性作用。科学认识不同森林生态系统服务间的权衡与协同对实现森林多重效益和开展森林可持续管理至关重要,但森林生态系统服务间的协同或权衡关系存在较大不确定性、因不同研究而异,导致如何通过森林经营实现森林生态系统多种服务成为关键挑战。全面梳理森林生态系统多种服务之间协调与权衡研究现状后发现：(1)研究聚焦森林碳汇、木材供应、生物多样性、森林游憩等多种服务之间的关系与影响因子;天然林的协同效应高于人工林,林龄、林分密度、树种组成、气温、海拔、社会偏好、管理政策等是主要驱动因素;(2)对比不同森林经营模式或管理措施对森林生态系统多种服务的影响,可持续经营是协同实现森林多种效益的有效途径;(3)气候变化与森林生态系统多种服务之间的相互作用取决于气候因子种类与变化程度、森林类型、森林管理方式、区域环境等,当前重点围绕IPCC发布的未来气候变化情景开展研究;(4)借助InVEST、FSOS、CASA等工具,模拟优化森林管理情景,探索兼顾森林多目标的管理方案。同时,系统总结现有研...     

广西国有林场森林生物多样性变化评价

采用压力—状态—响应评价法对 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年广西国有林场森林生物多样性进行了研究 ,发现林场森林生物多样性十多年来呈下降趋势。导致森林生物多样性减少的主要根源是林场人口急剧增长和不当的森林经营方式。提出了控制人口增长、转变森林经营方式以遏制林场森林生物多样性减少、保护森林生物多样性的对策     

长白山林区森林生物量变化定量驱动分析

根据研究区单木生物量模型及森林资源清查资料计算样地生物量,采用试验精度较高的遥感模型进行4期遥感数据的森林生物量估算,获得区域单位面积生物量变化值,并利用bootstrap方法对引起这种变化的气象因素、森林经营活动因素和社会经济因素等驱动因子进行变量筛选,利用偏最小二乘算法建立不同时间段的森林生物量变化驱动模型,计算变量投影重要性指标（VIP）定量刻画各因素对森林生物量变化的影响重要程度.结果表明：目前人为因素对长白山林区森林生物量变化的影响程度（VIP值）已经小于自然因素,说明国家对林区的森林保护政策已经起到了明显的效果.本文拓宽了森林生物量变化驱动分析的内容,引入了VIP值对森林生物量的变化驱动因子进行定量刻画,为定量分析森林生物量的变化提供了一条新的途径.     

Elevational zonation of afrotropical forest bird communities along a homogeneous forest gradient

Aim This study analyses the distribution and abundance of birds from a forested tropical gradient in order to determine whether elevationally distinct communities are detectable in this habitat. Location An avifaunal census was carried out on a single transect within the tropical forest of the Udzungwa Mountains in the Eastern Arc, Tanzania, covering a range in elevation from 300 to 1850 m. Methods Two complementary data sets on forest birds were analysed, encompassing (1) data derived from standardized 20‐ha spot‐mapping censuses performed at nine elevations over 175‐m intervals from 400 to 1800 m a.s.l., and (2) all observations of birds binned into 32 data points at 50‐m intervals, from 300 to 1850 m a.s.l. The degree of zonation in the avian community along the elevational gradient was examined using the chronological clustering method, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering method that can be carried out with a range of similarity indices. Results The chronological clustering analysis of the data set based on standardized spot‐mapping revealed a clearly defined boundary at c. 1200 m a.s.l., separating lowland from montane communities. Most bird species could be categorized as belonging to one of these two communities. The data set based on all observations revealed a number of potential secondary boundaries, although these boundaries delimited the entire elevational ranges of individual species in only relatively few cases. Main conclusions In contrast to previously published studies, we find evidence of an elevational zonation of distinct communities within a seemingly homogeneous habitat. Although similar boundaries have been assumed to arise as a result of vegetational ecotones, or because of interspecific competition, these mechanisms are poorly corroborated. We suggest that the causes of patterns of zonation are not well understood, and that the interplay among species distributions, species richness, and environmental factors needs more consideration. The chronological clustering method is proposed as an appropriate tool for studying these specific patterns.