西藏申扎县木纠错地区晚三叠世海参骨片化石的发现及其地质意义

本文描述的海参骨片化石采自西藏申扎县木纠错西的多布日一带,主要有Theelia planorbicula Mostler,Theelia uariabilis alouakensis Kzour et Mock等晚三叠世诺利期标准分子。充分显示了海参骨片化石的重要的生物地层意义。该动物群的发现首次确定了西藏自治区北部冈底斯一腾冲地层区永珠蛇绿岩带以南晚三叠世海相地层的存在,并为中特提斯海的演化历史,古地理轮廓的确定,以及青藏高原的形成演变历史提供了新的资料。     

西藏措勤地区早日垩世双壳类新材料

简述措勤地区双壳类的地层分布及组合特征,描述双壳类化石２０属２０种,其中有６新种。非海相双壳类（Ｉｓｏｄｏｍｅｌｌａ,Ｃｏｓｔｏｃｙｒｅｎａ）的发现具有重要意义。     

陕西岐山“孙家沟组”海相叶肢介化石

陕西岐山后周公庙剖面的“孙家沟组”是一套厚５２４ｍ的早三叠世海陆交互相地层,最近首次发现了叶肢介化石,并发现叶肢介与海相双壳类密切共存。这一新发现充分证明了在地质历史中确实存在海相叶肢介。叶肢介与海相双壳类出现在“孙家沟组”上段的上部,海相双壳类定名为“Ｂａｋｅｖｅｌｌｉａ ｓｐ．,共生的叶肢介化石为Ｐａｌａｅｏｌｉｍｎａｄｉａ ｃｆ．ｍａｃｈａｏｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｐａｌａｅｏｌｉｍｎａｄｉａ     

西藏措勤地区早日垩世双壳类新材料

简述措勤地区双壳类的地层分布及组合特征，描述双壳类化石２０属２０种，其中有６新种。非海相双壳类（Ｉｓｏｄｏｍｅｌｌａ，Ｃｏｓｔｏｃｙｒｅｎａ）的发现具有重要意义。     

中国石炭纪海相双壳类及其生活习性

中国的石炭系相当发育,富含多门类化石。由于对其中双壳类化石的研究程度颇低,目前要详细讨论石炭纪双壳类的生物地理分区、建立双壳类化石带或组合带尚为时过早。本文仅就我国石炭纪双壳类的分布、发育情况及其特征进行总结,并分析、讨论它们的生活习性。为了说明我国石炭纪双壳类在这个纲的演化史中所占的地位,也扼要回顾了全球石炭纪海相双壳类动物群的面貌及其特征。     

深圳地区发现早侏罗世双壳类化石

1982年,笔者与本队郑有铭同志在深圳地区南澳水头沙进行野外工作时,曾发现一批海相双壳类化石。当时曾有人怀疑这里的地层为上三叠统,据说前人曾发现过三叠纪的标志化石Myophoria(Neoschizodus)laevigata(Ziethen)。但是后来广州地质学校黄沃章老师在双壳类化石层之下采集到早侏罗世金鸡组的菊石Hongkongites,菊石层中又共生有少量双壳类。1984年笔者携带这批双壳类标本到中国科学院南京     

海相侏罗纪双壳类在中国东北地区东部的产出与其对亚洲中、东部非海相侏罗、白垩系分界研究的意义

一、双壳类化石的产出在我国东北地区东部所发现的海相侏罗纪双壳类化石不下150种,分隶于9目30科。它们产于黑龙江省东部的龙爪沟群和鸡西群中,但多半产自龙爪沟群。龙爪沟群分布于黑龙江省东部的完达山等地,由中、晚侏罗世海陆交互相地层组成,其中含有一些广布性的动物化石群,但也具有许多北极-太平洋区的分子。这些动物群包括腕足类、腹足类、双壳类、菊石、介形类等化石。本文所列海相双壳类化石及其有关结论,部分摘录自本文作者所参加不同研究队各自的初步研究。龙爪沟群厚约400m,由砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩     

中国西藏发现类三角蚌类祖先闯入非海相领域的证据（英文）北大核心CSCD

新发现的双壳类化石命名为Baxoitrigonia baxoiensis gen. et sp. nov.,产地为藏东八宿林卡家东,化石产于景星动物群之下的拉贡塘组下段,同层位有菊石和其他海相双壳类,时代为晚侏罗世Tithonian期;化石的外部特征很接近于三角蛤类Iotrigonia属,但前闭肌痕特征又相似于类三角蚌类,被认为是三角蛤类闯入非海相领域后演变成类三角蚌类的产物。此发现提供了生物和地层两方面的直接证据,证明非海相类三角蚌类(Trigonioidoidea超科)起源于海相三角蛤类(Trigoniida目),而不是起源于珠蚌类(Unionida目)。海相三角蛤类闯入边缘隔绝的洛隆-八宿地区并演变为非海相类三角蚌类,是一次典型的边域成种事件。     

中国西藏发现类三角蚌类祖先闯入非海相领域的证据（英文）

新发现的双壳类化石命名为Baxoitrigonia baxoiensis gen. et sp. nov.,产地为藏东八宿林卡家东,化石产于景星动物群之下的拉贡塘组下段,同层位有菊石和其他海相双壳类,时代为晚侏罗世Tithonian期;化石的外部特征很接近于三角蛤类Iotrigonia属,但前闭肌痕特征又相似于类三角蚌类,被认为是三角蛤类闯入非海相领域后演变成类三角蚌类的产物。此发现提供了生物和地层两方面的直接证据,证明非海相类三角蚌类(Trigonioidoidea超科)起源于海相三角蛤类(Trigoniida目),而不是起源于珠蚌类(Unionida目)。海相三角蛤类闯入边缘隔绝的洛隆-八宿地区并演变为非海相类三角蚌类,是一次典型的边域成种事件。     

山东滨县下第三系沙河街组的藻类化石

本文报道了藻类化石8新属14新种,其中蓝藻4种、绿藻7种、红藻3种。并阐述了这些化石藻类和现代藻类的亲缘关系,生活习性。根据这些事实探讨了滨县一带下第三系沙河街组沙四段上部的沉积相,说明含藻类地层为海相成因。     

Spores and the middle-upper Devonian boundary

The stratigraphic levels most favoured for the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary fall approximately within the range of the ammonoid Pharciceras lunulicosta Zone, i.e. from the Middle varcus Subzone to the base of the Lower asymmetricus Zone of the conodont scale. Spore data that are potentially useful for recognition of the boundary within this range have been correlated with conodont zones in marine facies in the Boulonnais region of France. A vast amount of information on spores from Middle-Upper Devonian boundary strata has accumulated in the European U.S.S.R., where the boundary is taken at a somewhat lower level. Late Givetian and early Frasnian continental strata of Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic contain species present in the Boulonnais or the European U.S.S.R., as well as species common to both regions. Diatomozonotriletes spp., Rhabdosporites langii, Samarisporites triangulatus, Contagisporites optivus, Archaeoperisaccus timanicus, Chelinospora concinna and Ancyrospora langii, among others, may be useful for correlating the boundary as eventually defined. The stratigraphic ranges of most of these taxa show only limited agreement interregionally at present, probably owing at least in part to problems of spore nomenclature and taxonomy, and an insufficiency of spore reference sequences keyed to faunal zones. Nevertheless, individual species of spores, and especially assemblages of species, have much potential for delimiting and correlating the Middle-Upper Devonian boundary in both marine and continental facies.     

Early Jurassic shell beds from marginal marine environments in southern Mendoza, Argentina

External estuarine facies in Late Sinemurian beds from the base of the Puesto Araya Formation in the Atuel river region, Mendoza Province, Argentina, contain concentrations of a new species of Cardinioides (a shallow burrowing suspension-feeding Pachycardiidae bivalve) and a low diversity benthic fauna. These bivalves appear in tidal inlet facies of a wave-dominated estuary (environment similar to lagoon-barrier island systems), forming bioclastic lags at the channel bases. The taphonomic attributes (such as shell articulation, degree of fragmentation and abrasion, bioclast size, orientation) change from North to South, from monospecific concentrations of nearly complete large Cardinioides shells with low degree of fragmentation and abrasion, through beds with smaller Cardinioides shells associated with a few bivalves from marine environments, to only isolated fragmented specimens associated with a fully marine biota including not only other bivalves but also brachiopods and ammonoids. This, together with different palaeoecologic, sedimentologic and stratigraphic attributes at the studied localities are evidence of southwards changing environmental conditions from marginal marine (brackish) to fully marine on the eastern margin of the Neuquén basin at that time. From detailed analysis of taphonomic features, size distribution of shells, and the associated fauna at the different localities, the new species is regarded as a brackish water endemic, possibly a low salinity euryhaline species, which inhabited well oxygenated waters. Salinity, turbulence levels and food supply were the main limiting factors in the distribution of the species.     

Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence,Northwestern Venezuela)

The Urumaco stratigraphic sequence, western Venezuela, preserves a variety of paleoenvironments that include terrestrial, riverine, lacustrine and marine facies. A wide range of fossil vertebrates associated with these facies supports the hypothesis of an estuary in that geographic area connected with a hydrographic system that flowed from western Amazonia up to the Proto-Caribbean Sea during the Miocene. Here the elasmobranch assemblages of the middle Miocene to middle Pliocene section of the Urumaco sequence (Socorro, Urumaco and Codore formations) are described. Based on new findings, we document at least 21 taxa of the Lamniformes, Carcharhiniformes, Myliobatiformes and Rajiformes, and describe a new carcharhiniform species (†Carcharhinus caquetius sp. nov.). Moreover, the Urumaco Formation has a high number of well-preserved fossil Pristis rostra, for which we provide a detailed taxonomic revision, and referral in the context of the global Miocene record of Pristis as well as extant species. Using the habitat preference of the living representatives, we hypothesize that the fossil chondrichthyan assemblages from the Urumaco sequence are evidence for marine shallow waters and estuarine habitats.     

Environmental and temporal patterns in bioturbation in the Cambrian–Ordovician of Western Newfoundland

The early Paleozoic emergence of bioturbating (sediment-dwelling and -mixing) animals has long been assumed to have led to substantial changes in marine biogeochemistry, seafloor ecology, and the preservation potential of both sedimentary and fossil archives. However, the timing of the rise of bioturbation and environmental patterns in its expansion have long been subjects of debate—resolution of which has been hampered, in part, by a paucity of high-resolution bioturbation data or of systematic investigations of facies trends in lower Paleozoic bioturbation. To address these issues, we conducted an integrated sedimentological and ichnological characterization of the Cambrian–Ordovician Port au Port succession and Cow Head Group of western Newfoundland, encompassing over 350 meters of stratigraphy logged at the centimeter to decimeter scale. We find that, across a wide range of marine facies, bioturbation does not on average exceed moderate intensities—corroborating observations from other lower Paleozoic successions indicating that the early Paleozoic development of bioturbation was a protracted process. Moreover, bioturbation intensities in the Port au Port succession and Cow Head Group are commonly characterized by considerable variability at even fine scales of stratigraphic resolution and changes in bioturbation intensity correlate strongly with variability in sedimentary facies. We observe that facies recording nearshore depositional environments and carbonate-rich lithologies are each characterized by the highest intensities of both burrowing and sediment mixing. These data highlight the need for a high-resolution and facies-specific approach to reconstructing the evolutionary history of bioturbation and suggest that average levels of bioturbation, although relatively low throughout this interval, increased notably earlier in nearshore marine settings.     

Cyclic sedimentation across a Middle Ordovician carbonate ramp (Duwibong Formation), Korea

Summary The Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation (about 100 m thick), Korea, comprises various lithotypes deposited across a carbonate ramp. Their stacking patterns constitute several kinds of meter-scale, shallowing-upward carbonate cycles. Lithofacies associations are grouped into four depositional facies: deep- to mid-ramp, shoal-complex, lagoonal, and tidal-flat facies. These facies are composed of distinctive depositional cycles: deep subtidal, shallow subtidal, restricted marine, and peritidal cycles, respectively. The subtidal cycles are capped by subtidal lithofacies and indicate incomplete shallowing to the peritidal zone. The restricted marine and peritidal cycles are capped by tidal flat lithofacies and show evidence of subaerial exposure. These cycles were formed by higher frequency sea-level fluctuations with durations of 120 ky (fifth order), which were superimposed on the longer term sea-level events, and by sediment redistribution by storm-induced currents and waves. The stratigraphic succession of the Duwibong Formation represents a general regressive trend. The vertical facies change records the transition from a deep- to mid-ramp to shoal, to lagoon, into a peritidal zone. The depositional system of the Duwibong Formation was influenced by frequent storms, especially on the deep ramp to mid-ramp seaward of ooid shoals. The storm deposits comprise about 20% of the Duwibong sequence.     

Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of an Upper Jurassic carbonate ramp in the Eastern Alborz range and Binalud Mountains, NE Iran

Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian-Tithonian?) strata of NE Iran (Lar Formation) are composed of medium- to thick-bedded, mostly grainy limestones with various skeletal (bivalves, foraminifera, algae, corals, echinoderms, brachiopods, and radiolaria) and nonskeletal (peloids, ooids, intraclasts, and oncoids) components. Facies analysis documents low- to high-energy environments, including tidal-flat, lagoonal, barrier, and open-marine facies. Because of the wide lateral distribution of facies and the apparent absence of distinct paleobathymetric changes, the depositional system likely represents a westward-deepening homoclinal ramp. Four third-order depositional sequences can be distinguished in each of five stratigraphic measured sections. Transgressive system tracts (TST) show deepening-upward trends, in which shallow-water (tidal flat and lagoonal) facies are overlain by deeper-water (barrier and open-marine) facies. Highstand systems tracts (HST) show shallowing-upward trends in which deep-water facies are overlain by shallow-water facies. All sequence boundaries in the study area (except at the top of the stratigraphic column) are of the nonerosional (SB2) type. Correlation of depositional sequences in the studied sections show that relatively shallow marine (tidal-flat, lagoonal, barrier, and shallow open-marine) conditions dominated in the area. These alternated with deep-water open-marine wackestone and mudstones representing zones of maximum flooding (MFZ).     

Sequence stratigraphic analysis and sea-level history of the Upper Jurassic deposits (Mozduran Formation), south of Aghdarband,NE Iran

Abstract

The Kopet-Dagh Basin is a large sedimentary basin in northeastern Iran that host the giant Khangiran and Gonbadli gas fields. The Mozduran Formation with its various sedimentary facies is an important reservoir widely distributed in the basin. A sedimentological analysis of Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation resulted in an accurate reconstruction of the sedimentary environments and the sequence stratigraphic framework south of Aghdarband. The strata consist of six different facies associations including 12 carbonate, one evaporate and two siliciclastic subfacies. On the basis of their various components, structural and textural characteristics, these facies were deposited on a homoclinal ramp in tidal flat to open marine environments ranging from supratidal to subtidal settings. Facies A1 and A2 represent open marine, B1-B4 Shoal, C1-C4 lagoonal and D1, D2, E, T1 and T2 tidal flat and Salina environments. In addition, based on detailed field and laboratory studies on the facies architecture, several large-scale (long-term) depositional sequences could be distinguished in the stratigraphic sections of the study area. These sequences are composed of LST, TST and HST that are separated by a SB1 and SB2 sequence boundaries. The paleogeography of the study area during the Late Jurassic time is reconstructed in five block diagrams.     

Sedimentary facies and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Oligocene larger-benthic-foraminifera-dominated Qom Formation in the northeastern margin of the Tethyan Seaway

The well-exposed outcrops of the Bujan, northern Abadeh, and Varkan stratigraphic sections of the Qom Formation in the Iranian part of the “northeastern margin” of the Tethyan Seaway were characterized by abundant biogenic components dominated by foraminifers, coralline red algae, and corals. The Qom Formation is Rupelian–Chattian in age in the study areas. Based on the field investigations, depositional textures, and dominant biogenic components, fifteen (carbonate and terrigenous) facies were identified. These facies can be grouped into four depositional environments: open marine, open lagoon, restricted lagoon, and continental braided streams. The marine facies were deposited on a ramp-type platform. The euphotic inner ramp was characterized mainly by imperforate foraminifera, with co-occurrence of some perforate taxa. These facies passed basinward into a mesophotic (middle) ramp with Neorotalia packstone (F5), coral, coralline algae, perforate foraminiferal packstone (F4), and coral patch reefs (F7). The deeper, oligophotic ramp facies were marly packstones with planktonic and hyaline benthic foraminifera, including large lepidocyclinids and nummulitids. The abundance of perforate foraminifera and the absence of facies indicating restricted lagoonal or intertidal settings suggest that the Varkan section was deposited mainly in open marine settings with normal salinity. The prevalence of larger benthic foraminiferal and red algal assemblages, together with the coral facies, indicates that carbonate production took place in tropical–subtropical waters.     

痕迹化石在识别东濮凹陷古近纪河口湾环境和下切谷中的作用

河口湾砂岩储层,在下切谷型油气勘探类型中极具潜在经济价值,因而引起众多沉积环境研究者的关注。河口湾是河水、海水相互作用的场所,具明显的三重沉积结构,即在河口湾内侧,河流淡水沉积具主导;在河口湾外侧,则以潮汐或波浪等海水水流沉积占优;而河口湾的中央地带,是海水和淡水汇合区,表现出咸水水体和低能环境的沉积特征。东濮凹陷沙河街组四段,低位期形成的下切谷和高位期转变成河口湾的过程,由沉积柱子中的海水生物痕迹、咸水生物痕迹及淡水生物痕迹记录下来,这些适应于不同水体的造迹生物所留下的痕迹,弥补了这一地区缺乏标志性实体化石带来的认识障碍,为识别其沉积环境真面目找到了新途径。由Cylindricum-Scoyenia为代表的淡水痕迹化石组合,以Tigillites和喜盐植物根迹为代表的咸水生物痕迹和以Thalassinoides,Teichichnus为代表的海水生物痕迹,在东濮凹陷沙河街组四段钻取的岩芯中多次出现,证实了那里河口湾沉积的三重结构和下切谷的存在。