ACROSOMIC REACTION AND PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE SPERMATOZOA OF AN ANURAN AMPHIBIAN, LEPTODACTYLUS CHAQUENSIS (CEI)

Acrosomal reaction and acrosomal protease release in Leptodactylus chaquensis are correlated. When spermatozoa are included in gelatin films, the characteristic digestion halos around the sperm head can be observed only after the acrosomic reaction is accomplished. The addition of 10 mM EDTA to the gelatin films arrests the acrosomic reaction and no digestion halo is formed. Crude enzymatic preparations containing acrosomal proteases are equally active on gelatin and BAPNA substrates, irrespective of the presence of EDTA. Trypsin inhibitors (ovomucoid, lima bean and soybean) produce both diminution of the digestion halo and lowering of the activity of crude enzymatic preparations on gelatin or BAPNA substrates.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIOUR IN ELEUTHERODACTYLUS MARTINICENSIS (AMPHIBIA, ANURA)

In the genus Eleutherodactylus , development is wholly embryonic. Among other features of ontogeny which are thereby modified is the development of behaviour. Within the egg envelope, the embryo is largely still, but wriggles from time to time. These movements represent all that remains of the axial swimming behaviour of larval Amphibia. The embryo develops normally when removed from the envelopes, and its reactions to light touch can then be studied from day to day. In E. martinicensis , which develops from first cleavage to hatching in 13-14 days, the first movement of the legs is seen during trunk wriggles at 7 1/2 days, but a day later they can move independently. The first reaction of the leg is a slow withdrawal; at 9 1/2 days flexion is followed by a vigorous extension. By then, reflexes affecting all four limbs can be elicited.
Towards the end of embryonic life, limb movements can be maintained in continuous cycles, and the animal can then swim. When it is allowed normally to emerge from the envolopes, the juvenile toad, smaller than a house fly, can jump a distance of over a foot. These observations are discussed in relation to the ontogeny of behaviour in other vertebrates, particularly in regard to the views of G. E. Coghill.     

THE DIET OF SOME SINGAPORE ANURA (AMPHIBIA)

Six species of anurans were studied representing four of the five anuran families occurring in Malaya and Singapore. Food items, variation in the diet, and the relationship between predator and prey size are discussed. Singapore anurans show various degrees of selectivity for particular types of prey. In general, availability of prey in the habitat, the size of the prey animals and the size of the predators, especially the gape of the mouth, determined the diet.     

几种哺乳动物精子顶体膜囊泡形成的研究

在猪、绵羊、地鼠这几种哺乳动物的精子体外获能后,在顶体反应的超显微结构中观察到:精子顶体膜囊泡化呈现多种形态,但囊泡都是由精子顶体的双层外膜多位点自我融合而形成的,质膜并不参与囊泡化,这一结果与前人报道的不同。     

中国蟾蜍科一新属

对世界蟾蜍科动物的分类现状做了概述,并对我国原定名为鳞皮游蟾Nectophryne scalptus Liu and Hu(1973)及叶昌嫒等(1978)将其改为鳞皮厚蹼蟾Pelophryne scalptus(Frost,1985订正种名为scalpta)的海南标本做了进一步研究,与现有蟾蜍科各属、特别是与东南亚地区的几个特有属的特征做了对比研究。结果表明：原定名为鳞皮游蟾Nectophryne scalptus的海南标本应代表一个新属即小蟾属Parapelophryne gen．nov．,因此原定名为鳞皮游蟾(或鳞皮厚蹼蟾)的标本为新属的成员,即种名应改为鳞皮小蟾Parapelophryne scalpta(Liu and Hu)。     

中国云南树蛙科一新种(两栖纲,无尾目)

对中国云南屏边的白颊小树蛙Philautuspalpebralis的标本形态特征进行了深入研究,并与白颊小树蛙的原始描述以及相关文献资料作了对比,结果认为两者的形态特征有明显不同,中国云南屏边的标本应为1新种,并命名为抚华费氏树蛙Feihyla fuhua sp.nov..     

猪精子体外获能与顶体反应的超微结构研究

用４种方法,检测了猪精子体外获得的效果。结果证明：高离子浓度的前培养液和猪镦泡液,具有促进获能过程的作用,实验还获得了获能后顶体反尖的一些重要的形态学变化资料,包括质膜的膨胀、断裂、顶体膨胀、顶体外膜内陷或原位局部囊泡化,质膜再全部丢失。顶体内膜直到与卵母细胞质膜融合,才发生可见的变化。受精过程无论体内或体外,都容易发生多精入卵,体外受精则更甚。在精子穿过卵丘细胞之间时,一方面开始进行顶体反应,另     

隆肛蛙属种群形态量度分析

对隆肛蛙属Feirana中隆肛蛙F.quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F.taihangnicus的15个种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量,并运用典型判别分析法对其进行分析,分析结果表明:1)太行隆肛蛙和隆肛蛙的形态差异明显,形态度量信息支持太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙是不同的物种;2)原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群均为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群;3)隆肛蛙的种群间形态差异明显,其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平.     

我国臭蛙属(两栖纲:蛙科)的系统发育

为探讨臭蛙属的种间亲缘关系与其起源和分化,采用PAUP3．1软件对我国的16种臭蛙的29项分类性状进行系统发育关系的研究。结果表明,臭蛙属物种形成1个单系群,可以划分为4个种组;表明了臭蛙属中国物种间的亲缘关系;无指盘臭蛙和云南臭蛙是本属中最原始的物种,鸭嘴臭蛙等是较特化的物种;原始臭蛙可能起源于横断山区和云南西部高原,贵州高原可能是臭蛙的分化中心;各种组内相近种的地理替代呈南北方向更替,而种组间则呈东西方向更替;原始物种多分布于中国西南部,较进化或特化物种多分布于中国东部和东南部及海岛上;其种组亲缘关系与地理分布格局显示出一致性。     

中国锄足蟾科角蟾属二新种的描述：（两栖纲：无尾目）

1975年和1987年分别在湖南宜章和云南景东采到角蟾属Megophrys标本2种。经与角蟾属已知种对比,特别是与相近种白颌大角蟾M.lateralis(Anderson)在外部形态和头骨特征方面的深入研究,其差异明显,被确定为2新种,即莽山角螗M.mangshanensis和腺角蟾M.glandulosa。本文对2新种的形态和生态资料作了记述。     

RELATION BETWEEN THE ACROSOME REACTION AND FERTILIZATION IN THE SEA URCHIN. II. FERTILIZATION IN ACIDIFIED SEA WATER WITH EGG-WATER-TREATED SPERMATOZOA*

Fertilization of sea urchin eggs fails to occur at a pH lower than 6.5. Analytical studies on this problem were made with Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Anthocidaris crassispina and Pseudocentrotus depressus. If the spermatozoa have been pretreated with egg water, eggs can be fertilized even at pH 6.5 and 6.0. The acrosome reaction is inhibited at a pH lower than 6.5. Intact spermatozoa fail to adhere to the fixed eggs in acidified sea water, whereas egg-water-treated spermatozoa adhere even at pH 6.5 and 6.0. From these results we infer that the failure of fertilization at pH 6.5–6.0 is caused by non-occurrence of the acrosome reaction, and that fertilization reactions other than the acrosome reaction, such as the binding and fusion of the gametes, are not inhibited in this range of pH. At pH 5.5, the spermatozoa become inert and fertilization is inhibited or suppressed, even though egg-water-treated spermatozoa are employed.     

豚鼠精子在发生及顶体反应过程中细胞内Ca~(2+)的定位研究

实验利用焦锑酸钾法对豚鼠精子在发生及顶体反应过程中的Ca~(2+)定位作了较详细的研究。在精母细胞及精子细胞上都有Ca~(2+)分布,但睾丸中的精子上则无Ca~(2+)。成熟精子中Ca~(2+)主要定位于顶体帽的整个腹面及背面的两个特定区域。发生顶体反应的精子上Ca~(2+)则位于顶体外膜上或囊泡内,已发生顶体反应的精子中Ca~(2+)则位于顶体内膜上。     

RELATION BETWEEN THE ACROSOME REACTION AND FERTILIZATION IN THE SEA URCHIN. I. FERTILIZATION IN Ca-FREE SEA WATER WITH EGG-WATER-TREATED SPERMATOZOA. *

When spermatozoa are treated with egg-water and undergo the acrosome reaction, their fertilizing capacity is lost within 5 min. However, if insemination is carried out within 4 min after the egg-water treatment, there is no difference in fertilizing capacity between spermatozoa treated with egg-water and non-treated ones. With such spermatozoa, eggs can be fertilized even in the virtual absence of calcium, whereas with spermatozoa treated with Ca-free egg-water, no fertilization occurs under the same conditions. It is postulated that in normal fertilization the acrosome reaction has occurred before the attachment of the gametes. The failure of fertilization with normal spermatozoa in Ca-free sea water may be due to the failure of occurrence of the acrosome reaction.     

ACROSOME DIFFERENTIATION IN THE SPERMATOGENESIS OF CIONA INTESTINALIS*

The process of acrosome formation in the course of spermatogenesis of Ciona intestinalis has been investigated. At the flute-beak-shaped tip of the head of the mature spermatozoon a small acrosomal vesicle(s) is described. The vesicles migrate to a region where the outer and inner nuclear membranes fuse thus giving rise to a “dense plate”. At the same time the chromatin begins to organize into longitudinally oriented strands which become attached to the inner side of the dense plate. The possible relationships between the dense plate, the formation of the acrosome and the orientation of the chromatin is discussed.     

山东昆嵛山蛙属林蛙群一新种(两栖纲:无尾目:蛙科)

在山东省胶东半岛昆嵛山采集到林蛙类及其蝌蚪标本,与中国林蛙Raha chensinensis具背侧褶弯曲等特征极相似,但有以下主要区别;无声囊,无雄性线,雄性第1指婚垫分2团,蝌蚪唇齿式多为Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅲ,少数为Ⅰ：1-1/Ⅱ：1-1。此蛙与已知林蛙其它种有明显区别,故定为新种,即昆嵛林蛙Rana kunyuensis sp.nov。     

THE TEETH OF HYPOGEOPHIS ROSTRATUS (AMPHIBIA, APODA) AND TOOTH STRUCTURE IN THE AMPHIBIA

The bipartite nature of the tooth has been recently used to demonstrate the close relationship between the three existing groups of Amphibia. However, Considerable doubt has remained as to the composition of the two parts of the tooth and the way in which they are linked.
It order to clearify the position the teeth in Hypogeophis were examined. It is clear that the bulk of the crown and the pedicel is composed of dentine which is produced by a continuous layer of odontoblasts. This layer of cells is also responsible for the formation of the fibrous ring which joins the two portions of the tooth. This ring is regarded as an area where the odontoblasts produce fibres and little or no matrix.     

中国蛙科二新种及黑带水蛙种组的系统关系(两栖纲,蛙科)

作者在云南南部的河口和勐腊等地先后采到与黑带水蛙局Hylarana(Sylvirana)nigrovittata(Blyth,1855)相近的两个不同类型的标本,它们曾被不同学者鉴定为黑带水蛙.经对比研究,它们应为两个不同的新种,即河口水蛙Hylarana(Sylvirana)hEKOUENSIS Fei,Ye et Jie,sp.nov.和勐腊水蛙Hylarana(Sylvirana)menglaensis Fei,Ye et Xie,sp.nov..     

锯缘青蟹精子顶体反应的研究

采用正交实验法研究了诱导锯缘青蟹精子产生顶体反应的最佳条件。结果表明：从纳精囊中获得的精子,用离子载体Ａ23187(64μg/ml）诱导,在ＣaCl2浓度为0.25％,pH为9.0的人工海水中４０分钟,可以得到最大的顶体反应率（82.5%）。在此基础上采用光镜和电镜观察顶体反应过程中显微和超微结构的变化。顶体反应过程可大致分为两个时相,第一时相为顶体囊外翻;第二时相为顶体管前伸。本文还对顶体反应的作用进行了初步探讨。