小鼠海马神经元冰冻切片和脑片培养方法的比较

目的:通过冰冻切片和脑片培养方式比较获得更适合脑片实验研究的方法。方法:分别运用急性切片和脑片培养方法,结合全细胞膜片钳技术比较两种脑片处理方法对小鼠海马神经元细胞形态、细胞膜封接难易程度、细胞电生理特性等的差异,获得更适合细胞研究的脑片获取方法。结果:冰冻切片方法切断部分神经纤维,脑片表层出现肿胀或坏死细胞,2-3层细胞可用于膜片钳记录,但不易封接破膜。脑片培养后可使纤维再生,整个脑片细胞形态清晰可见,容易封接破膜,电生理记录波形及基本特性与冰冻切片一致,但脑片培养方法的细胞突触后电流幅度更大、频率更高。结论:脑片培养可修复受损纤维和细胞膜柔韧性,且不改变膜特性,但脑片培养重建了一定数量的细胞间信号连接,使细胞反应性增强,脑片培养方法更适合脑片神经元研究。     

fMLP诱导的中性粒细胞胞内游离钙离子浓度变化与细胞极性化过程

目的：观察不同浓度的fMLP诱导中性粒细胞的极性变化,并结合胞内游离钙离子浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）变化曲线分析不同时相细胞的极性化变化,探讨二者之间的关系。方法：使用激光共聚焦显微镜对胞内[Ca^2＋]．变化进行监测,细胞极性化情况通过倒置显微镜来分析。结果：胞内[Ca^2＋]i变化主要包括静息期（0s）、快速上升期（10s）、快速下降期（150s）、慢速下降期（250s）和终末期等5个阶段,在这5个阶段的10s时细胞膜开始皱缩,启动细胞极性化过程,之后呈现为不断的极性化和去极性化过程。结论：游离钙离子浓度升高可能启动了中性粒细胞的极性化,但对之后的极性化过程影响不明显。     

细胞外液酸碱度改变对自发性高血压大鼠脑动脉平滑肌细胞电生理特性的影响

目的:探讨细胞外液酸碱度(pHo)的改变对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)脑动脉平滑肌细胞电生理特性的影响。方法:取200~250 g自发性高血压大鼠,应用全细胞膜片钳记录技术观察细胞外液酸碱度改变后对SHR脑动脉平滑肌细胞膜电流的作用,进一步揭示其离子机制。结果:①pHo酸化可电压依赖性的抑制SHR脑动脉平滑肌细胞的外向电流。其主要抑制SHR脑动脉平滑肌细胞0~+60 mV区间的电流幅度;②1 mmol/L TEA可以有效抑制pHo酸化对脑动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流的抑制作用。结论:pHo的改变引起SHR脑动脉平滑肌细胞外向电流变化,其可能与电压依赖性的抑制SHR脑动脉平滑肌细胞BKCa通道电流有关。     

常氧和急性低氧下大鼠传导性肺动脉平滑肌细胞的电生理特性

本文旨在研究大鼠传导性肺动脉平滑肌细胞（pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs）的电生理特征及对急性低氧的反应。用酶解法急性分离出1-2级分支的PASMCs,通过全细胞膜片钳方法研究常氧及急性低氧状况下细胞钾电流的差异,并在常氧下先后使用iBTX和4-AP阻断大电导钙激活钾离子（large conductance Ca-activated K^＋,BKCa）通道及延迟整流性钾离子（delayed rectifier K^＋,KDR）通道后,观察细胞钾电流特征。根据细胞的大小、形态及电生理特征可将PASMCs分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。iBTX对Ⅰ类细胞几乎无作用,而4-AP几乎完全阻断它的钾电流;Ⅱ类细胞的钾电流在加入iBTX后大部分被抑制,其余的对4．AP敏感;Ⅲ类细胞的钾电流对iBTX及4-AP均敏感。急性低氧对三类细胞的钾电流均有不同程度的抑制,并使Ⅰ类细胞的膜电位显著升高,而Ⅱ、Ⅲ类细胞膜电位升高的程度不如Ⅰ类显著。结果表明,传导性肺动脉有3种形态及电生理特性不同的PASMCs,在急性低氧时其钾电流不同程度地受到抑制,同时静息膜电位也有不同程度去极化,这些可能参与急性低氧时传导性肺动脉舒缩反应的调节。KDR及BKCa通道在3种细胞中的比例不同可能是急性低氧对3种PASMCs影响不同的离子基础。     

大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活氯通道电流的电生理检测

目的：研究大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活氯通道电流的电生理特性。方法：膜片钳全细胞和膜内向外记录模式检测大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞上钙激活氯通道全细胞电流和单通道电流。结果：大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞记录到稳定的钙激活氯通道电流（ICl（Ca））;ICl（Ca）表现出典型的外向整流特性和电压时间依赖性激活。结论：大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜上存在电压、时间依赖性氯通道电流,钙激活氯通道通过促进肺动脉平滑肌细胞去极化而成为调节肺动脉特性的关键调节因子。     

小鼠胚胎心肌细胞的分离及电生理特性

本文旨在探索小鼠胚胎心肌细胞的分离方法并观察其电生理特性。应用胶原酶B消化法获得不同时期单个小鼠胚胎心肌细胞;利用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录胚胎心肌细胞的超极化激活的非选择性内向阳离子电流(If)和L-钙电流(ICa-L),并用电流钳记录其自发性动作电位。胚胎心肌细胞通过相差显微镜依据其形态和自发性收缩进行鉴定。本法分离所获得的胚胎心肌细胞容易进行全细胞膜片钳记录,可用于记录If,ICa-L．电流和自发性动作电位,己证实胚胎心肌细胞If和Ica-L的电生理特性与成年起搏细胞或心肌细胞相似。本实验建立的分离方法简单、稳定、有效、可靠,最早可获得8．5d的胚胎心肌细胞。胚胎心肌细胞的电生理记录为探索胚胎心肌细胞的电生理特性提供了一个可用的模型,并可能为某些心脏疾病产生的机制提供实验依据。     

嗜中性粒细胞在均匀浓度fMLP诱导极性化过程中伪足长度的变化

采用重复密度梯度离心的方法分离中性粒细胞,并对其在10～100 nmol/L fMLP不同浓度趋化诱导下产生极性化的极性化率和伪足长度变化趋势进行分析。结果表明在加入fMLP的短时间内,细胞都表现出极性化率明显上升的趋势,以100 nmol/L为最快,但在3～4 min内都会达到90%以上的极性化水平。同时,细胞伪足长度明显受到不同fMLP浓度刺激的影响,表现为伸展和回缩相的交替,从而组成一个振荡周期。组成振荡周期的伸展相和回缩相及振荡频率都明显受到不同fMLP浓度刺激的影响,依据伪足变化率本文提出了细胞极性活跃程度的分类。由于伪足的变化与F-actin的聚合密切相关,而F-actin的聚合又受到极性信号分子的调节,因此对伪足变化的分析有助于了解中性粒细胞极性信号传导通路的调节机制。     

γ—氨基丁酸抑制缺氧所致神经元钙超载

本文以体外分散培养的新生大鼠海马ＣＡ１区神经细胞为标本,分别采用激光扫描共聚集显微镜动态监测单个细胞［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ和膜片箝全细胞记录的电生理技术检测细胞的ＮＭＤＡ电流和电压依赖性Ｃａ＾２＋电流等方法,较为深入地研究了抑制性神经递质γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）及ＧＡＢＡ－Ａ受体激动剂蝇蕈醇对急性缺氧时海马ＣＡ１神经元［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ升高过程的影响方式及其作用机制。结果表明：对照组细胞缺氧后比缺氧前［Ｃ     

拟南芥下胚轴原生质体的膜片钳全细胞记录（简报）

建立了拟南芥下胚轴原生质体的膜片钳全细胞记录方法,观测到的全细胞电流主要是外向K＋电流,其对胞外K＋浓度具有一定的依赖性,并为K＋通道阻断剂Ba2 显著抑制,外源ATP和Ca2 分别对拟南芥下胚轴原生质体的全细胞外向K 电流有显著影响,表明拟南芥下胚轴细胞质膜外向K＋通道,可能通过蛋白磷酸化或Ca2 信使调控的机制,参与细胞信号转导。     

耐钙心肌细胞的分离和电生理特性观察

用快速、恒压的无钙和胶原酶Ｔｙｒｏｄｅ液相继灌流豚鼠心脏冠脉系统后,再经无钙液室温浸泡心脏和用改变的Ｋ－Ｂ液帮助分离细胞的恢复,可获得耐钙的游离心肌细胞。全细胞电流记录：静息电位为－７２±９ｍＶ（ｎ＝１２）,并显示出快内向电流（ＩＮａ）,可被异搏定阻断的慢钙离子流和时间依赖性外向钾流（Ｉｋ）;单通道记录分别显示了Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋和Ｋ＋通道的电压依赖性等特征。结果表明了用此法分离的细胞具有耐钙性和正常电生理特性。     

急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和钾电流的影响

本文旨在研究急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和钾电流的影响.膜电位和膜电流分别在全细胞膜片钳的电压钳和电流钳模式下记录.当细胞外灌流液从25℃降低到4℃后,一过性外向电流(transient outward current, Ito)完全消失,膜电位为 60mV时的稳态外向K 电流(sustained outward K current, Iss)和膜电位为-120mV时的内向整流K 电流(inward rectifier K current, IK1)分别降低(48.5±14.1)%和(35.7±18.2)%,同时,膜电位绝对值降低.当细胞外灌流液从4℃再升高到36℃后,膜电位出现一过性超级化,然后恢复到静息电位水平;在58个细胞中,有36个细胞伴随复温出现ATP-敏感性K (ATP-sensitive K , KATP)通道的激活.再复温引起的上述变化可以被Na /K -ATP酶抑制剂哇巴因(100μmol/L)所抑制.再复温引起的KATP通道激活也能被蛋白激酶A抑制剂H-89(100μmol/L)所抑制.在细胞膜电位被钳制在0mV时,当细胞外灌流液温度从25℃降低到4℃后,细胞的体积没有发生明显改变,但当再复温引起KATP通道激活后,细胞很快发生皱缩,同时细胞内部出现许多折光较强的斑点.上述结果表明急性低温/再复温对大鼠心室肌膜电位和K 电流有明显影响,并提示KATP通道激活可能与心肌低温/再复温损伤有关.     

Alkali cation binding and permeation in the rat organic cation transporter rOCT2

Organic cation transporters of the OCT family mediate downhill transport of organic cations, compatible with carrier, pore, or gate-lumen-gate mechanisms. We studied rat OCT2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, including membrane capacitance (C(m)) monitoring. Choline, a transported cationic substrate, elicited the expected inward currents but also elicited decreases of C(m). Similar C(m) decreases were caused by the non-transported inhibitors tetrabutylammonium (a cation) and corticosterone (uncharged). Effects on C(m) were voltage-dependent, with a maximum at -140 mV. These findings suggest that the empty rOCT2 protein can undergo an electrogenic conformation change, with one conformation highly favored at physiological voltage. Moreover, alkali cations elicited considerable inward currents and inhibited uptake of [(14)C]tetraethylammonium with a sequence Cs(+) > Rb(+) > K(+) > Na(+) approximately Li(+). Cs(+) affected current and capacitance with similar affinity (K(0.5) approximately 50 mm). Tetraethylammonium inhibited Cs(+) currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Conversely, Cs(+) inhibited tetraethylammonium uptake by a competitive mechanism. Activation energy of the currents estimated from measurements between 12 degrees C and 32 degrees C was approximately 81 kJ/mol for Cs(+) and 39 kJ/mol for tetramethylammonium, compatible with permeation of Cs(+) through rOCT2 along the same path as organic substrates and by a mechanism different from simple electrodiffusion. Rationalization of Cs(+) selectivity in terms of a pore pointed to a pore diameter of approximately 4 A. Intriguingly, that value matches the known selectivity of rOCT2 for organic compounds. Our data show that selective permeability of rOCT2 is not determined by ligand affinity but might rather be understood in terms of the ion channel concept of a distinct "selectivity filter."     

Resting and activation-dependent ion channels in human mast cells

The mechanism of mediator secretion from mast cells in disease is likely to include modulation of ion channel activity. Several distinct Ca(2+), K(+), and Cl(-) conductances have been identified in rodent mast cells, but there are no data on human mast cells. We have used the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp technique to characterize for the first time macroscopic ion currents in purified human lung mast cells and human peripheral blood-derived mast cells at rest and following IgE-dependent activation. The majority of both mast cell types were electrically silent at rest with a resting membrane potential of around 0 mV. Following IgE-dependent activation, >90% of human peripheral blood-derived mast cells responded within 2 min with the development of a Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current exhibiting weak inward rectification, which polarized the cells to around -40 mV and a smaller outwardly rectifying Ca(2+)-independent Cl(-) conductance. Human lung mast cells showed more heterogeneity in their response to anti-IgE, with Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents and Ca(2+)-independent Cl(-) currents developing in approximately 50% of cells. In both cell types, the K(+) current was blocked reversibly by charybdotoxin, which along with its electrophysiological properties suggests it is carried by a channel similar to the intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel. Charybdotoxin did not consistently attenuate histamine or leukotriene C(4) release, indicating that the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) current may enhance, but is not essential for, the release of these mediators.     

Activation of potassium and chloride channels by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Role in liver cell death

Despite abundant evidence for changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death, the role of plasma membrane ion channels in this process remains unclear. These studies examine the influence of TNF on ion channel opening and death in a model rat liver cell line (HTC). TNF (25 ng/ml) elicited a 2- and 5-fold increase in K(+) and Cl(-) currents, respectively, in HTC cells. These increases occurred within 5-10 min after TNF exposure and were inhibited either by K(+) or Cl(-) substitution or by K(+) channel blockers (Ba(2+), quinine, 0.1 mm each) or Cl(-) channel blockers (10 microm 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid and 0.1 mm N-phenylanthranilic acid), respectively. TNF-mediated increases in K(+) and Cl(-) currents were each inhibited by intracellular Ca(2+) chelation (5 mm EGTA), ATP depletion (4 units/ml apyrase), and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors chelerythrine (10 micrometer) or PKC 19-36 peptide (1 micrometer). In contrast, currents were not attenuated by the calmodulin kinase II 281-309 peptide (10 micrometer), an inhibitor of calmodulin kinase II. In the presence of actinomycin D (1 micrometer), each of the above ion channel blockers significantly delayed the progression to TNF-mediated cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of K(+) and Cl(-) channels is an early response to TNF signaling and that channel opening is Ca(2+)- and PKC-dependent. Our findings further suggest that K(+) and Cl(-) channels participate in pathways leading to TNF-mediated cell death and thus represent potential therapeutic targets to attenuate liver injury from TNF.     

Light and electron microscopic demonstration of phospholipase B activity in the mouse eosinophil

Phospholipase B (EC 3.1.1.5) which hydrolyzes phospholipids in the alpha and beta positions was demonstrated in murine leukocytes using light and electron microscopic histochemical techniques. Leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils) were harvested from peritoneal exudates of mice. Cells were fixed in 4% calcium-formol fixative for 10 min at 4 degrees C for light microscopy and 30 min at room temperature for electron microscopy, after which they were incubated at 37 degrees C in medium at pH 6.6 containing 2 microM lysolecithin and CaCl2. The fatty acids released during the hydrolytic reaction were trapped as a calcium precipitate and were converted to a cobalt precipitate for light microscopy by treatment with cobalt acetate or to a lead precipitate for electron microscopy by treatment with lead nitrate. The reaction products were observed to be present in eosinophils and absent in neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. It is concluded that the eosinophilic leukocyte is the carrier cell for phospholipase B in inflammatory reactions.     

Crystallization behavior and thermal properties of melt-crystallized poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid] films.

Melt-crystallized films of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-10mol% 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid] (P[(R)-3HB-co-6HH]) were prepared by isothermal crystallization at various temperatures for 3 days, and subsequently stored at room temperature after the films formed well-developed and volume-filled spherulites. The lamellar morphologies and properties of melt-crystallized films were characterized by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The melting endotherm of P[(R)-3HB-co-6HH] films was composed of a broad peak starting around room temperature and of a sharper peak starting above the isothermal crystallization temperature. The stacking of flat-on lamellae with lamellar periodicity of 8-10 nm was detected on the surface of P[(R)-3HB-co6HH] films after the primary crystallization at 110 degrees C. On storage at room temperature above the Tg (-5 degrees C) of copolyester, thin crystals of 1-4 nm thickness appeared on the surface of P[(R)-3HB-co-6HH] films crystallized at 110 degrees C. These results suggest that long sequences of (R)-3HB units in a random copolyester form relatively thick P[(R)-3HB] crystalline lamellae during the primary crystallization process at a given crystallization temperature, while shorter sequences of (R)-3HB units, which are incapable of crystallizing at a given crystallization temperature, form relatively thin crystalline lamellae during the subsequent crystallization process at room temperature.     

Effect of saline infusion during exercise on thermal and circulatory regulations

To quantify the effect of an acute increase in plasma volume (PV) on forearm blood flow (FBF), heart rate (HR), and esophageal temperature (Tes) during exercise, we studied six male volunteers who exercised on a cycle ergometer at 60% of maximal aerobic power for 50 min in a warm [(W), 30 degrees C, less than 30% relative humidity (rh)] or cool environment [(C), 22 degrees C, less than 30% rh] with isotonic saline infusion [Inf(+)] or without infusion [Inf(-)]. The infusion was performed at a constant rate of 0.29 ml.kg body wt-1.min-1 for 20-50 min of exercise to mimic fluid intake during exercise. PV decreased by approximately 5 ml/kg body wt within the first 10 min of exercise in all protocols. Therefore, PV in Inf(-) was maintained at the same reduced level by 50 min of exercise in both ambient temperatures, whereas PV in Inf(+) increased toward the preexercise level and recovered approximately 4.5 ml/kg body wt by 50 min in both temperatures. The restoration of PV during exercise suppressed the HR increase by 6 beats/min at 50 min of exercise in W; however, infusion had no effect on HR in C. In W, FBF in Inf(+) continued to increase linearly as Tes rose to 38.1 degrees C by the end of exercise, whereas FBF in Inf(-) plateaued when Tes reached approximately 37.7 degrees C. The infusion in C had only a minor effect on FBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Phorbol ester and endothelin-1 alter functional expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchange, K+, and Ca2+ currents in cultured neonatal rat myocytes

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) have been implicated in alterations of myocyte function in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Changes in cellular Ca2+ handling and electrophysiological properties also occur in these states and may contribute to mechanical dysfunction and arrhythmias. While ET-1 or PKC stimulation induces cellular hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), a system widely used in studies of hypertrophic signaling, there is little data about electrophysiological changes. Here we studied the effects of ET-1 (100 nM) or the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 1 μM) on ionic currents in NRVMs. The acute effects of PMA or ET-1 (≤30 min) were small or insignificant. However, PMA or ET-1 exposure for 48-72 h increased cell capacitance by 100 or 25%, respectively, indicating cellular hypertrophy. ET-1 also slightly increased Ca2+ current density (T and L type). Na+/Ca2+ exchange current was increased by chronic pretreatment with either PMA or ET-1. In contrast, transient outward and delayed rectifier K+ currents were strongly downregulated by PMA or ET-1 pretreatment. Inward rectifier K+ current tended toward a decrease at larger negative potential, but time-independent outward K+ current was unaltered by either treatment. The enhanced inward and reduced outward currents also result in action potential prolongation after PMA or ET-1 pretreatment. We conclude that chronic PMA or ET-1 exposure in cultured NRVMs causes altered functional expression of cardiac ion currents, which mimic electrophysiological changes seen in whole animal and human hypertrophy and heart failure.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on neuron sensitivity to acetylcholine

The dose-dependent effect of hydrogen peroxide on snail neuromembrane chemosensitivity was studied by means of standard voltage-clamp method. Short-term exposure (7 min) of neurons to H(2)O(2) (10(-11)-10(-4) M) caused dose-dependent depression of Acetylcholine (Ach)-induced ionic currents in the membrane. The H(2)O(2)-induced depression of Ach-sensitivity of membrane was more pronounced in K(+)-free solution than in normal physiological solution and it disappeared in cold medium (5 degrees C). The H(2)O(2) (10(-11)-10(-4) M) decreased membrane electrical conductivity and cell volume. The dose-dependent decrease in Ach-sensitivity of the snail neuromembrane by H(2)O(2) may be due to a decrease in the number of functionally active membrane receptors caused by a decrease in membrane active surface. H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in Ach-sensitivity has a metabolic but Na(+)-K(+) pump independent character, the nature of which is the subject for current investigation.