Flags and traitors: The advance of ethno-nationalism in the Turkish self-image

This paper examines a peculiar change in the Turkish self-image towards an ethno-nationalist discourse in the 2000s. In Turkish public life one may find various manifestations of a self-promoting ethnocentric world view alongside expressions of xenophobic feelings against the so-called enemies within and without. This study explores a certain transition from a modernist and secular self-image to an ethnocentric self-regard with reference to nationalist best sellers, TV series, public displays of slogans, and flagging incidents in the 2000s.     

Definitions of national identity,nationalism and ethnicity in post-Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1990s

This article examines the major political debates in post-Soviet Azerbaijan vis à vis the very assumptions of individual autonomy, equality, national culture and citizenship, and universalism upon which modern nation-states have historically been based. The information presented in this article is based on personal interviews conducted with the leading and influential members of the Azerbaijani political elite in 1998. The interviews were based on two broad themes. The first relates to the perceptions of the Soviet period and on what grounds the Azerbaijanis differentiate the new Republic of Azerbaijan from the former Soviet Azerbaijan. The second relates to their perceptions of both the outside world and themselves with regards to differing understandings of nationalism, national culture, and national/ethnic or local identities. The study of the Azerbaijani example of post-Soviet political culture may help us to understand the dynamics of nation-building on the basis of the major political debates and of conflicting national, ethnic and local identities in Azerbaijan.     

Remembrance Day influence on national sentiments and hostility towards out-groups: evidence from a panel study in Israel

While scholars have long emphasized the significant impact of national days on the masses, the actual impact of national days on people’s national sentiments have been ignored. This study set out to examine the ways in which exposure to Remembrance Day impacts national sentiments and hostility towards out-groups. Unlike previous cross-sectional-design studies, it adopted longitudinal design in order to explore the actual impact of exposure to Remembrance Day amongst Israeli Jews. While exposure to Remembrance Day increased the respondents’ sense of nationalism, neither their level of national identification and hostility towards out-groups nor the magnitude of the positive link between nationalism and hostility towards out-groups changed significantly. While national identification was unrelated to hostility prior to Remembrance Day, it became negatively related to it on Remembrance Day itself. The findings shed new light on the prevalent assumption regarding the impact national days have on public sentiment.     

On the causal relationship between participation in national commemorations and feelings of national belonging

It is often theoretically argued that participation in national commemorations increases feelings of national belonging. Previous studies have also empirically demonstrated that participation in national commemorations and feelings of national belonging are positively related. We are uncertain, however, about the direction of this relationship. Does participating in national commemorations increase feelings of national belonging (increase hypothesis) or do people who attend such ceremonies feel a greater sense of national belonging compared to people who not attend (selection hypothesis)? Using an innovative research design, this study sheds more light on the direction of the relationship between participation in national commemorations and feelings of national belonging. We collected data from respondents before (n?=?469), during (n?=?50) and after (n?=?226) the national ceremony on Remembrance Day in 2015 in the Netherlands. In this study, we found support for the selection hypothesis, but not for the increase hypothesis.     

星斗山国家级自然保护区国家重点保护野生植物优先保护定量研究

在野外调查的基础上,运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对星斗山自然保护区33种国家保护植物的优先保护顺序进行定量分析。结果表明属一级保护的有银杏、水杉、伯乐树、珙桐、光叶珙桐、台湾杉和水青树共7种,占21%;属二级保护的有红豆杉、南方红豆杉、蓖子三尖杉、大果青杄、金钱松、黄杉、榧树、连香树、闽楠、楠木、花榈木、鹅掌楸、峨眉含笑、红椿、毛红椿和川黄檗共16种,占49%;属三级保护的有莼菜、金毛狗、红豆树、厚朴、凹叶厚朴、香果树和榉树7种,占21%;属四级保护的有樟树、野大豆和金荞麦共3种,占9%。并提出了加强重点保护野生植物的保护措施。     

National ceremonies: the pursuit of authenticity

Abstract

This article asks what, if any, impact national ceremonies have on the formation of national identities. Why are some ceremonies perceived as national and persistent through time, while others fail to achieve that status? It argues that national ceremonies can only be examined as specific types of situations – performances, rather than rituals – characterized by the relationship between performers and their audiences. Following Jeffery Alexander's cultural pragmatics theory, national ceremonies are seen as successful only when a performance is perceived as authentic. A ceremony's authenticity is, at best, a quality of experience among its audience. Only when the audience is transformed into willing participants through a performance's mise-en-scène can a national ceremony be seen as a ritual-like performance. The paper will conclude that the efficacy of these performances is temporary, and that even when a performance succeeds in creating a community of shared experience, that community dissolves with the end of the performance.     

以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系立法思考

实现十九大报告提出的建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的改革目标需要法治保障。建设自然保护地体系涉及的不同生态系统和多个管理部门、多方利益主体, 是一个巨大的复杂系统, 需要进行整体性、系统性的立法研究。目前, 国家正在推进国家公园体制改革并已将《国家公园法》列入十三届全国人大常委会立法计划。更需要我们从自然保护地立法体系建设的高度, 正确处理《国家公园法》与未来可能制定的《自然保护地法》的关系, 在《国家公园法》制定过程中为今后出台《自然保护地法》预留空间, 并建立相应的衔接机制, 统筹谋划并协同推进国家公园法与自然保护地立法。     

黄淮海平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）旗叶的生理生态特性

分别于2005年和2006年4、5月份,在中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站用Li-6400光合测定仪对田间冬小麦(Triticumaestivum)进行了净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化的测定,并同步测定了有效辐射(PAR)、气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)、空气相对湿度(Rh)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等因子,研究了冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr与环境和生理因子之间的关系。结果表明,冬小麦旗叶的Pn随PAR的增加而升高,其光补偿点和光饱和点分别在50~60μmo.lm-.2s-1和1050~1100μmol.m-.2s-1左右;Tr随PAR呈线性升高。Ta与Tl的相关系数r=0.886**,达显著水平,冬小麦旗叶Pn随Ta、Tl的增加而升高,当Ta、Tl分别超过30℃、32℃左右时,Pn随两因素的增加反而下降;Tr随Ta、Tl的增加呈直线升高。冬小麦旗叶Pn、Tr与Gs的相关系数分别为r=0.407**和r=0.322**,二者均随Gs的增加而升高,当Gs超过0.2mo.lm-.2s-1左右时,Pn的速度就会减缓。冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr均随Ci的增加而下降。通过对生态、生理因子的多元回归分析表明,影响黄淮海平原冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr的主要因子是PAR、Gs,除此以外,Ci也是影响Pn的重要因子。     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

于2009—2011年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、灌拔节水(W₁)、灌拔节水+开花水(W₂)、灌拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明: 随冬小麦灌水量的增加,3种种植方式下小麦花后旗叶叶面积和光合速率均增加,光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率也增加;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了小麦籽粒产量,但水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式小麦花后旗叶光合速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光能转化效率和实际光化学效率均较高,且W₂处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理.统筹考虑冬小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

Ontogenetic changes in photosynthetic capacity and dry matter production of flag wheat leaves during the grain filling period

The relationships between photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation during the grain filling period have been studied in flag leaves of Triticum aestivum L., cv. Kolibri grown in Mediterranean field conditions. Particular importance has been given to assimilate accumulation in relation to the onset of senescence. During grain filling, the time course of specific dry weight (SDW) was similar in the blade and in the sheath. Variations in SDW were about six times larger in the sheath than in the blade. Minimum blade SDW values occurred during heading and at anthesis. Maximum blade SDW values were observed two weeks after anthesis. After this, SDW values decreased sharply. The dry matter increase per grain in the period from two weeks after anthesis to the end, was only about 25% of final grain dry weight. The importance of environmental constraints on maximum SDW values are discussed. Maximum SDW values occurred at the beginning of the period of rapid decline in blade net CO₂ assimilation rate and leaf nitrogen content, that is, at the beginning of senescence. On the other hand, the stomatal resistance to CO₂ and the development of senescence are not apparently related. The maximum blade dry weight increase (considering a value of zero at heading) was about 60 mg dry weight per g fresh weight. The possible relationships between dry matter accumulation and senescence onset are discussed.     

国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系构建与实证研究

国家公园兼具自然生态系统保护与教育、游憩等社会文化功能,是自然性、体验性和课程性研学旅行的潜在活动场所之一。研学旅行为国家公园的教育、游憩价值实现提供路径参考。基于"内在价值-外在条件"分析框架,根据独立性、全面性、科学性及可操作原则,选择教育价值、游憩价值、环境条件、相关设施及服务等4个因子构建国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系,并以钱江源国家公园为例进行实证分析。结果表明,国家公园的研学旅行利用应首先考虑教育价值,在完善教育、游憩等相关设施及服务的同时兼顾环境承载力及利益相关者态度等环境条件,最后考虑游憩价值;钱江源国家公园的研学旅行利用具有良好的教育及游憩价值基础,中小学生的研学旅行需求与利益相关者的支持态度等提供了外在环境条件保障,但在教育、交通及安全等方面的设施及服务有待改善。研究结果可为国家公园及其他场地的研学旅行利用规划与管理提供参考。     

The international politics of national parks

National parks are the keystone institutions of environmental conservation. Because national parks make certain lands part of the state itself, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations that promote national parks propose, in effect, to alter the state, as well as the local economy and state relations with social groups. Has international political pressure caused states to create national parks? I consider whether countries highly involved in international politics have the largest proportions of land in national parks. I conclude that many states create minimal park systems as symbolic gestures to the international community. Field researchers may find it easier to explain the success or failure of parks if they identity why state officials decide that adopting international conservation norms will enhance state authority over people and state sovereignty over land.     

国家公园及周边地区人为扰动强度的时空变化与驱动因素——以三江源国家公园为例

科学评价国家公园及周边地区人为扰动强度及其影响,是提升各种人类活动空间监管准度的基本前提,对保障国家公园可持续发展和永续利用、牢筑国家生态安全屏障功能具有重要价值。以三江源国家公园为例,运用改进的人为扰动强度指数测算模型和人为扰动行为调查台账数据库,定量评估1980—2018年国家公园及周边地区人为扰动强度的时空变化过程,诊断影响一般扰动及失范扰动的驱动力与主要因素,探讨人为扰动监管存在的主要问题及优化建议。研究结果显示：1980—2018年三江源国家公园内人为扰动强度提升3.237%,长江源园区人为扰动强度显著低于澜沧江源和黄河源园区;2000—2010年人为扰动增长较为显著,而在2010—2018年趋于平稳,表明2010年以来生态保护措施和监管执法尺度更趋严格,并对三江源人为扰动过程产生明显遏制;以交通设施为主的基础设施建设、人口城镇化及原住民传统生产生活活动、游憩利用活动是人为扰动强度变化的主要驱动力;道路及沿线配套设施、原住民生活设施和水电设施建设是国家公园内失范人为扰动的主因。针对三江源国家公园及周边地区人为扰动驱动因素与监管问题,建议实施精细化用途分类分区管制、激活并规范市...     

Effect of increased CO2 concentration and temperature on the phyllosphere mycoflora of winter wheat flag leaves during ripening

The impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂, 600/700 μmol mol^-1) and temperature (+ 4°C) on phyllosphere fungi colonising flag leaves of mini crops of winter wheat cv. Mercia between anthesis and harvest was determined in a computer-controlled environment facility in 1993 and 1994. In both years the total fungal populations (cm² leaf) were found to have increased due to exposure to either elevated CO₂ and elevated CO₂+ temperature treatments. This was mainly due to significant increases in populations of Cladosporium spp. (C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum) on the flag leaves during ripening. Other phyllosphere component species such as white and pink yeasts were not markedly affected by treatments. The range of fungal species found in such controlled environment chambers was narrower than that commonly found on flag leaves of field grown crops. Common and important colonisers of leaves and ripening ears such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum and Fusarium spp. were seldom isolated.     

面向管理目标的国家公园生态监测指标体系构建与应用

国家公园具有生态系统保护、自然资源可持续利用等管理目标,这些管理目标的实现需要大量监测数据和信息的支持。对国家公园开展生态监测有助于了解国家公园内生态系统的动态变化并揭示管理活动的影响,从而为管理决策的规划和实施提供有用信息。为推动我国国家公园生态监测体系的建立,提出了面向管理目标的国家公园生态监测指标构建方法。该方法由确定国家公园生态监测目标、识别国家公园管理目标、识别国家公园关键生态过程、确定需要监测的生态过程并制定初始监测指标清单、确定最终监测指标清单5个部分组成。该方法在三江源国家公园进行了应用。三江源国家公园的管理目标包括生态系统保育、维持江河径流量持续稳定等13项,在区域、景观、生态系统和种群尺度上共识别出16个关键生态过程。通过匹配三江源国家公园的关键生态过程与管理目标,构建了一个由两级共93个指标组成的三江源国家公园生态监测指标体系,为三江源国家公园生态监测体系的构建奠定了基础。     

测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性及酶活性的影响

以‘济麦20’为供试材料,通过田间试验,在拔节期和开花期设置土壤相对含水量为65%(W₆₅)、70%(W₇₀)和75%(W₇₅)的测墒补灌处理,以全生育期不灌溉为对照(CK),研究不同测墒补灌水平对旗叶光合特性及酶活性的影响.结果表明: W₇₀处理小麦旗叶净光合速率、蔗糖含量和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性在花后14～21 d均显著高于其他处理.成熟期W70处理干物质量与W₇₅处理无显著差异,但显著高于W₆₅处理和CK;W₇₀处理单茎质量显著高于其他处理.W₇₀处理超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量在花后14～28 d显著高于其他处理,丙二醛含量在花后14～28 d显著低于CK和W₆₅处理,与W₇₅处理无显著差异.2012—2013年和2013—2014年W₇₀处理小麦籽粒产量分别为8941.4和9125.4 kg·hm^-2,与W₇₅处理无显著差异,显著高于W₆₅处理和CK;W₇₀处理水分利用效率显著高于其他处理.在本试验条件下,拔节期和开花期0
～140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量均以70%为节水高产高效的最佳灌溉处理.     

Photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of flag leaf and the grain yield in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum (L.) exposed to warmer growth conditions

Using late sowing practice, the reproductive growth (anthesis and kernel filling) phase of two wheat cultivars, HD 1553 and HD 2307 was exposed to warmer growth conditions, and the effect on grain yield was examined. The grain weight declined in late-sown plants of both cultivars, but the number of grains per spike decreased drastically in HD 1553 plants. In this cultivar exposure to warmer temperature during reproductive phase led to 67% fewer grains per spike. Examination of photosynthetic and enzymatic antioxidant capacity in flag leaves of late-sown plants revealed a marked reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigmentation in addition to a decline in the activity of H2O2 metabolising enzymes in HD 1553 cultivar. The photo-oxidative pigment loss due to warmer growth conditions in late-shown HD 1553 plants could lead to a reduction in flag leaf photosynthesis and contribute to poor grain yield.     

A critique of the innovation argument against a national health program

President Bush and his Council of Economic Advisors have claimed that the US shouldn't adopt a national health program because doing so would slow innovation in health care. Some have attacked this argument by challenging its moral claim that innovativeness is a good ground for choosing between health care systems. This reply is misguided. If we want to refute the argument from innovation, we have to undercut the premise that seems least controversial--the premise that our current system produces more innovation than a national health program would. I argue that this premise is false. The argument requires clarifying the concept 'national health program' and examining various theories of human well-being.     

Contribution of the ear and the fl ag leaf to grain fi lling in durum wheat inferred from the carbon isotope signature: Genotypic and growing conditions eff ects FA

The ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reaching conclusive results in this regard. This study compares the carbon isotope composition（d13C） in its natural abundance in the water‐soluble fractions of the flag leaf blade and the ear with the d13C of mature kernels to assess the relative contribution of both organs to grain filling in durum wheat（Triticum turgidum L. var.durum）. The relative contribution of the ear was higher in landraces compared to modern cultivars, as well as in response to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. Such genotypic and environmentally driven differences were associated with changes in harvest index（HI）, with the relative contribution of the ear being negatively associated with HI. In the case of the genotypic differences, the lower relative contribution of the ear in modern cultivars compared with landraces is probably associated with the appearance in the former of a certain amount of source limitation driven by a higher HI. In fact, the relative contribution of the ear was far more responsive to changes in HI in modern cultivars compared with landraces.