老年男性教师骨密度的调查

目的 为了解老年性骨质疏松情况,用超声骨密度仪对150例老年男性教师做跟骨超振幅衰减值的测试研究。方法：用DMS公怀UBIS5000型骨密度超声仪检查跟骨,研究受检者的年龄、体重、身高和巳患病咎与测得超声振幅衰减值（BUA）,声速（SOS）,骨硬度（STI）和相对骨折危险性（RRF）等参数之间的关系。结果：本仪器输出3种结果供医师参考：1.一幅灰阶图,2.一幅彩色图和曲线图,3.感兴趣区所测得的参数,受检者的平均BUA为63.87dB/MHz,SOS为1485.21m/s,本文数据经Statpal软件处理,得出回归公式：体重=189.1417 0.2062BUA-0.0224SOS,R=0.0466,P值有显著意义。结论：BUA值为主要参数,SOS为补充参数,作为评估老年男性教师的骨密度情况,假如BUA值突然下降则提示近期可能发生骨质疏松。     

正常胎盘的超声图像定量分析研究

我们用ＤＦＹ－Ｉ型超声图像定量分析诊断仪,测定组织结构超声图像的分贝,灰阶值,本文检测分析了３９例正常台盘测值。     

超声图像定量诊断研究——附123例分析

自1993年以来,我们用自制的DFY—Ⅰ型多功能超声定量诊断仪,测定组织结构超声图像的分贝(dB)、灰阶(GS)值。本文检测分析123例正常心脏,肝脏、肾脏、胎盘及胎儿骨骼测值,在超声定量诊断上迈出了步子。     

超声组织定征的最近经验

最近,斯坦福大学医学中心研究室,试图用超声背向散射积分的周期性变异(CVIBS)参数,进行组织定征。主要是观察超声背向散射积分的周期性变化,而不是测定其绝对水平参数。观察者之间的重复性很好。一般而言,心室后壁的CVIBS的幅度较心室间隔的大。CVIBS的幅度与年龄有一定的关系。无并发症的压力负荷性心肌肥厚与肥厚型心肌病,其左心室后壁所测得的CVIBS都是相似的,然而,在室间隔肥厚组与正常比较,室间隔测值降低。对于人类的心肌排异反应,也用CVIBS进行了观察研究。于排异期间,CVIBS参数的幅度降低,与正常比较,其特征性显而易见。目前的各种超声组织定征的研究中,CVIBS在特定的研究中是成功的。     

超声组织定征估测心肌梗塞范围

背景:超声组织定征(UTC)能够区分正常与梗塞心肌。梗塞心肌的背向散射积分增加和心动图期依赖的背向散射变异消失。背向散射的周期性变异与局部心肌的收缩功能密切相关,而后者是心肌缺血的一个标志。本研究拟对一个假设进行检测:描记心室壁的超声周期性散射,并以此估计心肌梗塞区的范围。方法与结果:对12只麻醉的狗,开胸,完全阻塞冠状动脉前降支4小时,使之产生透壁性心肌梗塞。图形显示背向散射积分Rayleigh5心动周期依赖的散射变异、散射的周期性变异类型、用作描记风险区的大小。采用2、3、4triphenyltrazolium chloride(TTC)和专利蓝染料染色,以估测梗塞区的大小和梗塞风险区域。梗塞大小与可能梗塞区域的比率,由UTC和TTC确定,其相关良好(r=0.862,y=23.7±0.792x)。梗塞大小和风险区域的相关系数也较好(梗塞区r=0.736,y=12.3±0.737x,风险区r=0.714,y=5.80±1.012x)。然而,UTC低估了梗塞区和风险区的大小。结论:超声组织定征可以提供一个可行的、无创伤性的估测心肌梗塞大小的方法。     

甲型副伤寒的腹部超声特征

目的探讨甲型副伤寒的腹部超声图像特征,以协助早期诊断。方法对1997年至2005年经血培养证实的364例甲型副伤寒的腹部超声表现作回顾性分析。结果甲型副伤寒的患者中脾肿大最多见,占57.1%,肝肿大占36.3%,胆囊炎症性改变占18.9%。结论腹部超声检查有助于甲型副伤寒的早期诊断。     

小儿泌尿系结石的超声诊断

近三年来,我们B超共检出小儿泌尿系结石9例,现总结分析如下: 资料和方法 临床资料:本组9例,男性8例、女性1例,年龄4～14岁。临床有肾绞痛、血尿、排尿困难及尿痛病史,其中2例有排石史。尿常规:红细胞+-++++。腹部平片(KUB)及肾盂静脉造影(IVP)提示8例阳性结石,1例阴性结石。     

消化性溃疡的超声胃动力学研究

采用单切面实时超声显象法对40例消化性溃疡及25例健康对照者,进行了流体餐胃动力学多项指标检测。结果显示:与对照组比较,消化性溃疡患者的T 1/2及T均延长,F略减慢,△A/A则明显下降,MI也下降,胃排空时间与排空率高度相关。提示超声胃动力学是研究消化性溃疡胃运动功能的简便而正确的方法。     

经阴道超声诊断宫外孕的临床价值研究

目的:主要对阴道超声诊断宫外孕的准确率进行研究,找出其临床价值。方法:将医院的120位患者分成两组,一组作为观察组,使用阴道超声检查的方法进行诊断,另一组作为对照组,用腹部超声诊断的方法进行诊断。对两组患者最后的诊断结果进行对比分析,最后统计比较结果得出观察组的准确率为88%,对照组的准确率为39%,无论在哪方面的检查观察组的优势都比对照组明显。结论:经阴道超声检查能够快速精确的查出疾病的位置、情况,能够为宫外孕初期诊断提供大量的有效信息。     

风心病二尖瓣病变的超声心动图定量诊断研究——附76例分析

自1993年以来,我们用自制的QR—Ⅰ型多功能超声定量诊断仪,测定心脏结构超声图像的分贝(dB)、灰阶(GS)值。本文检测分析76例正常及风心病二尖瓣病变者二尖瓣、腱索、主动脉前壁及室间隔测值在超声定量诊断上迈出了步子。     

Partial complex I inhibition decreases mitochondrial motility and increases matrix protein diffusion as revealed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

We previously reported that inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (CI) by rotenone induces marked increases in mitochondrial length and degree of branching, thus revealing a relationship between mitochondrial function and shape. We here describe the first time use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to simultaneously probe mitochondrial mobility and intra-matrix protein diffusion, with the aim to investigate the effects of chronic CI inhibition on the latter two parameters. To this end, EYFP was expressed in the mitochondrial matrix of human skin fibroblasts (mitoEYFP) using baculoviral transduction and its diffusion monitored by FCS. This approach revealed the coexistence of moving and stationary mitochondria within the same cell and enabled simultaneous quantification of mitochondrial velocity and mitoEYFP diffusion. When CI activity was chronically reduced by 80% using rotenone treatment, the percentage of moving mitochondria and their velocity decreased by 30%. MitoEYFP diffusion did not differ between moving and stationary mitochondria but was increased 2-fold in both groups of mitochondria following rotenone treatment. We propose that the increase in matrix protein diffusion together with the increase in mitochondrial length and degree of branching constitutes part of an adaptive response which serves to compensate for the reduction in CI activity and mitochondrial motility.     

Propranolol prevents cerebral blood flow changes and pain-related behaviors in migraine model mice

Propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocker, is one of the most commonly used prophylactic drugs for migraines. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is the propagation wave of neuronal excitation along with cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes over the cerebral cortex and has been implicated in the pathological process of migraine auras and its pain response. However, the effect of propranolol on CSD-related CBF changes and behavioral responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured CSD-related CBF responses using a micro-device with a green light emitting diode (LED) and micro-complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor and evaluated pain-related reduced locomotor activity in mice. An injection of KCl into the visual cortex led to CSD-related CBF changes; however, propranolol prevented the increase in CBF as well as delayed the propagation velocity in KCl-induced CSD. Furthermore, an injection of KCl reduced locomotor activity and induced freezing behavior in awake and freely moving mice, which were prevented by propranolol treatment. These results suggest that the modulation of CSD-related CBF responses by the blockade of β-adrenergic receptor contributes to its prophylactic effects on migraines.     

Map-based cloning of genes encoding key enzymes for pigment synthesis in Auricularia cornea

Color is an important quality attribute of fungi, and a useful marker for classification, genetic, and molecular research. However, there is much debate over which enzymes play key regulatory roles in pigment synthesis pathways among different fungi and even within the same species. Auricularia cornea is the most widely cultivated mushroom in the genus Auricularia; 1.834 million tons of this mushroom were produced in 2016 in China. Thus, systematic studies on its color inheritance and the genes encoding key enzymes for pigment synthesis have high scientific and economic value. In this study, the white strain ACW001 and the purple strain ACP004 of A. cornea were used as dikaryotic parents. Selfing populations of ACW001 and ACP004 were constructed with their monokaryotic strains. The fruiting body color of the two populations was consistent with that of their parents, confirming that the two parents were color homozygotes. All strains in the hybrid population of the two parents produced purple fruiting bodies. A robust hybrid strain (ACW001-33×ACP004-33) was selected from the hybrid population, and 87 monokaryotic strains of ACW001-33×ACP004-33 were obtained as a mapping population. Finally, a testcross population was constructed by crossing the mapping population with the test strain ACW001-9. The color genotype of each monokaryotic strain in the mapping population was identified by a fruiting test. The genomes of the two monokaryotic strains ACW001-33 and ACP004-33 were sequenced, and then simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular marker primers were developed. Then, 88 pairs of primers that could distinguish the genotypes of the mapping population were used to construct a genetic linkage map. The genetic linkage map consisted of 12 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1315.2 cM. The color control locus was preliminarily located at 24.5 cM of the 11th LG. Fine-mapping primers were designed based on sequence differences between ACW001-33 and ACP004-33 in the primary location region. Four color control candidate genes were located in an 8.2-kb region of ACW001-33_contig733 and a 9.2-kb region of ACP004-33_contig802. Homologous alignment and prediction of conserved domain analyses indicated that two of the color control candidate genes encoded proteins with unknown function, and the other two, ACP004_g11815 and ACP004_g11816, encoded glutamyl aminotransferases. These two genes were consecutively arranged on ACP004-33_contig802, and were likely to encode key enzymes in the γ-glutamine-4-hydroxy-benzoate (GHB) pigment synthesis pathway. Primers were designed from the flanking sequences of the two genes and used to analyze the testcross population. Products were amplified only from the 30 testcross strains with purple fruiting bodies, confirming the accuracy of the localization results. We discuss the deficiencies and advantages of map-based cloning in fungi vs. plants, and summarize the steps and requirements of the map-based cloning method for fungi. This study has provided novel ideas and methods for locating functional genes in fungi.     

Raman spectroscopy predicts the link between claw keratin and bone collagen structure in a rodent model of oestrogen deficiency

Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Low bone mineral density is known to significantly increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures, however, the majority of non-traumatic fractures occur in individuals with a bone mineral density too high to be classified as osteoporotic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate aspects of bone health, other than bone mass, that can predict the risk of fracture. Here, we successfully predicted association between bone collagen and nail keratin in relation to bone loss due to oestrogen deficiency using Raman spectroscopy. Raman signal signature successfully discriminated between ovariectomised rats and their sham controls with a high degree of accuracy for the bone (sensitivity 89%, specificity 91%) and claw tissue (sensitivity 89%, specificity 82%). When tested in an independent set of claw samples the classifier gave 92% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Comparison of the spectral changes occurring in the bone tissue with the changes occurring in the keratin showed a number of common features that could be attributed to common changes in the structure of bone collagen and claw keratin. This study established that systemic oestrogen deficiency mediates parallel structural changes in both the claw (primarily keratin) and bone proteins (primarily collagen). This strengthens the hypothesis that nail keratin can act as a surrogate marker of bone protein status where systemic processes induce changes.     

Genome-wide identification of allele-specific effects on gene expression for single and multiple individuals

The analysis of allele-specific gene expression (ASE) is essential for the mapping of genetic variants that affect gene regulation, and for the identification of alleles that modify disease risk. Although RNA sequencing offers the opportunity to measure expression at allele levels, the availability of powerful statistical methods for mapping ASE in single or multiple individuals is limited. We developed a maximum likelihood model to characterize ASE in the human genome. Approximately 17% of genes displayed an allele-specific effect on gene expression in a single individual. Simulations using our model gave a better performance and improved robustness when compared with the binomial test, with different coverage levels, allelic expression fractions and random noise. In addition, our method can identify ASE in multiple individuals, with enhanced performance. This is helpful in understanding the mechanism of genetic regulation leading to expression changes, alternative splicing variants and even disease susceptibility.     

Recent advances in quantitative colocalization analysis: Focus on neuroscience

Quantitative colocalization analysis is an advanced digital imaging tool to characterize the spatial expression of molecules of interest in immunofluorescence images obtained using confocal microscopes. It began from simple pixel counting and, with introduction of specialized algorithms, transformed into a powerful image analyzing technique capable of identifying the exact locations of various molecules in tissues and cells and describing their subtle changes in dynamics. Applications of quantitative colocalization in the field of neuroscience proved to be particularly informative by helping to obtain observations not otherwise achievable using other techniques. In this article, we review the background and applicability of quantitative colocalization with special focus on neuroscience research.     

Complex lipid metabolic remodeling is required for efficient hepatitis C virus replication

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle is tightly linked to the host cell lipid metabolism with the endoplasmic reticulum–derived membranous web harboring viral RNA replication complexes and lipid droplets as virion assembly sites. To investigate HCV-induced changes in the lipid composition, we performed quantitative shotgun lipidomic studies of whole cell extracts and subcellular compartments. Our results indicate that HCV infection reduces the ratio of neutral to membrane lipids. While the amount of neutral lipids and lipid droplet morphology were unchanged, membrane lipids, especially cholesterol and phospholipids, accumulated in the microsomal fraction in HCV-infected cells. In addition, HCV-infected cells had a higher relative abundance of phosphatidylcholines and triglycerides with longer fatty acyl chains and a strikingly increased utilization of C18 fatty acids, most prominently oleic acid (FA [18:1]). Accordingly, depletion of fatty acid elongases and desaturases impaired HCV replication. Moreover, the analysis of free fatty acids revealed increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) caused by HCV infection. Interestingly, inhibition of the PUFA synthesis pathway via knockdown of the rate-limiting Δ6-desaturase enzyme or by treatment with a high dose of a small-molecule inhibitor impaired viral progeny production, indicating that elevated PUFAs are needed for virion morphogenesis. In contrast, pretreatment with low inhibitor concentrations promoted HCV translation and/or early RNA replication. Taken together our results demonstrate the complex remodeling of the host cell lipid metabolism induced by HCV to enhance both virus replication and progeny production.