Spatial variation in sapwood area to leaf area ratio and specific leaf area within a crown of silver birch

Spatial variation in sapwood area to leaf area ratio (Huber value, HV) and specific leaf area (SLA) was examined in branches of closed-canopy trees of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). HV increased basipetally within a crown and decreased with increasing branch order, but exhibited no significant radial trend along a primary branch. HV was primarily determined by branch position in a crown and branch diameter at the sampling point, being independent of the size of the tree and branch. Greater HV in the lower-crown branches is considered a means to mitigate differences in hydraulic transport capacity between the branches located in different canopy layers. Beside branch position and sampling location on a branch, SLA depended significantly on several other variables characterising tree and branch size. SLA increased basipetally within a crown and along a primary branch, but exhibited no significant trend with branch orders. Because height caused leaf area (A_L) to diminish more rapidly than leaf dry weight, A_L primarily determined the vertical variation in SLA.     

Measurement of surface area of stones

The surface area of stones can be quickly, accurately, and precisely estimated from linear regression equations of area on a two-dimensional term of the form (xy + yz + zx) where x, y, and z are either the axial dimensions or the axial perimeters of stones. Dimension measurements are made with calipers, and perimeters are measured with a tape measure or a mapping wheel. The best fit slopes for the equations are determined from a representative sample of stones whose surface areas are measured by mapping. Estimates of surface areas of river-worn cobbles by these methods had mean percentage absolute errors of about 4%, considerably better than other methods examined.     

Autonomy of spontaneous rhythmogenesis of perivesicular area of cat ureter

The work presents data indicating no dependence of the pacemaker activity located in the zone of junction of cat ureter with urinary bladder on genesis of the main perirenal pacemaker. Data are presented on effect of clamping the renal artery supplying with blood flow the renal area on rhythmogenesis of the ureter perivesicular area. An inhibition of the pacemaker activity of the pyeloureteral anastomosis is observed. At the same time, no marked effect on automatism of the low organ area is revealed. Data of morphological studies of the vascular bed providing blood supply of various ureter areas are presented.     

Simulation of leaf area development based on dry matter partitioning and specific leaf area for cut chrysanthemum

This work aims to predict time courses of leaf area index (LAI) based on dry matter partitioning into the leaves and on specific leaf area of newly formed leaf biomass (SLA(n)) for year-round cut chrysanthemum crops. In five glasshouse experiments, each consisting of several plant densities and planted throughout the year, periodic destructive measurements were conducted to develop empirical models for partitioning and for SLA(n). Dry matter partitioning into leaves, calculated as incremental leaf dry mass divided by incremental shoot dry mass between two destructive harvests, could be described accurately (R(2 )= 0.93) by a Gompertz function of relative time, R(t). R(t) is 0 at planting date, 1 at the start of short-days, and 2 at final harvest. SLA(n), calculated as the slope of a linear regression between periodic measurements of leaf dry mass (LDM) and LAI, showed a significant linear increase with the inverse of the daily incident photosynthetically active radiation (incident PAR, MJ m(-2 )d(-1)), averaged over the whole growing period, the average glasshouse temperature and plant density (R(2 )= 0.74). The models were validated by two independent experiments and with data from three commercial growers, each with four planting dates. Measured shoot dry mass increase, initial LAI and LDM, plant density, daily temperature and incident PAR were input into the model. Dynamics of LDM and LAI were predicted accurately by the model, although in the last part of the cultivation LAI was often overestimated. The slope of the linear regression of simulated against measured LDM varied between 0.95 and 1.09. For LAI this slope varied between 1.01 and 1.12. The models presented in this study are important for the development of a photosynthesis-driven crop growth model for cut chrysanthemum crops.     

The lateral hypothalamic area

Summary An ultrastructural analysis of the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was undertaken in order to provide an initial step in the characterization of this complex area which appears to participate in a number of important neural functions. The organization of the normal tuberal LHA was compared to the area following acute and chronic denervating lesions. In the normal animal, the principal features of the LHA are the presence of lateral hypothalamic neurons, a major sagittal pathway (the medial forebrain bundle, MFB) and the interposed neuropil richly populated by a variety of synaptic terminal types. Alterations in the synaptic organization of the LHA following rostral and caudal MFB lesions were most pronounced in animals with acute and chronic caudal lesions. A 10% reduction of synaptic terminals containing 800–1000 Å diameter dense core vesicles and a 10% increase in terminals containing lucent core vesicles was observed in animals with caudal lesions while no significant redistribution of synaptic terminal types occurred with rostral lesions. The preliminary degeneration experiments indicate that identification of the numerous and diverse afferents to the LHA neuropil may be aided by this method but that a detailed and systematic ultrastructural analysis will be required to identify sources of input with certainty.Presented in part at the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Bal Harbour, FLA, 1975Recipient of Research Associate Award, Veterans AdministrationSupported by the Veterans Administration and by NIH Grants NS 12080. Skilled technical assistance was provided by Robin Isaacs, Marilyn Woodward and Sharon Keigher     

Needle area measurement by the cut method and estimation of specific leaf area inCryptomeria japonica

Needle surface area inCryptomeria japonica was measured using a newly proposed cut method. Sample needles of various lengths were taken from foliage shoots belonging to various height layers of nine trees growing at three sites. Needles were cut into small pieces with a hand-made cutter made of razor blades and washers. By measuring the circumference and thickness of each piece, its lateral area was calculated and summed to give the total surface area of the needle. For estimating the surface area of a needle (s), two linear parameters of needle size termedy _n* and /were proposed:y _n* was the distance between the needle tip and the uppermost point of attachment of the needle to the shoot, whilel was the distance between the needle tip and the lowermost point of attachment. The power-form relationship betweens andl was superior to thes-y _n* relationship, since the former did not differ significantly among shoots of different diameter. Based on thes-l relationship, the total surface area of a shoot was estimated from thel-census of the shoot. Specific leaf area of a shoot (SLA), defined as half of the shoot surface area divided by the dry weight of the shoot, decreased from 90 to 3 [cm²g(dry wt)⁻¹] with the diameter of the woody tissue of the foliage shoot.     

甘肃河西地区盐生植物区系研究

对甘肃河西地区盐生植物区系进行了研究。结果表明：河西地区盐生物多样性较为丰富,有31科,75属,133种,分别占中国盐生植物科属种的47.0％、37.5％和31.3％;地理成分复杂,分布类型多样,科的分布有4个类型,属的分布有11个类型9个变型;河西地区盐生植物区系温带性质明显,并且与古地中海成分有密切关系;没有区系特有成分。     

马尾松-栎类天然混交林群落最小面积确定及方法比较

用种面积曲线和群落系数面积曲线的方法对宜昌梅子垭地区一种主要植物群落类型的最小面积进行了研究。结果表明,对所研究的植被类型,样地布置为 １０ｍ ×１０ｍ 及２０ｍ ×２０ｍ 可满足不同研究精度的要求。群落系统面积曲线和种面积曲线一样,比较直观。虽然取样调查时工作量稍大,但运用群落系数面积曲线的方法可更多地包含种类组成及群落结构随面积而变化的信息,所确定的最小面积也能够真实地反映整个群落种类组成及结构的特征。     

A new software for measuring leaf area, and area damaged by Tetranychus urticae Koch

Abstract:  Measuring leaf area manually is a tedious and time-consuming process and it is inaccurate. In an attempt to make this process easier and more accurate, a new software namely 'Compu Eye, Leaf & Symptom Area' was developed. A standard green shape with a known area of 1.5 cm² was used to evaluate the accuracy of the software. The measurements obtained were of high accuracy. Measurements varied between 1.4771 and 1.5095 cm². Probabilities of t values were usually <0.01 and did not exceed 0.023. It was also observed that accuracy could be enhanced either by increasing scanner resolution and/or by decreasing measurement unit area. In order to evaluate the performance of the software, leaves with symptoms of mite injury were collected from six different plant species (squash, cucumber, green bean, vigna, dahlia and rose). Symptom area of each leaf was assessed manually and by the software. It was observed that the software was able to assess the symptom area accurately with no significant difference compared with manual measurement.     

Ontogeny of respiratory area of a marine teleost, porgy,pagrus major

Relationships of respiratory areas (gill, body surface and fin areas) (A) to body mass (W) were determined with a marine teleost, the porgyPagrus major of 0.0002–1230 g (just after hatch to 3+ years old), based on the allometric formula A=αW^β. (1) Early larvae (0.0002–0.0003 g) did not have the secondary lamellae that were responsible for gas exchange at the gills. After this stage, a tetraphasic relationship was observed between lamellar area (total area of secondary lamellae, often called gill area) (GA_L) and boby mass. During the late larval and early juvenile stages, the GA_L-W relationship showed a triphasic positive allometry with β-values of 3.773, 1.561 and 1.111 corresponding to the first half of the late larval stage (0.00034–0.001g), the second half of the stage (0.001–0.01 g) and the early juvenile stage (0.02–0.1 g), respectively, During the squamated juvenile and later stages (0.1–1080g), there was a negative allometry with a β-value of 0.813. (2) A triphasic relationship was observed between the total cutaneous surface area (body surface area and fin area) (CA_b+f) and body mass. During the early larval stage, in which an increase of body mass was very small. from 0.0002 to 0.00025 g, CA_b+p/W increased with growth with a β-value of 3.986. After this stage, the CA_b+t W relationship showed a diphasic negative allometry with β-values of 0.562, during the late larval stage (0.00028–0.0045 g) and 0.652 during the early juvenile and later stages (0.0045–1230 g). (3) Based on these results, factors controlling the metabolism-size relationship are discussed.     

陕西汉中地区蝗虫种类及区系特点

汉中地区的蝗总科昆虫有5科33属51种,锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae1属2种,斑腿蝗科Catantopidae9属19种,网翅蝗科Arcypteridae5属12种,斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae12属13种,剑角蝗科Acrididae5属5种。汉中地区蝗总科的昆虫以东洋界为主,共23种,占45.1%,其次为汉中地区特有种类10种,占19.6%,古北界和两界共有种类均为9种,均占17.6%。物种数量在各县区分布不均匀。     

厦门大嶝岛海域贝类的养殖容量

对厦门大嶝岛海域叶绿素a、初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、潮下带、潮间带和吊养区非养殖滤食性动物生产量、养殖贝类的滤水率、有机碳含量和贝类含壳重与鲜组织重的比值等模型参数的调查测定和检测分析,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物生产量,估算贝类养殖容量;同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量;采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养殖面积,以控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置.结果表明,3种模型估算的贝类养殖容量为35248～39990t(平均37488t),140008～158850×10⁴个(平均148903×10⁴个);适养面积2145hm²,其中牡蛎1900hm²、缢蛏81hm²、泥蚶20hm²、凸壳肌蛤144hm².2000年贝类及其各养殖品种的养殖面积已超过了估算的适宜养殖面积,应予以削减.     

Increase in surface area due to atomic scale roughness

A simple calculation indicates that the surface area of a macromolecule can be expected to be larger than that for a smooth object by a factor of , because of the atomic scale roughness of the surface.     

铜矿区超积累Cu植物的研究

1　引　　言土壤重金属污染一直是环境污染问题之一 ,而且土壤中的重金属污染具有严重性、长期性和广泛性的特点[1 ,6] .但常规的一些物理化学方法因费用过高、对土壤性质破坏等一系列问题而难以广泛应用 ,植物修复为重金属污染带来了希望[5,7,9,1 3] .植物修复主要是基于重金属超积累植物 (ｈｙｐｅｒ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｏｒ)的研究而兴起的 .超积累植物是指地上部分能富集重金属占干重的 1 0 0ｍｇ·ｋｇ-1 (Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ)或 1 0 0 0 0ｍｇ·ｋｇ-1 (如Ｚｎ)的一类植物[2～ 4,8] .在过去 2 0年内 ,已报道的超积累植物已有 4 0 0余种 …     

阳江地区慢性咳嗽的病因学调查研究

目的探讨阳江地区慢性咳嗽的病因特点。方法对2010年3月～2012年3月在阳江市中医医院门诊就诊的200例慢性咳嗽患者的临床资料进行研究。结果确定病因诊断者187例,单一病因咳嗽者178例,其中前五位依次为上气道咳嗽综合征（占34.0%）,变异型哮喘（占18.0%）,胃食管反流（占13.5%）,变应性咳嗽（占12.5%）,嗜酸细胞性支气管炎（占11.0%）;二重病因9例中,为上气道咳嗽综合征并胃食管反流（占2.5%）,上气道咳嗽综合征合并变异型哮喘（占2.0%）。结论慢性咳嗽的病因复杂,涉及多个临床学科,应进一步诊断及鉴别诊断。     

武夷山地区水生昆虫种类调查

通过灯诱、扫网和饲养(蜻蜒)等方法,系统调查了武夷山及其周边县市的水生昆虫,共获7目、48科、254种,比武夷山自然保护区10年科考结果又增加分布新记录13科,93种。     

The preoptic area of the domestic fowl

Summary The preoptic area of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) was studied by means of the Golgi technique. At least two regions can be recognized: (i) a medial and (ii) a lateral area, clearly distinguishable laterally from the adjacent telencephalic regions. The dendritic organization of the preoptic area is quite uniform. The neurons can be classified as isodendritic elements. The magnocellular elements are few and irregularly scattered mostly in the periventricular grey of the medial preoptic area. Of relevant interest is also the observation of some bipolar and horizontal neurons in the dorsal part of the medial preoptic area, near the anterior commissure.     

东灵山地区大气降水特征及森林树干茎流

对东灵山地区大气降水特征及森林树干茎流进行了研究,结果表明：年降水量大部分集在６－９月份,日降水以量级低于５．０ｍｍ的小雨较多,单次降水以雨强小于２．０ｍｍ的阵性降水为主,单株树木的干流量以辽东栎（３０．３ｍｍ）最大,棘皮桦（２．９ｍｍ）最小;两个生长季各林分的干流深是;辽东栎林６６．６８ｍｍ,３５．１９ｍｍ;落叶松林４３．７６ｍｍ,２３．１２ｍｍ;混交林３２．７７ｍｍ,１７．３６ｍｍ;油松林２２     

中国西南与台湾地区维管植物的间断分布格局及形成机制

植物的间断分布格局及其形成机制是植物地理学研究的重要问题之一。本文在对中国大陆与台湾名录整理比较的基础上,对中国西南与台湾地区的植物间断分布格局及形成机制进行了分析。结果表明,两地同种型间断分布的维管植物有198种(包括变种和亚种),隶属于56科129属,其中蕨类植物86种,裸子植物3种,双子叶植物56种,单子叶植物53种;两地异种型间断分布的维管植物有22属,隶属于15科,其中蕨类植物6属,裸子植物1属,双子叶植物7属,单子叶植物兰科8属。间断分布类群以草本植物为主,主要是蕨类和兰科植物。间断分布类群在台湾地区主要分布在中部到东北部,在大陆的分布主要集中在川东–鄂西地区、川西–滇西北地区–藏东南地区和滇东南–桂西–黔西南地区。在垂直高度上,海拔1,550–2,350m是间断分布类群最集中分布的海拔范围。我们推测中国西南与台湾地区的间断分布类群有3种来源:北半球温带、中国西南和热带亚洲来源。     

半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失

在不同深度的渗漏池,连续6年(11季作物)研究了半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失.结果表明,在半干旱地区,硝态氮的淋失仍可发生.淋失量和降水量有密切关系:降水多,淋失量大,不同降水年际间表现出显著差异.氮肥用量决定着淋失量的大小,而尿素和碳酸氢铵的淋失量却无本质差别.不同深度的土壤有着不同的贮水量,因而也有着不同的淋失量.实行夏季休闲,会增加硝态氮淋失的潜在危险.