大沽夹河底栖大型无脊椎动物耐受值估算

耐受值表现为水生生物在一定水平的干扰作用下生存和繁殖的相对能力,在生物学评价中起着不可或缺的重要作用。通过查阅文献资料、野外采样和实验室分析与鉴定,获得大沽夹河23个采样点1998～2007年环境要素数据和2006～2007年底栖大型无脊椎动物数据。应用等标指数法和算术平均法计算环境梯度值,利用加权加和法估算底栖大型无脊椎动物的耐受值,建立底栖大型无脊椎动物44个分类单元的耐受值谱。研究表明：（1）根据环境要素值和底栖大型无脊椎动物数据、采用数学方法估算底栖大型无脊椎动物耐受值,比专家经验或以生物多样性划分环境梯度等方法,更加客观;（2）耐受值谱表明,大沽夹河底栖大型无脊椎动物以敏感性和耐受性类型为主,过渡性类型较少。（3）与前人研究成果对比,耐受值在目、科分类单元比较一致,在属、种分类单元存在差异;（4）限于条件,底栖大型无脊椎动物分类鉴定有些粗略,环境梯度计算未包含底质、水文要素,需进一步改进。     

太浦河大型底栖动物群落组成及时空分布特征

太浦河连接东太湖和黄浦江,是东太湖向下游行洪的主河道,也是黄浦江上游重要的引水水源。分别于2017年10月、12月和2018年3月、6月在太浦河沿程设置的5个站点开展了大型底栖动物季节频次的取样调研,分析了太浦河大型底栖动物群落的结构特征及其主要影响因子。调查期间共采集到大型底栖动物25种,隶属于3门6纲14科,其中以河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）为代表的双壳类和以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为代表的腹足类处优势地位。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的密度、生物量及多样性特征在不同站点间均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;而在不同季节间均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。聚类排序分析表明,太浦河大型底栖动物群落在空间上的差异较季节间的变化更为明显。太浦河大型底栖动物群落的物种组成特征与太浦河、东太湖的水文连通格局密切相关;而沿程不同程度人为干扰下的水体营养水平以及底质类型与生境异质性等生境条件对太浦河大型底栖动物群落的分布特征具有重要影响,其综合作用机理有待进一步研究。     

不同尺度因子对滦河流域大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的影响

通过2011年滦河流域38个河段大型底栖无脊椎动物采集,探讨了河段尺度和流域尺度环境因子对大型底栖无脊椎动物分布的影响。其中,河段尺度因子包括水体/底质特征、河岸带特征和水质,流域尺度因子包括采样位置、流域土地利用结构和缓冲区土地利用结构。RDA(冗余分析)结果表明,河段尺度影响大型底栖无脊椎动物分布的关键因子为:细粒物质比例、河岸带植被盖度、河岸带人类干扰程度、河岸带农田比例、水面宽度和河道改造程度,总解释量为42%;流域尺度影响大型底栖无脊椎动物分布的关键因子为:纬度、海拔、流域内耕地面积百分比和流域面积,总解释量为32%。研究结果表明,河段尺度因子比流域尺度因子对于指示大型底栖无脊椎动物分布更为重要,在环境因子监测中应给以更多的重视。     

松花江流域大型底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

【目的】松花江流域是中国最早的工业基地之一,其水生态环境遭到严重破坏,环境保护工作面临巨大挑战。开展松花江流域水质评价及典型生物类群多样性状况调查,可为松花江流域生态系统的保护和修复提供依据。【方法】于2016年7月调查整个松花江流域近岸的大型底栖动物群落组成和测定水质理化指标,开展其水质理化特征评价和生物指数评价,并探讨底栖动物群落分布与水环境因子间的关系。【结果】理化指标评价结果显示,南源松花江水质状况最差,处于中度污染;北源松花江处于轻度污染;梧桐河水质最好,处于良好状态。松花江流域3个河段的底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异性。另外,梧桐河的物种多样性最高,北源松花江次之,南源松花江最低。溶解氧和营养元素K的浓度是驱动底栖动物群落组成发生显著性差异的主要环境因子。生物指数评价结果显示,3个河段水质均处于轻度污染状态。【结论】松花江流域水质处于轻度到中度污染状态。有机污染是松花江流域面临的主要水质环境问题,对松花江流域底栖动物群落结构产生了显著影响。因此,控制有机质的输入是维持松花江流域水生态系统平衡的重要举措之一。     

Downstream changes in the composition,numbers and biomass of bottom fauna in the Tees below Cow Green Reservoir and in an unregulated tributary Maize Beck,in the first five years after impoundment

Changes in composition, numbers and biomass of benthic fauna of the Tees below Cow Green Reservoir and an unregulated tributary Maize Beck were followed between 1972 and 1975 and pre- and post-impoundment conditions were compared. Species diversity was lowest just below the dam and numbers and biomass were highest 240 m downstream of the dam. Faunal densities increased in the Tees after impoundment but in Maize Back no major changes were observed.Freshwater Biological Association, Cow Green UnitFreshwater Biological Association, Cow Green Unit     

Macroinvertebrate drift density in relation to abiotic factors in the Missouri River

Changes in flow management to restore ecosystem health have been proposed as part of many restoration projects for regulated rivers. However, uncertainty exists about how the biota will respond to flow management changes. The objectives of this study were to estimate the relative importance of key abiotic predictor variables to aquatic macroinvertebrate drift densities in the Missouri River and to compare these results among reaches of the river. A multi-year, multi-location database of spring macroinvertebrate drift net sampling was used to develop relations between drift density and variables representing discharge, temperature, and turbidity in the Missouri River from Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota to the mouth of the Little Nemaha River, Nebraska. Multimodel inference using generalized linear mixed models and an information theoretic approach were used to estimate the relative importance of the predictor variables and the parameters. The results varied by reach. Discharge-related factors were more important at the upstream end of the study area, and turbidity was more important at the downstream end of the study area. Water temperature or degree days were also important predictors in the upstream reaches. The results below Gavins Point Dam suggest that increased macroinvertebrate drift densities are a response to reduced habitat and food availability. The results identify important variables for drift density that could be used in future experimental studies of flow manipulation for the Missouri or other large, regulated rivers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Handling editor: L. Mauricio Bini     

Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in a new reservoir

The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (<7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.     

Effects of dredge material placement on benthic macroinvertebrates of the Illinois River

Since the 1930s, dredge material has been removed from the Illinois River and placed along the main channel border in shallow depths to maintain a 2.7 m deep main channel for commercial navigation. Placement of this material changes the sediment composition from primarily silt/clay to primarily sand, and it buries pre-existing benthic invertebrates. During 1997 and 1998, the benthos of an 125 km reach of the middle Illinois River (La Grange Reach) was studied by extracting 1065 Ponar samples from randomly-selected sites which had never received dredge material, received dredge material one year previous, or received dredge material during the current year. Although total numbers of macroinvertebrates collected was lower in 1998 than in 1997, relative abundances of eight targeted taxa were highly similar between years. Chironimidae were most abundant and comprised >66% of all macroinvertebrates collected both years. Differences in densities of Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Sphaeriidae, Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774), Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), Odonata, and Gastropoda among the three classes of dredge material placement were all significant (P< 0.05). For all taxa, densities were highest at sites that had never received dredge material; and, for all taxa except Chironimidae, densities were lowest at sites that received dredge material during the current year. No significant recovery by macroinvertebrates was noticed on dredge areas of this reach after one year (P>0.05). Future operations to maintain a channel for navigation should consider preexisting densities of macroinvertebrate taxa. Because benthic macroinvertebrates are an important component of the food web and shifting sand does not support diverse macroinvertebrate communities, strategic placement of dredge material by avoiding islands or other areas of high macroinvertebrate diversity could improve overall system productivity and biotic integrity of large river-floodplains.     

Occurrence,abundance and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Nyando River catchment,Kenya

A baseline study was conducted of the occurrence of macroinvertebrates at 26 sites in the Nyando River catchment in 2005–2006. A total of 13 orders and 16 families of Arthropoda, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes and Annelida were collected, with the order Ephemeroptera being most abundant in the up- and mid-stream reaches, followed by Hemiptera and Plecoptera respectively. The downstream sections of the river were dominated by Hirudinea and tubificids, as the water quality deteriorated mainly due to local land use, raw sewage effluent discharge and annual floods. Insects and annelids were the main invertebrates found and the extent of pollution increased from mid-section (Site 15) downwards as the river flowed into the Winam Gulf. Stringent management measures are required to safeguard the environment and ecosystems of Lake Victoria.     

Spatio-temporal changes of benthic macroinvertebrates in a cold Arkansas tailwater

This paper investigates spatial, seasonal and long-term changes in benthic macroinvertebrates in riffles of a cold tailwater. Cold tailwaters initially disrupt previously existing macroinvertebrate assemblages, but little is known about the long-term biological effects of a stable cold thermal regime. Assemblages at an upstream and downstream site of the Little Red River, Arkansas were investigated almost 30 years apart (1971 and 1999). Based upon published literature demonstrating the stability of benthic assemblages within unaltered environments, we predicted that the assemblages would be similar for each variable investigated. The benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages can be characterized as low diversity, with a total of 17 taxa identified. Isopods and Diptera comprised ~80% of all individuals. Other than chironomids, insects and particularly EPT taxa were poorly represented. Recent macroinvertebrate densities were significantly greater compared to the historical study period for the downstream site. Assemblage comparisons revealed moderate differences between study periods. Macroinvertebrate density was significantly greater upstream than downstream in the 1971 study period, yet taxa richness was significantly greater downstream for both study periods. Faunal composition was significantly different for upstream and downstream sites. Seasonal differences in numerical standing crop were identified for the 1971 upstream and 1999 downstream data sets. Low to moderate levels of seasonal, spatial and historical variation among benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were attributed to environmental (temperature and flow) stability. The lack of aquatic insects other than chironomids over a 30-year period is indicative of the extreme constraints placed upon insect development within this cold regulated river.     

Structure and composition of benthic macroinvertebrates of a tropical forest stream, River Nyamweru, western Uganda

Benthic invertebrates from River Nyamweru, a tropical forest stream in western Uganda were sampled bimonthly between April and December 1997 using a modified Hess Sampler. A total of 3708 benthic fauna from thirteen taxonomic orders were collected. Benthic samples were dominated by Diptera (mainly Chironomidae) representing over 60% of all the organisms, followed by Ephemeroptera. Benthic invertebrate densities ranged from 63 ± 9.03 organisms/m² to 300 ± 33.36 organisms/m², with higher densities occurring during the dry season and lower densities during the wet season. The benthic community structure in River Nyamweru reflected mainly collectors and scrapers as the most important groups (83%), while predators were very rare (3.1%). River discharge influenced benthic abundance, with more invertebrates at lower discharge and fewer invertebrates at higher discharge. The applicability of the River Continuum Concept to tropical forest stream situation is discussed.     

Distribution and seasonal abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in a subtropical Florida lake

We studied the distribution and seasonal abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates from July 1975 through September 1976 in a hypereutrophic lake in subtropical Florida. The benthic community was comprised principally of oligochaetes (56.1%), chironomids (37.1%), and chaoborids (5.7%). Numbers of taxa and mean densities correlated negatively with depth and positively with mean grain size of the substratum and dissolved oxygen concentration at the mud-water interface. Seasonal abundances and life history information obtained for the predominant species of Chironomidae (Polypedilum halterale, Glyptotendipes paripes, Chironomus crassicaudatus, Cryptochironomus fulvus, C. blarina, Cladotanytarsus sp., Procladius culiciformis, and Coelotanypus concinnus) indicated that all of these species are multivoltine with rapid generation times. Larval lengths of life at summer temperatures, 27–31 °C, ranged from 14–22 days indicating that sampling in subtropical lakes should be at short intervals (approximately 3 days) if the life cycles, ecology, and function of the components of the benthic community is to be understood.     

Distribution of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates along a thermal stream gradient

The distribution and abundance of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates were examined along a natural thermal gradient formed by hot springs in Little Geysers Creek, Sonoma Co., California, USA. Maximum water temperatures ranged from 52 °C at the uppermost station to 23 °C at a station 400 m downstream. Benthic chlorophyll a decreased exponentially from 2.5 g m^–2 at 52 °C to less than 0.1 g m^–2 at 23 °C, a pattern of decline also exhibited by algal phaeophytin. Blue-green algae dominated at higher temperatures but were replaced by filamentous green algae and diatoms at lower temperatures.Macroinvertebrates were absent at temperatures 45 °C; the highest density (> 150 000 m^–2, mainly Chironomidae) occurred at 34 °C, whereas biomass was highest (4.6 g m^–2, as dry weight) at 23 °C and species richness (15 species) was highest at 27 °C. The two predominant macroinvertebrate populations (the midge Tanytarsus sp. and the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis) occurred at sites that were several degrees below their lethal thermal threshold, suggesting that a temperature buffer is maintained.     

Monitoring and assessment of water quality in the Haraz River of Iran,using benthic macroinvertebrates indices

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between river water quality and the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Haraz River in Iran. Using a surber net sampler, benthic macroinvertebrate communities along the stream was sampled in wet and dry seasons of 2015 at nine stations with three replications. The physicochemical water quality parameters were measured in the field by water checker. Hilsenhoff biotic Indices, Shannon Wiener Diversity Indices, Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) Index and Pielou Evenness Index were applied to carry out a biological assessment of water quality. A total of 3781 (spring 769, summer 1092, autumn 1095 and winter 825) benthic macroinvertebrate specimens belonging to 4 orders, 11 classes and 16 families were identified. The lowest number of taxa was recorded in spring while the highest was recorded in autumn. Station 9 had the lowest number of taxa while the highest number of taxa was recorded at station 3. The average values (±SD) of the water quality parameters were temperature 14.75?±?4.38 °C, pH 7.93?±?0.62, water flow 14.11?±?9.04 m³ s^?1, electric conductivity 532.75?±?161.35 μmohs cm^?1, total dissolved solids 296.61?±?76.21 mg L^?1, salinity 0.28?±?0.07 mg L^?1, turbidity 580.77?±?149.92 NTU and dissolved oxygen 8.08?±?0.75 mg L^?1. The assessment of stations 1 to 6 indicated that water quality conditions were suitable. In addition, substantial level of organic pollution was observed in stations 7 and 8. In station 9 water quality was fairly poor, requiring a more favourable management based on the capacity of the self-purification of the Haraz River.     

Response of benthic macroinvertebrates to gradients in hydrological connectivity: a comparison of temperate,subtropical, Mediterranean and semiarid river floodplains

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Habitat characteristics and trophic structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in a forested headwater stream

Three channel reaches with different habitat characteristics were selected to test the variability in community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates by comparing the relative abundance of functional feeding groups among the reaches. The important factors influencing the spatial and temporal organization of community structure were explored using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS). The habitat characteristics in the reaches were different in terms of habitat type, hydrological factors, and substrate composition. The first headwater reach was classified as a step-pool reach with similar relative areas of riffle and pool habitats. The second mid-reach and the third down reach had greater areas of pool habitat followed by runs and riffles whose proportions were similar between the latter two reaches. The relative abundances of functional feeding groups were different among the surveyed reaches. Gammarid shredders predominated in the upper reach, and chironomid collector–gatherers and collector–filterers were in greater abundance in the two lower reaches. The proportions of gammarids were minor in the mid and downstream reaches. NMS ordination indicated that the proportion of substrates < 8 mm, discharge, and water depth mainly determined the spatial and temporal distribution of samples based on the macroinvertebrate community in the study reaches. These results suggest that different habitat characteristics result in a distinct community structure in each reach.     

Distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in an artificially destratified reservoir

A total of 76 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates as collected from Ham's Lake, Oklahoma, during 1974 and 1975. The composition and density of the benthic assemblage was similar to that of other Oklahoma reservoirs. The number of species and density of macroinvertebrates decreased from March to the end of July, 1975 Species diversity and biomass did not change significantly with time. Number of species and species diversity decreased with depth on all sampling periods. The most pronounced changes occurred between 4 and 5 m during periods of thermal stratification and hypolimnion anoxia. Artificial destratification removed the thermocline from Ham's Lake within 2 wk. More gradually, the deep waters were reoxygenated. Destratification did not substantially alter the depth distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates until oxygen level of the deep water was increased. Research supported with funds from the Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute and the Bureau of Reclamation.     

Overwintering of benthic macroinvertebrates in ice and frozen sediment in a North Swedish river

In winter the water freezes into the substrate within considerable areas of unregulated northern rivers due to low temperature combined with a lowering of the water level. Living individuals of Nematoda, Gastropoda, Sphaeriidae, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Isopoda, Trichoptera and Chironomidae were found in samples of ice and frozen sediment from the bottom frozen hydrolittoral zone of the north Swedish river Vindelälven. All abundant species in the frozen substratum, except Asellus aquaticus , seemed to be well adapted to withstand overwintering in this special habitat free from predation. Generally, between 80 and l00% of enclosed animals survived thawing. Cysts or other kinds of resting stage constructions, similar to those found during drought, were common in several enclosed species. Specimens of Gyraulus acronicus, Pisidium ssp., Molanna albicans and Chironomidae survived exposure to −4°C for five month in a freezing experiment. Extracellular freezing of the invertebrates overwintering in the ice is probable, as the ambient temperature was below the true freezing point of most animals. The composition of the substratum may effect the survival of animals enclosed in ice.     

三峡库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物对蓄水的响应

为探究三峡水库修建对库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物的影响,于2015年7月和2016年1月对三峡水库四条支流的大型底栖动物进行调研,分别对周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区和长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区大型底栖动物群落结构进行比较研究,结果表明:⑴7月份三峡水库145米低水位时期共采集到底栖动物655头计59种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到底栖动物4种共40头,优势种为日本沼虾(占受蓄水影响区域的57.5%); 1月份三峡水库175米蓄水时期共采集到底栖动物1123头计69种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到16种238头,优势种为锯齿新米虾(占受蓄水影响区域的14.2%)。⑵周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数无显著差异(P0.05);长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区之间底栖动物密度和Pielou均匀度指数无显著差异(P0.05),但非回水区底栖动物生物量显著高于回水区(P0.05),底栖动物多样性和丰富度极显著高于回水区(P0.01)。⑶7月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共6个,分别是水深、流速、硝态氮、溶解氧、水温和电导率; 1月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共7个,分别是水温、溶解氧、总磷、流速、深度、电导率和透明度。     

Impact of a diazinon calamity in 1996 on the aquatic macroinvertebrates in the River Meuse, The Netherlands

A more or less continuous load of pesticides has been noted in the River Meuse in recent years. In April 1996, when high concentrations (up toca. 1 g 1^–1) of the insecticide diazinon were measured in the River Meuse at the Belgian-Dutch border, the maximum concentration for drinking water production was exceeded. This was alerted after activity changes of fish and daphnids in the biological monitoring systems (RIZA). These observations were compared with literature toxicity data of diazinon, in order to determine the ecological impact of this diazinon discharge on the aquatic macroinvertebrates. LC₅₀ values of several aquatic macroinvertebrate species were exceeded. In addition, a high mortality was observed in bioassays with the midgeChironomus riparius and the caddisflyHydropsyche angustipennis. It is inferred that the species composition of the macrofauna community in the River Meuse is likely to be reduced by such an accident. Recolonization of the River Meuse by sensitive macrofauna species may therefore be prevented by incidental pesticide discharges.